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Kawi Boedisetio
California Wine
Portuguese Footwear
Scotland’s Food & Drink
Life Science Super-Cluster
North Carolina Communications
Italian Leather Fashion
Castellon Spain Tile
North West textile and clothing
Finnish Forest
Cambridge Bloodstock
Kawi Boedisetio
Equadorian Shrimp Farming
Costa Rica Information Technology
Norwegian Maritime
Swiss Construction
Houston Oil and Gas
Bulgarian Ketchup
South Africa Tourism
North Carolina Biotech
Boston Life-Science
Thailand Automotive
Kawi Boedisetio
Typical forestry, timber and furniture value chain
Wichita Plastics
The Information Technology Cluster
Thailand Tourism
London Financial Service
Wichita Aerospace Vehicles and Defence
Chiang Mai Innovation System and its Clusters
The Walt Disney Company
Electronics in New York’s Southern Tier
Tsubame-Sanjo Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
The Australian wine industry cluster
Pittsburgh Production Technology
The Cairns (Australian) Tourism cluster
Indian Movie Cluster (Bollywood‖)
Atlanta Transportation & Logistic cluster
Atlanta Financial Services
Louisiana Entertainment Cluster
Montana’s Creative Enterprise Cluster
Montana’s Tourism and Culture Cluster
Montana’s Food Processing Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Agriculture & Food Processing
The Guyana Eco-Tourism Cluster
Thai Palm Oil Sector Map
Natural Resource Clusters
Atlanta Information Technology Cluster
Kenya’s Cut Flower Cluster
Mongolia Mining Service
The Construction, Housing, and Real Estate (CHRE) cluster
Uganda Fishing Cluster
Digital content value chain
Kawi Boedisetio
Durham Energy Industry Cluster
Fishery Cluster Gudupahi Orissa
Canada Electricity Cluster
The Ontario Mineral Industry Cluster
power generation and transmission cluster
Oregon Tourism & Hospitality Cluster
Vietnam Fish Based Eco-Industry Cluster
Pendidikan, Riset, & Organisasi Perdagangan (e.g. Wine Institute,
UC Davis, Culinary Institutes)
Petani anggur
Sources: California Wine Institute, Internet search, California State Legislature. Based on research by MBA
1997 students R. Alexander, R. Arney, N. Black, E. Frost, and A. Shivananda.
Pengolahan
Minuman Anggur
Grapestock
Pupuk, Pestisida,
Herbisida
Peralatan panen anggur
Teknologi Irigasi
Perlengkapan
pembuatan anggur
Barrels
Label
Botol
Tutup botol dan gabus
Public Relations and
Periklanan
Penerbitan Khusus (e.g.,
Wine Spectator, Trade
Journal)
Klaster Pangan
Klaster PariwisataKlaster Pertanian
California
Badan Pemerintah
(e.g., Select Committee on Wine
Production and Economy)
The California Wine Cluster
Farms
Banking & Finance
Insurance
Machinery &Appliances
Construction
Security
Energy(electric util, fuel)
TechnicalAssistance
Transportation &Shipping
Hatcheries
Processing
Export
Fishing
Fertilizers
Packaging
Food Processing
Freezing
Retail
The Ecuadorian Shrimp Farming Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Shipping
Fisheries
and fishing
equipment
Maritime
equipment
suppliers
Offshore
Exploration
And Oil
Production
Maritime
Service
Ship Owners
Ship Brokers
and Agents
Banking and
Finance
Maritime
Lawyers
Underwriters and
maritime Insurance
Maritime R&D
Maritime
Consultants Fixed
PlatformPipelines
Processing
equipment
Shipyards
Boat builders
Ship equipment
Maritime
Authorities
Classification
Societies
Maritime
Education
• Norway has 0,1% of the world’s population, represents 1,0% of the world’s economy, yet account for 10%
of the world seaborn transportation
The Norwegian Maritime Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Leather belts
Leather clothing
Leather handbags
Leather gloves
Athletic footwear
Synthetic footwear
Leather footwear
Hiking boots
Ski boots
Après-Ski boots
Footwear machinery
Processed leather
lasts
Design Service
Injection molding
machinery
Molds
models
Tanning equipment
tanneries
Leather-working
machineries
Plastic-working
equipment
Footwear CAD systems
Specialized machine-
tools
Woodworking
equipment
Textile fashion cluster
Mapping The Italian Leather Fashion Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Leather
footwear
manufacturer
Leather
belts
Leather
clothing
Leather
handbags
Leather
gloves
Textile and
fashion
cluster
Cluster Institutions
(APPICAPS, APIC, CTC)
Universities and R&D
Institutions
Footwear
machinery
Processed
leather
Shoe design
Marketing and
Distribution
Branding
Machinery
Suppliers
Leather cluster
Local software
developers
International
distributors
International
brands
Government
Portuguese ClusterFootwear
Kawi Boedisetio
Electronic assembly
Other electronic
components(e.g. circuit board)
Passive electronic
components(e.g. inductors, transistors)
Semiconductor production
Computer software(e.g. artinsoft)
Venture Capital firms
Specialized Packaging(e.g. plastic, corrugated material)
Specialized Chemical
Specialized academic and training institutions
(e.g. Intituto Technolôgico de Costa Rica, Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje)
State Government Agencies
(e.g. Export and Investment promotion agencies: Cinde and Procomer)
The Costa Rica Information Technology Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Electronic
computersComputer
Terminals
Storage
devices
Computers
peripherals
Calculating/
accounting
machines
Telephone
& telegraph
apparatus
Communic
ations
Equipment
Radio & TV
communica
tion equip.
Magnetic and
optical recording
media
Printed circuit
boards
Electrical
industrial
apparatus
Prepackage
software
Computer
programming
service
Computer
Integrated
Systems Design
Commercial
physical
research
Non
commercial
Research Orgs.Computer
maintenance
and repair
Computer
facilities
management
Data
processing and
preparation
Computer
related
services
Information
retrieval
services
Computer
rental and
leasing
Electronic
components Semiconduct
or and related
devicesPlating and
polishingElectronic
coils &
transformers
Electronic
connectors
Electronic
resistors
Electron
tubes
Analytical
instrumentsMeasuring and
controlling
devicesOptical
instruments
and lensesInstruments to
measure
electricity
The Information Technology Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Visitors Attractions
Holiday
resorts/
beaches
Retail/restaur
ant/market
Game parks / recreational
facilities / wildlife
Cultural
village
Sports event
Public event
Historical
places
Business
congresses
SuppliersDirect indirect
Transportation
(airline, cruise
ship, railways,
coaches)
Tour operators
Travel agents
guides
Accommodations
Hotels, B&B,
Guesthouses,
Timeshare
construction
s
F&B
services
Financial
services
insurance
Car hires
Medical
services
Individuals, families, tour
groups, study groups, sport
teams, patience,
delegations, politicians,
business people
domestic
international
UK, Germany, US,
France, Asia, Africa
Off
shore
dis
trib
uti
on
sy
stem
On
sho
re d
istr
ibu
tio
n s
yst
em
To
ur
op
era
tors
, co
nso
lid
ato
rs,
wh
ole
sale
r, i
nfo
rma
tio
n
Tourism
organization
down
South Africa Tourism Cluster Map
Kawi Boedisetio
National government
SATOUR
DEAT
provincial government local government
Hard Infrastructure Roads Int’l airport Telecommunications utilities
Soft Infrastructure
Communities
Universities, Training
Institutes, Schools,
Police &
securities
Industries
Associations
Bank &
Financial
Eco
no
mic
Fou
nd
ati
on
Cape Town Johannesburg Durban Sun City Etc.
Tourism
organization
upSouth Africa Tourism Cluster Map
Kawi Boedisetio
Pharmaceutical products
Research organizationsResearch triangle institute, Duke
University Medical Center, University
of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
Training institutionsDuke University, University of
North Carolina-Chapel Hill
Cluster OrganizationNorth Carolina Biotech
Center, Center for
Entrepreneurial Development
Consumer Health and
Beauty ProductsBiological Goods
Specialized Packaging
Specialized containers
Instruments and
equipment
Medical Devices
distribution
Specialized chemicals
Specialized servicesBanking, accounting, legal
Specialized risk capital
VC firms, angel networks
Among national leaders (1-5)
Competitive (6-20)
Position established (21-40)
Less Developed (41+)
Competitive Position of the Biotech / Pharma ClusterResearch Triangle Economic Area
Kawi Boedisetio
To
mato
pro
du
cin
g
farm
ers
Packaging
manufacturers
Advertising
Agencies
Fo
rward
ers
Companies for trading in
seeds, fertilizations,
pesticides
Ketc
hu
p p
rod
ucers
Tra
ns
po
rters
/ C
ari
ers
Co
ncen
trate
man
ufa
ctu
rers
Source: Bulgarian Competitiveness Beyond 2000
J.E. Austin Associates
The ketchup cluster in the Stara Zagora Region, Bulgaria
Kawi Boedisetio
Oilfield services / Engineering and Contracting Firms
Equipment suppliers
(e.g. oilfield chemicals,
Drilling Rigs, Drill Tools)
Specialized
Technology Services
(e.g. Drilling
Consultants, reservoir
services, Laboratory
analysis)
Subcontractors
(e.g. Surveying, Mud
Logging, Maintenance
Services)
Business Services
(e.g. MIS Services,
Technology Licenses,
Risk Management)
Specialized Institutions
(e.g. Academic Institutions, Training Centers, Industry Associations)
Oil and Natural
Gas Exploration
and
Development
Oil and Natural
Gas Completion
and Production
Oil
transport-
ations
Oil
Trading
Oil
Refining
Oil
Distribut-
ion
Oil
Wholesale
Marketing
Oil Retail
Marketing
Gas
Gathering
Gas
processing
Gas
Trading
Gas
Transmis-
sion
Gas
Distribut-
ion
Gas
Marketing
Upstream Downstream
The Houston Oil and Gas Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Accountants, legal
service
TB stallions ex Aus,
GB, Ireland, US,
Australia, NZ
Broodmares NZ Aus
Veterinary Services
Fertilizer Suppliers
Soil analysis
Fencing contractors
building
Water Supply
Technology
Waikato agricultural
cluster (dairying,
horticulture)
New Zealand Equine
research ( , Univ)
Totall Board Racing
Industry; Board New
Zealand Thoroughbred
Breedery Association
Thoroughbred studs
Apprentice Training
Equine Certificate Training
New Zealand Port
Grain and Feed
Merchants
Accountants, legal
service
Bloodstock Agents
Insurance Services
Horse Transporters
(Road, Air)
Cambridge Jockey Club
Pre-training
establishments Trainer
Yearling preparation
New Zealand
Equestrian Federation
Sport horse cluster
(Everting)
New Zealand Racing Conference
New Zealand partners &
Association
New Zealand Trainer Association
The Cambridge Bloodstock Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Computer
equipment
Communicat
ion
equipment
Communicat
ion services
Software &
computer
service
Research institution
MCNC, North Carolina State
University, Center for Advanced
Computing and Communication
Training institution
Univ. North Carolina – Chapel
Hill, North Carolina State
University
Cluster Organizations
North Carolina Electronics
and Information Technology
Association
Metal processing
Specialized inputs
Electronics and
opticals components
Related services
Electronics parts
Office machines
Specialized servicesBanking, Accounting, Legal
Specialized Risk CapitalVC Firms, Angel Networks
Distribution
Related equipmentAnalytical instrument,
measuring device
Among national leader (1-5)
Competitive (6-20)
Position established (21-40)
Less Developed (41+)
Competitive PositionCommunication Cluster, Research Triangle Economic Area
Kawi Boedisetio
forestry
sawmills
Furniture manufacturers
buyers
consumers
recycling
machinery waterseeds Extension
services
machinery
Logistics, quality
advice
Foreign wholesale
Foreign retailDomestic retail
Domestic wholesale
machinery
design
chemicals
Paint, adhesives,
upholstery etc
Typical forestry, timber and furniture value chain
Kawi Boedisetio
universities
colleges
Training providers
FarmersAuction
MartsAbattoirs
Red
Meats Snacks
Food Brokers
Multiple
retailers
consumers
Poultry
Fish
Dairy
Vegetables
cereals
Bakery &
confectionery
Non-alcoholic
Drinks
Beer
Whisky
Value-added
ingredients
Gourmet
Foods
Ready Meals
Prepared Meat
& fish
Equipment
supplierspackaging
Transport and
distributionlegislation
Marketing
design
Market
intelligent
Industry
bodies
Specialist
consultants
Basic
processingValue Added
processing
Rendering/
By products
Imported commodities/ Raw
Materials
Research institutes
e.g SABRIs
Upgrading &
innovative
institutions
Infrastructure / service
Wholesalers
distributors
Int market
agents/
distributors
discounters
Independent/
specialty
retailers
Food service
Further
processing
outwith Scotland
Overseas
market
customers
End users
Fish
market
Fishing
industry
Fish
farming
Breeding
Co’s
feed
Specialist
GrowersNo presence
weak
medium
strong
Key driverCritical linkage - strong
Critical linkage - medium
Critical linkage - weak
Scotland’s Food &
Drink Cluster 1999
Kawi Boedisetio
Chemical
intermediates
Manmade
Fibre manufacturers
Apparel Yarn
spinners
Commission
yarn dyers
Apparel fabric
weavers
Apparel fabric
knitters
Yarn
dyers
Garment (CMT)
manufacturers
Knitwear
manufacturers
Footwear
manufacturers
Multiple
retailers
Independent
retailers
Consumers
Wholesalers
END USERS
Natural fibre
growers
Technical yarn
spinners
Interior textile
yarn spinners
Automotive/
aerospace components
Carpet tufters
Carpet
weavers
Furnishing
fabric weavers
Home textile
weavers
Wall coverings
manufacturersPaper
manufacturers
Furniture
manufacturers
Nonwovens
(durable)
Nonwovens
(non durable)
Coaters and
finishers
Technical
fabric weavers
Range of Industrial/
contract end users
Construction/
building supplies
Medical supplies
manufacturers
Protective clothing
manufacturers
Apparel
accessories
Garment finishers
Trade associations
Journalists/info providers
Textile engineers
Universities
Testing organisations
Printers
Dyers &
printers
OtherTechnical
fabric knitters
Nonwovens
(carpets)
Resin
manufacturers
No presence
Weak
Medium
Strong
KEY
Garment
importers
Software & hardware suppliers
Textile machinery manufacturers
Banks/venture capitalists
Agents/merchantsSpecialist consultantsTransport and logistics suppliers
Packaging materials Merchant Converters
North West’s Textile and Clothing Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Technical
fabric knitters
Technical
fabric weaversTechnical
yarn spinners
Nonwovens
(durable)
Nonwovens
(non durable)
Nonwovens
(carpets)
Natural fibre
growers
Manmade fibre
manufacturers
Chemical
intermediates
Interior textile
yarn spinners
Commision
yarn dyers
Apparel yarn
spinners
Yarn
dyers
Apparel fabric
weavers
Paper
manufacturers
resin
manufacturers
Home textile
weavers
Furnishing
fabric weavers
carpet weavers
Wall coverings
manufacturers
Dyers & printers
Furniture
manufacturers
Coaters and
finishers
Garment (CMT)
manufacturers
knitwear
manufacturers
Footwear
manufacturers
Garment
finishers
Garment
importer
wholesalers
Apparel fabric
knitters
printers
Apparel
accessories
carpet tufters
North West’s Textile
and clothing cluster
next
Kawi Boedisetio
Transport &
logistics suppliers
Software &
hardware suppliers
Textile machinery
manufacturersPackaging
materials
Merchant
converters
Agents /
merchants
Specialist
consultants
Banks / venture
capitalists
other
Constr./ build.
supplies
Autmtive/aero
space comp
Medical supp
manufacturers
Protective
clothing manuf
Range of
industrial /
contract end
user
Multiple
retailers
independent
retailers
consumers
No
presence
weak
medium
strong
Key
Trade
associations
Journalist/
info providers
Textile
engineers
universitie
s
Testing
organizationEnd Users
North West’s Textile
and clothing cluster
previous
Kawi Boedisetio
Mechanical forestry products
Plywood, fibreboard
paperboard
paper
pulp
The Finnish Forest Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Machine
clothing, core
Timber
processing
Chemical
additives
Wood chips
Fibre structure
seeding
Stock
preparation
Tree breeding
Specialty
inputs
The Finnish Forest Cluster all
Kawi Boedisetio
Diesel, petrol,
gas engine
Electrical
motors
Hydraulic
systems
Engines, gears,
chassis
Tires, tubes
Special toolkits
Safety cloths
Maintenance,
repair
Out/indoor
equip. (utilities)
Forwarders,
trucks
Harvesters,
tractors
Belts, feeders
Filtering
systems
grinding mills
turbines Papers /boards
machinery
Sawmill
machinery
Fibre processing
Logging
machinery
Forestry equip.
(utilities)
equipment
The Finnish Forest Cluster
all
Kawi Boedisetio
Waste
Management
Marketing
Research
Institute
Forest
Management
Consulting,
Engineering
Logistics
Safety /
Maintenance
Education,
Training
Tourism
Private
Organization
Governmental
Institution
Road
maintenance
Security / Safety
related Industry
Env. Protection
Organizations
Forest Mgt
Organizations
Polytechnics,
College
Universities
Fire Protection
Systems
Associated
services
The Finnish Forest Cluster
all
Kawi Boedisetio
Mechanical forestry products
Plywood, fibreboard
paperboard
paper
pulp
Governmenta
l policies,
laws
International
actsNational acts
Foreign, national
investment
The Finnish Forest Cluster
all
Kawi Boedisetio
Transport
industry
recycling
Power supply
Chemical
industry
biotechnology
Process
automation
communication
Wood fuel
Water, windmills
Nuclear power
Gas, oil, brown
coal
pigmentation
Hardware +
Software
SAT, GPS
Systems
Radios, mobile
Truck, train,
ship, air cargo
refineries
labs
IT Solution
eApplications
Network
Servicing
Communication
equipment
Related + supporting
industry
The Finnish Forest Cluster
all
Kawi Boedisetio
Construction
Industry
wholesalers
Printing and
publishing
packaging
Architecture
in/outdoors
graphics
News press
Books, cards
art
furniture
housing
Pharma, others
foodstuff
Handicraft,
tourism
Sport halls, pub.
centers
Pub./priv.
houses
Sauna,
recreation
Isolation
industry
Windows, doors
Parquet, flooring
customers
The Finnish Forest Cluster
all
Kawi Boedisetio
Related services
(architecture, engineering, planning,
management, real estate, financing)
Building construction
& Civil Engineering
Installation &
Completion
Private & public
demand
suppliers
Professional associations / education institutes / state agencies
OECD Innovative Cluster
The Swiss Construction Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Manufacturers
•Floor tiles
•Wall Tiles
Distributors
Direct Sales
Construction
Independent
Retail
Chains
TIL
E L
AY
ING
• Machinery
manufacturers
• Colors and glazing
materials
• Design
• Specials craft
• Atomizers
• Services
Ra
w M
ate
ria
ls
Institutions
• I.T.C/AICE
• ALICER
• Fundacion
Universidad –
Emprosa
• I.P.C
Supporting Associations
• ASCER
• ANFFECC
• ASEBEC
• Asociacion Espanola
the tecnicos ceramicos
Training
•ASCER
•I.T.C
•Universidad Jaume I
•Escuela de Artes y Oficios
•Institutos de Castellion (n
*2 y Onda)
Trade fairs
•CEVISAMA
Conferences
•QUALISER
Specialized
press
Public Administration
From: What is a Cluster (2002)
www.competitiveness.com
TRANSPORTATION
The Castellon Spain Tiles Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Biological
Products
Pharma-
ceutical
Products
Research Organizations
Health and Beauty
Products
Educational Institutions Cluster Organizations
Surgical Instruments
and Supplies
Medical Equipments
Dental Instruments
and Supplies
Diagnostics
Substances
Ophthalmic Goods
Containers
Local Health Providers
Specialized Services
Banking, Accounting, Legal
Specialized Risk Capital
VC Firms, Angel Networks
Patent Owners and
Lessors
The Boston Life-Science Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
steel
plastics
Rubber&Tires
Electronics
Glass
Leather&Fabric
Machinery
Tools
Mold&Die
Jig&Fixture
Motor-
Cycles
Passenger
Cars
Pickup
Trucks
Component and Module Makers
(1st tier)Engines, DriveTrains,Steering, Suspension, Brake Wheel, Tire,
Bodyworks, Interiors, Electronics and Electrical Systems
Parts (2nd & 3rd tiers)Stamping, Plastics, Rubber, Machining, Casting, Forging,
Function, Electrical, Trimming
GovernmentEducation and
Technical
Institution
Associations
Distribution
Finance
Testing
Specialized
Consultants
Services
Assemblers
Globally Competitive
Regionally Competitive
Nationally Significant
Nationally Insignificant
The Thai Automotive Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Food
Souvenirs
Construction
and building
material
Shopping
Entertainment
Restaurants
Domestic
transportation
International
transportation
Tour Operator
Tour Agency
Hotels
PR & Media
Financial
Services
Education and Training Institute
• The International Hotel and Tourism
Industry Management School (I-TIM)
• Dusit Thani College
• . . .
Government Agencies
• Ministry of Tourism and Sports
• Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT)
• Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment
• Ministry of Commerce
• . . .
Core activities
SuppliersService Providers
Thai Tourism Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Life Sciences Super-Cluster
Local Health
service
Pharmaceuticals
& Biotechnology
Education & Knowledge Creation
Medical Devices
Life-Science Super-Cluster
Medical & Dental instruments
Surgical
appliances
& supplies
Dental
equipment
& supplies
Surgical &
medical
instruments
Biopharmaceutical products
Medicinal
chemicals &
botanicals
Pharmaceutical
preparations
Containers
Plastics
bottles
Diagnostic
Substances
Diagnostic
substance
Medical Equipment
X-rays
apparatus &
tubes
Electro-
medical
equipment
Ophthalmic goods
Ophthalmics
goods
Research
Non-
commercial
research
organizations
Commercial
physical &
biological
research
Biological
Products
Biological
products
except
diagnostic
Patent
owners &
lessors
Patent
owners &
lessors
Health & Beauty
Consumer product
Perfumes,
cosmetics, other
toilet prep.
Health
Provider
Hospitals
Color backgrounds represent cluster in life science; dotted rectangles represent sub-clusters
in life sciences; circles represent industries in life sciences
Note:
Cluster mapping Project, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard Business SchoolSource:
Legend:
clusterSub-cluster
industries
Kawi Boedisetio
Commodities/ Futures
Investment Banking
Commercial/ Retail
Banking
Sales/Trading
Real Estate
Insurance
Ventura Capital/Private
Equity
Secondary Market
Asset Management
Corporate Treasury
Pension
Individual Investors
Debt Capital Markets
Equity Capital Markets
Universities
Bank of England
FSA/Regulatory Bodies
Stock Exchange
Accounting Services
Legal Services
Management Consultancy
Telecom/IT Services
UK
Financial
Services
Cluster
Source: Research by HBS Students G. Juhn,
R. Kumar, S. Lachmi-Niwas, J. Swearengin,
and E. Wan-Mu Wang, 2003
London Financial Service
Kawi Boedisetio
Related Equipment
Electronics Parts
Metallic Parts
Instruments
Semiconductors and
Computers
Communications
Equipment
Research (MAR)
Distribution
Software and Computer
Services
Specialized Services
(Banking, Accounting, Legal)
Specialized Risk Capital
VC Firms, Angel Networks (WTV)
Missiles and Space
Defense Equipment
Defense Aircraft
Commercial Aircraft
General Aviation
Aircraft
Training Institutions
WSU, MAMTC
Cluster Organizations
GAMA, WMA, AJAA, KTEC
Among national leaders
Position Established
Less Developed
Source: Cluster Mapping Project, Institute for Strategy and
Competitiveness, Harvard Business School
Wichita Aerospace Vehicles and Defence Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Process Equipment
Organic Chemicals
Petroleum Materials
Alkalies and Chlorine
Related Materials
Basic Chemicals
Related Plastics Product
Distribution
Specialized Services
(Banking, Accounting, Legal)
Specialized Risk Capital
VC Firms, Angel Networks
Coatings
Plastic
Materials
Plastic Products
Training Institutions
WSU, MAMTC, WATC
Pitsburg State University
Cluster Organizations
SPE, SME
Among national leaders
Position Established
Less Developed
Raw
Materials
Source: Cluster Mapping Project, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness,
Harvard Business School Interviews, Clusters of Innovation Initiative Regional
Opinion Survey
Wichita Plastics Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Electronics in New York’s Southern Tier
Printed circuit
boardsElectron tubes resistors
capacitors
Semi-
conductors
Coils/transfor
mers
connectorscomponents
customers
Machinery &
equipment
utilities
Manufacturing
functions
Base materials &
Manufactured inputsProfessionals
services
Technical
services
Education &
Training
Note: *The thickness
of the arrows
approximates the
intensity of
relationships
Kawi Boedisetio
Health, Food
and
Beverage
products
- Food processing industry
- Frozen food industry
- Food and beverage industry
- Pharmaceutical and Chemical
Industry
- Organic and Green Farming
Tourism
IndustryTextile and
garment Industry
Tourism
Supporting
Industry
Transportation
and Customs
Plastic Industry
Packaging
Industry
Farming
Machinery
Industry
Metal
Industry
Jewelry and
ornament Industry
Education
Institutes
Research
Institutes
Other
Manufacturing
and Science
based Industry
Financial Institutes and Public Administration
Royal
Projects
Tourist Police
Source: P. Chairatana, R. Vorrakitpokartorn, Cluster and Regional Innovation System of Chiang Mai/Lampoon Twin City , 2003
Chiang Mai / Lampoon Twin City Innovation System and its Clusters
Kawi Boedisetio
Structure of the Tsubame-Sanjo Cluster
forging
Metal pressing
Metal Welding
Engraving
Metal molding
Plastic Molding
Polishing
Steel
Metal galvanising
Metal heat treatment
Metalworking and
processing
forging
Polishing
Trade association
Manufacturers
Silverware
Manufacturers
Houseware
Trade association
Local
Wholesalers
Wholesaler
association
Prefecture Technical Center
Manufacturers
Handtools
Local
Wholesalers
Wholesaler
associationTrade association
Tsubame’s Cluster
Sanjo’s Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Animated
Feature
Films
Traveling
Shows
Multi-
media
Producti
ons
Broad-
way
Product-
ions
Broad-
way
Theatre
Family
Motion
Pictures
Motion
Picture
Distri-
bution
Touch-
stone
Holywood
Pictures
Miramax
Television
Program-
mingDisney
Channel
Theme Parks
Disney
Records
Consum
er
Product
Youth
Books and
Educa-
tional
Materials
Direct
Market-
ing
Retail
Stores
Sports
Team
Cruise
Line
Resort
Hotels
Mickey’s
Kitchen*
Time
SharingReal
Estate
Develop
ment
Holy-
wood
RecordsHyperion
BookDiscover
maga-
zine
Television
Stations
Adult
Publishing
/ News-
papers
Radio
Stations
Television
network
Adult
Cable
Channels
Aqcuired
Through Cap
Cities / ABC
Merger
Note: * Discontinued
The Walt Disney Company
Kawi Boedisetio
Indian Movie Cluster (―Bollywood‖)
FILM
FINANCIAL
SERVICE
CLUSTER
TEXTILE
CLUSTER
DistributionTRANSPORT
CLUSTER
Cinema
management
Retail
Outlets
Satellite
Broadcasting
Cable
Operations
Animation
Special
Effects
Electronics
Equipment
Film
Equipment
Lighting
Sound Labs
Film
Processing
Film Editing
IT C
LU
ST
ER
Writers
Directors
Actors
Singers
Makeup Artist
Hairdressing
Food Service
Transportation
Location Scouts
Sound Stages
Set Design
Props
Costuming
Producers
casting
On Set Services
Set Construction
Music
Television
PublishingTOURISM
CLUSTER
Source: Research by Harvard student team (Vivake Bhalla, Prasad Bhamre, Vanessa Liu, Kellie McKnechie, Rahul Mehendale)
Kawi Boedisetio
The Australian wine industry cluster
Grape Growers
WineriesSuppliers:
Products
Services
Authorities
GovernmentRegulations
Export License
Funding
Policy Direction
Taxation
OrganizationsR & D
Governance
Marketing
Policy
Direction
Distributors
Agents
Wholesalers
Local Restaurants Retailers
Consumers: Domestic & InternationalUpstream
Downstream
Source: Adopted from the Victorian Wine Cluster [Sellitto & Martin, 2001,
p.3] and the structure of the U.S Wine Industry [Gebauer & Ginsburg, 2001,
p.9]
Kawi Boedisetio
The Cairns (Australian) Tourism cluster
Restaurants
Hotels
Attractions and
Activitiese.g. Theme parks,
casinos, sports
Airlines,
Cruises Ships
Public Relations &
Market Research
Services
Food Suppliers
Property
Services
Maintenance
Services
Travel AgentsTour
Operators
Local
Transportation
Souvenirs, Duty
Free
Banks, Foreign
Exchange
Local retails,
health care and
other services
Government agenciese.g. Australian Tourism Commission,
Great Barrier Reef Authority
Educational Institutionse.g. James Cook University,
Cairns College of TAFE
Industry Groupse.g. Queensland Tourism Industry
Council
servicesSources: HBS student team (A. West, J. Hayden, P. Tynan, C. McConnell). Microeconomics of Competitiveness, Spring 2003.
Kawi Boedisetio
The Atlanta Transportation and Logistics Cluster
Passenger TransportationTransportation
ArrangementHandling and Storage
Government Policy and
Regulatory Environment
Specialized Services(Consulting, Banking, Legal)
Financial Services
Computer Services and
Equipment
Communications Services
and Equipment
Airports
Bus Terminals
Ship Building
Air Transportation
Bus Transportation
Marine Transportation
Traning and Research InstitutionsGeorgia Tech, Georgia State Community College
Cluster OrganizationsGeorgia Trucking Association
Among National Leader (1-5)
Competitive (6-20)
Position Established (21-40)
Less developed (41-)
Source: Clusters of Innovation Initiative Regional Survey; Cluster Mapping Project, Institute for Strategy and
Competitiveness, Harvard Business School and in-person Interviews
Kawi Boedisetio
Atlanta Information Technology Cluster
Other Electronic
Components
Instruments
Communications
Services
Software
Peripherals
Electronic Components
and Assemblies
Computers
Source: Clusters of Innovation Initiative Report: Council on Competitiveness, Harvard Institute on
Strategy & Competitiveness, Cluster Mapping Project ,
U. S. County Business Pattern Data; ontheFRONTIER interviews
Distribution Related Services
Parts
Communications
Equipment
Universities and Training
Institutions
Georgia Tech, Emory
Community Colleges
Cluster Organizations
Technology Alliance of
GA; Georgia Research
Alliance
Among National Leaders (1–5)
Competitive (6–20)
Position Established (21–40)
Less Developed (41+)
Research Organizations
Georgia Research
Alliance,
Georgia Tech Institutes,
GCATT
Specialized Risk Capital
VC firms, Angel Networks
Specialized Services
(Banking, Accounting,
Legal,)
Government Policy and
Regulatory Environment
GRA, Yamacraw, ICAPP
Kawi Boedisetio
Competitive Position of the Atlanta Financial Services Cluster
Metro Area, 1999
Banking
Securities Services
Insurance Products
Real Estate Investment
Tangible Asset Investment
Leasing
Professional Services
Printing Services
Information Providers
Computer and
Communication Services
Related Services
Training InstitutionsGeorgia Tech, Emory, Community
College
Source: Clusters of Innovation Initiative, Regional Survey Data, Cluster Mapping Project, Institute for
Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard Business School and In-person Interviews
Cluster Organizations
Chambers, ABA-Atlanta
Research Organizations
Specialized Services
(Public Relations,
Accounting, Legal)
Government Policy
and Regulatory
Environment
Among National Leaders (1-5)
Competitive (6-20)
Position Established (21-40)
Less Developed (41+)
Kawi Boedisetio
Pittsburgh Production Technology Cluster
Note: Blast furnaces comprise almost half of the production technology cluster
Source: Harvard Cluster Mapping Project at Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, HBS, U. S.
County Business Pattern Data; C of C Interviews
Among National Leaders (1-5)
Competitive (6-20)
Position Established (21-40)
Less Developed (41+)
Metal Work
Machine Tools
Process Equipment
Production Machinery
Process Equipment
Subsystems
Process Equipment
Components
Other Machinery
Transportation Equipment
Parts
Material Handling
Specialized ServicesBanking, Accounting, Legal,
Environmental, SPIRC
Specialized Risk CapitalBank, PIDA, SBA Lenders
Cluster OrganizationsAdvanced Manufacturing
Network
Training InstitutionsPitt technical Institute, ITT
Tech Institute, Dean Institute
of Tech, Bidwell
ResearchIndustrial Research of
Manufacturing, CMU-EPRI
Materials Production, Center
for Iron, Steel Making
Research, Materials Research
Science and Eng. Center
Metal Processing
Specialized Inputs
Casting and Forging and
Other Products
Vehicles and Heavy
Stamping
Related Machinery
Consumer Equipment
Construction Machinery
Related Equipment
(Blast Furnace and Steel
Mills)
Kawi Boedisetio
Louisiana Entertainment Cluster
Public Broadcasting
Commercial Radio
Commercial TV
Commercial Cable
Webcasting (emerging)
Development
Pre-Production
Graphics / Animation
Production /
technicians
Post-Production
(multimedia)
Distribution (LA, The
Web)
Media Publication
Cajun food,
film, music,
literature, art,
eco-tourism,
cultural
tourism
Recording
Cos., Record
Labels
Sound
Stages
Legal
Intellectual
Property
Venues /
promotion
Future:
HDTV
Digital
Other music
programs
(talent)
Acadiana
Open Channel
(radio)
Unions
Int’l Alliance
of Studio
Techs / SAG
AF of
Musicians
UNO Film
School &
Media Arts
Prog. SEU -
Hammond
NOVAC
New Orleans
Video Access
Center
Film
Commission
LA Music
Comm NCRT
Source: Economic Competitiveness Group
FilmTV
Features
Commercials
MusicTalent &
Reputation
Mu
sic
Vid
eo
s
Su
pp
lier
Fir
ms
Bro
ad
ca
sti
ng
(rela
ted
In
du
str
y)
Su
pp
lier
Fir
ms
Rela
ted
ind
ustr
y
Foundations
Kawi Boedisetio
Montana’s Creative Enterprise Cluster
Suppliers
Materials
Packaging
Framing
Tools
Services
Agents
Studios
Public relations
Non-profits
Equipment
Markets
Coops
Galleries
Shops
E-commerce
Outsourcing
Foundries
Publishers
Photo service
Printers
Social Infrastructure: Associations,
Non-profits, Collaboratives, Guilds,
Networks
Labor Pool: Prof, Skilled
Support, Administration
Sources of skills & knowledge
Schools, colleges/Univ, workshops
Other benefits
Impacts on Education
Attraction/amenities
Incorporate in products
Core Enterprises
I. Artists, crafts, writers, performers
(Individuals) 5,835
II.Arts, crafts, media, entertainment,
publishers (Firms) 104
III.Designers, decorators, architects,
advertising, etc. (Creative services)
527
Source:Stuart Rosenfeld, 2004
Kawi Boedisetio
Montana’s Tourism and Culture Cluster
Examples of Associations and Nonprofits
Made in Montana; Montana Cultural Advocacy; Montana Public TV Association; MT Art Galleries
Assoc.; WTC Artists Network Museums Association of Montana; MT Innkeepers Association; MT Tribal
Tourism Alliance Billings Cultural Partners; MT Outfitters & Guides Association; Campground Owners
Association
Promotional Activities
Cultural corridors
Lewis & Clark Trail
Made in Montana
Travel Montana
Skills, knowledge, and education
Culinary arts, food service, hotel mgmt,
transportation, sports health, advertising,
retailing, SUPERHOST
Kawi Boedisetio
Montana’s Tourism and Culture Cluster
Events
Workshops and classes
Sporting events
Business conferences
Festivals & fairs
Theater performances
Rodeos, cattle drives
Cultural Tourism
Art workshops
Museums (31)
Cultural corridors
Lewis & Clark trail
Historic sites
Elderhostels
Eco-tourism & recreation
Farm/ranch stays
Federal & State Parks
Hunting and fishing
Rafting, snowmobiling
Hiking, skiing
Mountain climbing
Nature walks
Equipment and software
Vending machines
Software
Computers
Suppliers
Food and drink
Furniture
Bed & bath products
Services
Ad agencies
Public relations
Web designers, IT
Printers
Coop Extension
World Trade Center
Security services
Retail sales
Sporting goods
stores
Specialty clothing
Antiques
Galleries
Boutiques
Outdoors stores
Hospitality Services
Hotels/motels
B&Bs (201)
Restaurants
Campgrounds (479)
Lodges
Casinos
Transportation
Travel agents
Car rentals (38)
Parking
Fuel
Guide services (484)
Typical Expenditures
MT Products
Sports equipment (35)
Art & crafts
Microbreweries (20)
Outdoor products
Kawi Boedisetio
Montana’s Food Processing Cluster
Social Infrastructure
Regional Grower Cooperatives (Great Grains, Bushel 42, Malt Barley Growers Assoc.), Regional and
County Economic Development Associations, Native American Development Corporations, Montana
Agricultural Business Assoc., Montana Meat Packers Assoc., Montana Food Distributors Assoc., MT
Assoc. of Cooperatives
Sources of Skills, Knowledge, Technology
―Research Triangle‖ State and Federal Ag Centers
Vocational Schools
Community and technical colleges, universities
Equipment producers
Consultants, advisors
Associations, industry certifications
Labor Pool
New entrants
Management
Engineers
Skilled workers
Entrepreneurs
Life science
clusterTourism
cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Montana’s Food Processing Cluster
Meat Packing Plants
(56 firms)
Malt Beverages
(14 firms)
Sausage/Prepared
Meats
Canned Fruits and
Vegetables
Food Preparations,
NEC
(7 firms each)
Raw Materials
Farmers
Ranchers
Intermediate operations
Milling Operations
Packers/Distributors
Primary Processors
Equipment
Packaging Equipment
Cooking Equipment
Processing (finished goods)
Suppliers
Maintenance/Cleaning
Cooking Utensils
Safety/Sanitary Supplies
Transportation
Trucking
Railroad lines
Freight Companies
Air express
Export Forwarding
Export Outlets
World Trade Center
Intern’l Trade shows
Foreign licensing
Domestic Markets
Retail outlets
Distributors
Internet Sales
Trade shows
Tourism/Direct Sales
Technical, Advisory Services
Marketing Specialists
Architects, Plant Engineers
Accountants, Law Firms
Food Engineers/Biochemists
Cooperative extension
Bottled Drinks
(13 Soft firms)
Kawi Boedisetio
Natural Resource ClustersKazakhstan Oil & Gas Equipment
Kazakh Institute of O&G
Parsons Fluor Daniels
Kazgiproneftetrans
NIPI Neftegaz
Munaigrafika
Plastics
Metal sheets Components
lubricants gases
Manufacturing labour
engineering
Rail & roads
Aktau & Atyrau Ports
Labour
Infrastructure
IT software
capital
Mach & equipment
Technology
Raw Materials
R&D / Design
INPUTS
Government
Ministry of Energy & mineral
resources
Kazcontact
KazMunaiGaz
Ministry of Environment
Associations
Kazakhstan Petroleum
Association
Association of equipment &
Service Provider for Subsoils
Operations Industry
Academia
Gidropribor Research Inst
KIMEP University
Kazakh-British Technical
University
Politinicheski University
Consulting/Training
Southern Alberta Inst of Tech
Central Asia Svcs Group
Related & Supporting
Industries
Intrnational Organizations
World Bank
OSCE
Byelkamit
ERC Holdings
FMC Munai Systems
Gidromash Orion
Imstalkon
Kazakhstan Engineering
Keppel Kazakhstan
Montash Engineering
Ordabasy Armature plant
Petropavlosk Heavy
Machine-Building Plant
Ust-Kamenogorsk
Zenit
Ziksto
Testing
Mashsertika
Kranenergo
Transportation & Logistics
Oil Companies
PRODUCTION
Strong
relationship
Weak
relationship
Well developed
component
Poorly developed
component CMAR & JE Austin Interviews and Analysis
Kawi Boedisetio
Agriculture Production
INPUT / SUPPLY
Direct
Agriculture & Food Processing
Human Resources:
1. Kazakh National Agriculture
University (A lmaty)
2. Kazakh Agriculture Institute
(Astana)
3. Almaty Technological University
4. Taraz State University
Industrial & Public
Associations:
1. National Association Kazakh
Farmers‖
2. Country Party of Kazakhstan
3. Dairy Producers Union
4. Food Producers Union
Governmental Agencies:
1. Ministry of Agriculture
2. Ministry of Industry & Trade
3. Standardization & Certification
Committee
Phisical Infrastructure:
1. Roads
2. Railway roads
3. Port in Aktau
4. Grain elevators
5. Warehouse
1. Land renders &
owners
2. Labor forces
3. Agriculture Machinery
Producers
4. Petrol Companies
5. Water distribution
Organization
6. Seeds producers
7. Fertilizers
producers &
retailers
Indirect
1. Construction
2. Financial Services
3. Warehouse Service
4. Transportation
Services
Exporters
Wholesalers
Retailers
Distributors
Fruits Vegetables Milk Meat
INPUT / SUPPLY
Direct
1. Labor forces
2. Food Processing
Technology Producers
3. Food Packaging
Producers
4. Electricity
Indirect
1. Construction
2. Financial Services
3. Warehouse Service
4. Transportation
Services/ logistics
Food Processing & Packaging
Meat Milk Juices Fruit / vegetables
5. Water distributor
6. R&D Institutes
Kawi Boedisetio
Agriculture & Food Processing
Food Processing & Packaging
Meat Milk Juices Fruit / vegetables
Kawi Boedisetio
Thai Palm Oil Sector Map
Palm seedPalm Nursery
(~170)
Importers (4)
Seed
Producers (3)
Surat Thani
OPRC
Crushing Mill’s
Plantation
(<10)
Plantation
Company
(~40-50)
Farmers
(~67,000)
Ramp/Broker
(~1,500)
Co-op (~20)
Big (~32)
Crushing Mill’s≥45 tons FFB /hour
Small (~21)
Crushing Mill’s<45 tons FFB /hour
Renewable Energy (biogas, biomass, etc)
Supporting
Industries
EGAT
Palm
Seed
Palm
NurseryPlantation FFB Broker
Crushing
MillCPO Broker
Processing/
Trader
Processing/
Distributor
Refinery (12)
Exporter
Soap Company
Logistic/Broker
(<5)
Exporter
Domestic
Consumption
Domestic Food
Industry
Food Industry
Chemical Industry
Institutions
OAE
OIE
Surat Thani
OPRC
Cooperative
Federation
etc
Associations
Thai Palm Oil
Crushing
Mill Asociation,
Thai Refineries
Association,
Etc.
Key
Universities
PSU (surat
Thani &
Songkla)
KMITL, KU, CU,
TU, etc.
Equipment
Lab Services
R&D
Chemical
Fertilizer
Consulting
Services
R&D Equipment
Lab Services
R&D
Chemical
Fertilizer
Harvesting
Services
Equipment
Transportation
Equipment
Lab Services
Machine
Equipment
Transportation
Port Service
Tank Farm
Packaging
Equipment
R&D
Chemicals
Stock Service
Transportation
Custom
Service
Warehouse
Deep Seaport
Shipping
Route
1.2 million seeds/year
4 million seeds/year
4 million seeds/year
FFB
FFB -> CPO CPO -> edible oil
Kawi Boedisetio
Kenya’s Cut Flower Cluster
Flower
Farming
Post-harvest
handling;
Transport to
Market
Horticultural Crops Development Authority (HCDA)
Government Export Policies targetting HorticultureGovernment policy for revitalizing agriculture; National Export Strategy; Export Promotion Council (EPC)
Non-Governmental OrganizationsThe Rural Enterprise Agri-Business Promotion Project (Usaid, Care, IFAD)
Horticultural Handling Produce Facilities Project (JBIC)
Trade & Industry AssociationsKenya Flower Council (KFC)
Fresh Produce Exportrs Association of Kenya (FPEAK)
Regional Growers Associations e.g. North & South Kinangoo ; Lake Naivasha, etc
Research Institutions:Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)
International Center for Insect and Phisiology and Ecology (ICIPE)
Public Universities with post graduate degrees in horticultureUniversity of Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology
Quality & StandardsEUREGAP Standard (UK and Dutch Supermarkets)
Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services (KEPHIS)
Government Agency, NGOs and Industry Associations
Education, Research & Quality Standards Organizations
plantstock
Greenhouse;
Shading
Structures
Irrigation
Technology
Pre-cooling
Technology
Fertilizers,
pesticides,
herbicides
Post-harvest
cooling
technology
Grading/
packaging
sheds
Packaging &
labeling
materials
Refrigerated
trucks
Freight
forwarders
Clearing &
forwarding
agents
Air carriers
(commercials &
charters)Agricultural
cluster
Horticultural
cluster (fruits
& vegetables)
Tourism
Cluster
Sources: Student Team Research Kusi Homberger , Nick Ndiritu, Lalo Ponche-Brito, Melesse Tashu, and Tijan Watts, Microeconomics of Competitiveness Course 2007
The Guyana Eco-tourism Cluster
Eco-resorts Hotels
Government agencies
Travel agents
Tour operators
Transportations,
airlines, boats
Indigenous
community
Equipment
suppliers
Beverages
company
Line operator
Public relations
and advertising
mechanics
Marketing
specialistsHandicrafts cluster
Agriculture cluster
Construction cluster
Educational, research & Trade
Organizations (e.g. Univ. Of
Guyana Hospitality Program)
Industry associations (e.g.
Tourism & Hospitality Association
of Guyana)
Mongolia Mining Service
Kawi Boedisetio
The Construction, Housing, and Real Estate (CHRE) cluster contains
numerous industries and institutions.
Kawi Boedisetio
Digital content value chain
Australian Government Information Management Office, 2004
Durham Energy Industry Cluster
Durham Energy Industry Cluster
Durham Energy Industry Cluster
Durham Energy Industry Cluster
Canada Electricity Cluster
Canada Electricity Cluster
power generation and transmission cluster
Oregon Tourism & Hospitality Cluster
FISHERY CLUSTER GUDUPAHI ORISSA 1
FISHERY CLUSTER GUDUPAHI ORISSA
Vietnam Fish Based Eco-Industry Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Massachusetts Governor’s Council on Economic Growth
and Technology
South Carolina Council on Competitiveness
Baltic Rim Competitiveness Council
Connecticut’s cluster development initiative (Timeline)
The Australian Wine Cluster (history)
Zamboanga City Seaweed Industry Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
Thailand
Thai Fashion Clusters
South Africa
Portuguese
Basque
Finnish
Finnish Wireless
Russian
Estonian
Estonian IT Society Initiative
Estonian Telecom/IT
Baltic
Baltic E-Banking
Costa Rica
Costa Rica IT
Argentine
Argentine, Cuyo Wine Cluster
Australia
Australian Wine Industry
Australian Life Science
Kazakhstan
Philippines
Zamboanga City Seaweed
Industry Cluster
Kawi Boedisetio
New Jersey
Pittsburgh
Minnesota’s Medical Device
South Carolina
South Carolina Tourism Business
Environment
Hospitality and Tourism Cluster(New Directions)
Massachussetts
Institutions for Collaboration (Selected Massachusetts Organizations in
Life Sciences)
Texas
Philanthropy's Impact on the
Competitive Context (Advanced
Micro Devices)
Kawi Boedisetio
National Business Environment OverviewThailand’s Relative Strengths and Weaknesses
+Thailand has a rich wildlife, beautiful
locations, and some natural resources
+Physical infrastructure, especially roads,
is good
- Infrastructure in Bangkok is overtaxed
- The general skill level of the Thai labor
force is low, and educational programs
do not match company needs
- Communication networks are expensive
and weak outside of Bangkok
- Inadequate development of financial
markets
- Low level of domestic technological
capacity
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
- Local Thai demand tends to be
unsophisticated and does not
generally lead international trends
+ In pick-up trucks, however,
Thailand is one of the most
developed markets in the world
- Most Thai clusters are focused on a few
labor-intensive stages of their
industries’ value chain
- Cluster organizations exist, but tend to
be focused solely on lobbying
+ Inward foreign investment has
raised the level of competition
- Most companies compete on low
input costs and invest little in
creating capabilities
- Complex, high tariffs and weak
antitrust laws impede competition
- Government bureaucracy and
corruption create significant costs
Demand Conditions
D
Kawi Boedisetio
The South African Business EnvironmentSelected Observations
+ Huge endowments of natural
resources (ore, gold, diamonds,
coal)
+ Capable financial markets
+ Strong physical infrastructure
- Skill deficits in the workforce
- Decreasing spending on R&D
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
- Low sophistication of domestic
consumers
- Presence of many but unsophisticated
suppliers due to history of economic
sanctions
- Few developed clusters like mining,
tourism, and financial services
+ Increasing openness to
international competition
+ Low corruption
- Uncertainty about economic
policy context (e.g., BEE)
- Slow progress on privatization
and other market reforms
Demand Conditions
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Cluster UpgradingThe Cuyo Wine Cluster
+ Good quality grapes available
locally
+ Local suppliers of labels and
other materials
+ Local specialized enology
department
- Reliance on imported technology
(e.g., irrigation systems and
pneumatic presses)
- Limited venture capital
- No research conducted locally
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
+ Argentine consumers are
receptive to new products
- Local customers adapt to foreign
tastes and preferences
+ Locally-based suppliers are relatively
sophisticated (e.g., bottles)
+ National Institute of Viticulture promotes
and develops the cluster
- Machinery suppliers not locally available
+ Some new entrants in
highquality segments
+ Investment in winery and
agricultural technology
- Traditionally, little rivalry
among quality producers
- Most companies still run as
family businesses
Demand Conditions
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Basque Business EnvironmentRecent Changes
• Upgrading of the transportation
and ICT infrastructure
• Strengthening of local financial
markets
• Investments in universities, new
research centers and technology
parks
• Increasing number of researchers
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
• Exposure to sophisticated demand
from new inward FDI, e.g. in
automotive
• Demand from local companies
increasingly selling to international
markets
• Initiation of cluster efforts in, for example,
automotive, aeronautics, machine tool, and
knowledge cluster
• Upgrading of supporting business services
• Increasing levels of inward /
outward FDI
• Increasing export orientation
of companies
• Strong increase in private
R&D expenditures
Demand Conditions
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Thai Fashion ClustersBusiness Environment Assessment
• Availability of specialized skills in
specific activities based on old
traditions
• Sufficient transportation
infrastructure
• Lack of competent designers
• Lack of adequate domestic
research and development
institutions
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
• Unsophisticated home demand
- Sophisticated demand for
traditional Thai designs
• Weak linkages between production stages
within the clusters
• Reliance on imported production machinery
• Dependence on foreign designs
• High degree of competition,
especially among small-and
medium sized producers
• Competition based on price;
subcontracting with foreign
companies
• Comparatively high tariffs for
imported raw materials
Demand Conditions
D
Kawi Boedisetio
The Microeconomic Business EnvironmentEstonian Telecom/IT Cluster
• Good technical training (TTU, IT
college, Tartu and technical
schools)
• Links between operators and
universities
• High level of FDI in infrastructural
build-up
• Close position to Finland both
geographically and culturally
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
• Demand for Internet banking and
other services (Egovernment)
• Test market for wireless services
(parking, positioning system)
• Affection for mobile phones
strongly reminiscent of the Nordic
region
• Emerging Telecom cluster (manufacturers,
service providers etc.)
• Inward investment: Ericsson, Nokia, Elqotec
and others
• Three rivals in mobile
telecom: EMT, Radiolinja, Q-
GSM (Netcom)
• Several fixed service
providers (since Jan 2001:
ET, Uninet, TELE2, and other
smaller)
• State ownership in Estonian
Telecom down to 27% (rest:
49 % Telia and Sonera, 24%
publicly traded)
Demand Conditions
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Finnish Wireless Cluster
• Substantial public investment in
telecommunications-related R&D,
with a focus on wireless
technology
• Significant local venture capital for
mobile applications
• Finland is becoming an
international center for WAP
development (e.g., Hewlett
Packard, Siemens)
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
• World’s most sophisticated
consumers
• 70 percent penetration of
mobile phones (20 percent of
households have abandoned
wireline phones)
• First country to allocate licenses
for 3rd generation wireless
networks (3 competitive groups)
• Heavy usage of short message
services
• Finland is a test market for WAP
applications
• Finland is home to Nokia, the world’s most
competitive handset company
• There are approximately 3,000 Finnish firms
in telecom and IT related products and
services
• A history of competition in
telecommunications services
throughout the 20th century
• Early to deregulate in
telecom related industries
• More than 100 local
operators
• Active local rivalry in
wireless communications
Demand Conditions
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Finnish Competitiveness
Strengths
+ University/ Industry
Research
Collaboration (1)
+ Telephone/Fax
Infrastructure
Quality (1)
+ Administrative
Burden for Start-
Ups (2)
+ Quality of Scientific
Research
Institutions (2)
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
Demand Conditions
D
Challenges
- Road Infrastructure
Quality (31)
- Quality of Math and
Science Education
(13)
- Quality of
Management
Schools (12)
Strengths
+ Favoritism by
Government Officials (1)
+ Hidden (1) and Open (2)
Trade Barrier
Liberalization
+ Extent of Distortive
Government Subsidies (2)
Strengths
+ Extent of Product/Process Collaboration (1)
+ State of Cluster Development (1)
+ Local Availability of IT (2) and Training Services (2)
Challenges
- Local Supplier Quality (13) and Quantity (10)
Strengths
+ Laws Relating to IT (1)
+ Government Procurement of
Advanced Products (2)
+ Buyer Sophistication (2)
+ Consumer Adoption of Latest
Products (3)
Challenges
- Cooperation in
Labor-Employer
Relations (11)
- Intensity of Local
Competition (7)
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Kawi Boedisetio
Russian Competitiveness
Strengths
+ Railroad
Infrastructure
Quality (17)
+ Availability of
Scientists and
Engineers (31)
+ Quality of Math &
Science
Education (32),
Scientific
Research
Institutions (33)
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions Demand Conditions
D
Challenges
- Financial Market
Sophistication (69)
- Overall
Infrastructure
Quality (65)
- Extent of
Bureaucratic Red
Tape (64)
- Administrative
Burden for Start-
Ups (64)
Strengths
Strengths
+ Local Availability of Machinery (9),
Parts (14), and Services (16)
Challenges
- Local Supplier Quality (61)
Strengths
Challenges
- Intellectual
Property Right
Protection (73)
- Tariff Liberalization
(69)
- Hidden Trade
Barriers (68)
- Intensity of Local
Competition (67)
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Challenges
- Laws Relating to IT (72)
- Stringency of
Environmental
Regulations (58)
- Consumer Adoption of
Latest Products (58)
Kawi Boedisetio
Estonian Competitiveness
Strengths
+ Administrative
Burden for Start-
Ups (7)
+ Quality of Math
and Science
Education (17)
+ Port Infrastructure
Quality (21)
+ Quality of
Scientific
Research
Institutions (22)
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions Demand Conditions
D
Challenges
- Police Protection of
Businesses (51)
- Bureaucratic Red
Tape (41)
- Railroad (41) and
Air Transport (40)
Infrastructure
Quality
- Local Equity Market
Access (35)
Strengths
+ Extent of
Distortive
Government
Subsidies (10)
+ Hidden (12) and
Open (17) Trade
Barrier
Liberalization
Strengths
+ Local Availability of IT Services (23)
Challenges
- State of Cluster Development (63)
- Local Availability of Machinery (58)
Strengths
+ Government Procurement
of Advanced Products
(17)
+ Laws Relating to IT (21)
Challenges
- Favoritism by
Government
Officials (39)
- Decentralization of
Corporate Activity
(37)
- Extent of Locally
Based Competitors
(35)
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Challenges
- Presence of Demanding
Regulatory Standards
(35)
- Buyer Sophistication (32)
Kawi Boedisetio
Government Policy for Cluster UpgradingEstonian IT Society Initiative
• ’Tiger leap’ (Tigrihüpe) Internet
project in all public schools (1996)
amd now in higher education
• Installation of regional fiber
network for Internet access
(Külate)
• Opening of an IT College for
applied education (2000)
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
• Promotion of using
Egovernment (possibly
municipal election in 2002)
• Promotion of E-banking
• Establishment of an Estonian Informatics Council
• Establishment of an Estonian Education and
Research Data Communication Network, EENET
• Privatization of national
telecom operator company
• Deregulation of telecom
markets
• New Telecommunications act
(Feb 9, 2000)
• Cable Distribution act (1999)
• Digital signature and digital ID
cards under development
Demand Conditions
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Cluster IntegrationE-Banking in the Baltic Countries
• Pool of young workers with IT skills
• No legacy systems deter shift to e-
banking
• Relatively high Internet penetration
in Estonia
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
• Customers are quickly becoming
more Internetsavy
• Effective legislation in a number
of countries on e-banking
services
• IT/Telecom cluster emerging is across the Baltic Countries
• Lack of public access to Internet is a hindrance, especially in
Latvia and Lithuania. Also, the prices of PCs remain high
• Opening to foreign banks
• Scandinavian owners push e-
banking developmentDemand
Conditions
D
Government
• Governments, especially in
Estonia have developed
action plans for Internet use
Kawi Boedisetio
Public / Private Cooperation in Cluster UpgradingMinnesota’s Medical Device Cluster
• Joint development of vocational
technical college curricula with the
medical device industry
• Minnesota Project Outreach
exposes businesses to resources
available at university and state
government agencies
• Active medical technology licensing
through University of Minnesota
• State-formed Greater Minnesota
Corp. to finance applied research,
invest in new products, and assist in
technology transfer
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
• State sanctioned
reimbursement policies
to enable easier adoption
and reimbursement for
innovative products
• Aggressive trade associations
(Medical Alley Association, High
Tech Council)
• Effective global marketing of
the cluster and of Minnesota as
the ―The Great State of Health‖
• Full-time ―Health Care
Industry Specialist‖ in the
department of Trade and
Economic Development
Demand Conditions
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Portuguese Diamond in 2002
• Lack of skilled workforce and
management
• Low level of scientific and
technological infrastructure
• Infrastructure still lagging despite
some recent improvements
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
• Relatively unsophisticated local
consumer and industrial demand
• Significant regional clusters
• Insufficient linkages within clusters
• Lack of strong related and supported
industries even in most significant
clusters
• Administrative barriers to
business formation
• Lack of local rivalry
• Low level of private R&D
expenditure
Demand Conditions
D
Kawi Boedisetio
The Costa Rica Information Technology Cluster
• Proximate location to US market
• Well educated labor force
• Widespread knowledge of English
• High computer literacy
• Ready supply of engineers and
technicians
• Flexible immigration policies for
executives and technical staff
• Open skies airline policy
• Modern communications system
• Strong local universities
• Network of science and
technology research centers
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor(Input)
Conditions
• Universal computer training and
internet access in schools
• Broad and growing base of local
information technology users
• Numerous multinationals and local
firms with electronics production in
Costa Rica
• Development of local suppliers
• Explicit cluster development program
Demand Conditions
Indicates government influence
D
• Open trade and FDI policies
that encourage intense local
competition
• Export Processing Law that
supports the IT Cluster
through easing the
establishment of new
operations
Kawi Boedisetio
Institutions for
Collaboration
Summary of the Business EnvironmentOverview of New JerseyD
Strengths
• Access to skilled workforce
• High quality K–12 education
Challenges
• University research levels are lagging those
found at universities in other leading states
• Basic research institutions have insufficient
technology transfer programs
• Cluster participants noted very limited access
to specialized research facilities
• Industry perception of limited quality of
highly-specialized Phd programs
• High cost of labor and cost of living makes
recruitment vis-a-vis low-cost states difficult
- Housing costs related to high property
taxes
Strengths
• Very strong network of specialized
suppliers
• Numerous world-class related
industries
• Experienced IP law firms, and
biotech-experienced service firms
Strengths
• Proximity to competing firms in the
industry creates healthy competitive
environment
Challenges
• Industry perception that state
government support for R&D is not
ample
• Perception of less frequent informal
interaction between firms results in
limited knowledge-sharing
Strengths
• Local customers and specialized
suppliers assist in new product
development and provide feedback
Challenges
• Demand for life sciences products
and services is sophisticated, but
industry perception that health
care delivery is less competitive
than in leading life science states
Factor(Input)
Conditions
Related and Supporting Industries
Context for Firm Strategy and
Rivalry
Demand Conditions
Government
Source: Monitor analysis of in-depth interviews and online survey of key industry, academic and
government leaders, October–December, 2002
Next
Kawi Boedisetio
Institutions for
Collaboration
Summary of the Business EnvironmentOverview of New Jersey (continued)D
Factor(Input)
Conditions
Related and Supporting Industries
Context for Firm Strategy and
Rivalry
Demand Conditions
Government
Strengths
• Several general investment incentives
including investment tax credit and R&D
credits
- Tax Certificate Transfer Program
- JumpStart Angel Investor Network
for High Tech Ventures
Challenges
• Federal and state R&D funding levels
for universities are not among top states
- NIH funding is 24th in the nation
- State funding of labs and star
researchers lags leading states
• Retrenchment of some state incentives
for technology commercialization
- Springboard Fund
• Survey reflects the need for state
government to create a more positive
business climate
- Need to implement and maintain
tax reform to encourage
investment in innovation
Strengths
• HINJ and BCNJ effective at understanding
needs of the cluster
Challenges
• Perception that there are low numbers of
effective institutions for collaboration that
focus on entrepreneurship which hamper
linkages across cluster members
Source: Monitor analysis of in-depth interviews and online survey of key industry, academic and
government leaders, October–December, 2002
prev
Kawi Boedisetio
Pittsburgh’s Competitive PositionD
Advantages
• High levels of university R&D
investment
• Numerous specialized university
research centers
• Numerous specialized training
institutions
• Large pool of scientists, engineers,
and technicians
• New airport
Disadvantages
• Declining Corporate R&D
• Traffic congestion in the metro area
• Old physical infrastructure
• Difficulty retaining younger workers
• Challenging environment for
entrepreneurship
Factor(Input)
Conditions
Related and Supporting Industries
Context for Firm Strategy and
Rivalry
Demand Conditions
Next
Kawi Boedisetio
Pittsburgh’s Competitive PositionD
Factor(Input)
Conditions
Related and Supporting Industries
Context for Firm Strategy and
Rivalry
Demand Conditions
Advantages
• High levels of university R&D
investment
• Numerous specialized university
research centers
• Numerous specialized training
institutions
• Large pool of scientists, engineers,
and technicians
• New airport
Disadvantages
• Declining Corporate R&D
• Traffic congestion in the metro area
• Old physical infrastructure
• Difficulty retaining younger workers
• Challenging environment for
entrepreneurship
Advantages
• Emerging technology focused companies
• Manufacturing has stabilized 1990s employment
in traded clusters increased by 50,000
Disadvantages
• Low levels of collaboration within studied clusters
Advantages
• Traditional clusters have
established suppliers, legal firms,
etc.
Disadvantages
• Emerging clusters have relatively
weak local supporting organizations
Advantages
• Aging population
provides early picture of
future health care needs
of U.S.
Disadvantages
• Infrequent contact and
learning from local
customers
• Local demand not
perceived to be an
advantage
Nextprev
Kawi Boedisetio
Pittsburgh’s Competitive PositionD
Factor(Input) Conditions
Related and Supporting Industries
Context for Firm Strategy and
Rivalry
Demand Conditions
Advantages
• Strong state programs for
funding, networking and
attracting new business
• Responsive state and regional
government
• High levels of federal funding
for R&D in the region
Disadvantages
• Fragmented local government
• Local government focused on
needs of established
companies
Advantages
• Large number of organizations
Disadvantages
• Organizations under-leveraged;
not effective within or across
clusters
• Inconsistent knowledge
commercialization from
universities
Advantages
• Extensive regional analysis —
over 25 reports in four years
• Positive views on the value of
competition
Disadvantages
• Fragmented leadership with
varying agendas
• Attitudes for collaboration are
parochial within and across
clusters — inhibit cluster
building activity
Government
Institutions for collaboration
Attitudes Towards the Economy
prev
Kawi Boedisetio
South Carolina Tourism Business EnvironmentFindings from the Surveys and Interviews
Advantages:
• Relatively high number of airports
• Active technical college system
• Attractive natural assets, including
climate, golf courses, and coastline
• Unique military and American history
assets
Disadvantages:
• Lack of hub airport means few direct
flights to key markets and expensive
fares
• Relatively weak K–12 and
specialized advanced educational
programs for locals
• Limited supply of local skilled
workers
• Lack of interstate access to Myrtle
Beach
• Underdeveloped port passenger
terminal in Charleston
• Few specialized tourism research
centers
Context for Firm Strategy and
Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
FactorConditions
Advantages:
• Frequent feedback
from customers on
product improvements
Disadvantages:
• Relatively small
presence of
international visitors
• Lack of high-end
tourism consumers
beyond Hilton Head
and Charleston
Advantages:
• A number of specialized transportation-related
sub-clusters
Disadvantages:
• Relatively low quality of suppliers
• Limited interaction on new product
development
• Few support industries that capture a significant
portion of the value chain (i.e., tour operators,
reservation systems, large travel agencies)
Demand Conditions
D
Advantages:
• Intense local competition
Disadvantages:
• Few local headquarters of core operations
• Limited collaboration between firms on development of
integrated product offerings
• Highly fragmented industry lacking major anchor organizations
Note: Red bold letters illustrate key themes; Dotted boxes
indicate potentially leverageable assets
Source: Monitor Competitiveness Survey, Interviews, Monitor
Analysis
Next
Kawi Boedisetio
South Carolina Tourism Business EnvironmentFindings from the Surveys and Interviews (Cont.)
Advantages:
• Relatively good recent
collaboration between public and
private sectors
• Recent improvements in marketing
and promotional efforts by the
state
Disadvantages:
• Need for greater support for
specialized education and training
programs
• Lack of adequate market research
• Limited funds available for tourism
promotion and perceived overall
lack of support from the legislature
• Limited role in providing policy
framework and catalyzing
collaborative efforts
Context for Firm Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
FactorConditions
Advantages:
• Emergence of several
regional organizations for
and initiatives aiming to
build networks
• Effective organizations for
marketing key tourism
destination areas
Disadvantages:
• Few statewide
organizations working
to upgrade the quality of
all elements of the
business environment
• Limited coordination
between universities,
government and
companies
• Numerous regional
cluster institutions yet
limited focus on
building partnerships
Demand Conditions
D
Note: Red highlights indicate factors different from the state overall, or of particular significance to the cluster
Source: South Carolina Competitiveness Survey, Monitor Interviews, Monitor Analysis
Government
Institutions for
Collaboration
Nextprev
Kawi Boedisetio
South Carolina’s Hospitality and Tourism ClusterNew Directions
D
Identify attractive,
high-potential
segments
• High per capita
tourism expenditures
• High conversion rate
• Cost-effective
marketing and
distribution channels
• Critical mass of
visitors
• Adequate
transportation
infrastructure in
place
Identify attractive,
high-potential
assets
• Coastline and
beach resorts
• Historic cities,
towns,
plantations, and
military sites
• Golf courses
• State parks and
forests
• Cultural
attractions
• Family attractions
• Retail offering
Visitors Product Offering
Create a differentiated
position that provides the
right destination for the
right tourist segments by:
• Improving visitor mix
• Packaging, cross-selling, and
cross-promoting
• Broadening and upgrading of
product offering
• Increasing conversion of
pass-through / business
visitors
• Increasing shoulder season
occupancy
• Leveraging tourism to attract
talent and businesses to SC
Updated Strategy
Nextprev
Kawi Boedisetio
South Carolina’s Hospitality and Tourism ClusterFindings and Implications
D
Strengths
• Natural endowments
- Attractive coastline
- Climate and quality of life
- Multiple historic / heritage assets
• Economic development organizations
- Effective state and regional marketing organizations
- Relatively effective public / private sector collaboration
• Workforce and education
- Strong technical colleges
- Select high school providing specialized H&T programs
Action Items (Preliminary)
• Create a differentiated position coupling an
attractive coastline and rich historical assets
- Appeal to international and domestic fly-in
visitors looking for unique US destinations
• Upgrade tourism-related educational system
- Promote industry / university / technical
colleges collaboration to make SC a premiere
H&T educational and research location
- Leverage technical colleges to develop
training programs for local and rural workers
- Expand H&T vocational high-school training
Challenges
• Tourism-oriented transportation infrastructure for tourism
• Few direct flights and expensive air fares
• Lack of interstate access to Myrtle Beach
• Underdeveloped passenger terminal in Port of Charleston
• Visitor mix
• Disproportionate concentration on drive leisure tourists
from established domestic markets
• Limited segmentation efforts; lack of market research
• Cluster composition
• Few large firms that can act as anchor organizations
• Limited collaboration in integrated product offering
• Relative low presence of upstream and support firms
• Develop state transportation infrastructure plan
• Attract low-cost carrier to state
• Upgrade passenger terminal in Charleston
• Speed-up construction of I-73
• Entice cluster-specific organizations to
• Promote business development through
collaborative efforts and data-driven plans
• Recruiting and expansion
• Targeted recruiting of tour operators,
reservation systems, travel agencies
• Creation of statewide cluster organizations
• Focus on tourism services related research
and technology companies
prev
Kawi Boedisetio
Australian Wine Industry
Healthy Rivalry Based on
Quality and Execution
Growing (but not intl. Leader)
Natural Resources &
Deployment of Best Global Technology
Increasingly Sophist. Local
Market
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Australian Life Science
Healthy Rivalry Based on
Quality and Execution
Growing (but not intl. Leader)
Natural Resources &
Deployment of Best Global Technology
Regional Leader
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Organizing to CompeteMassachusetts Governor’s Council on Economic Growth and Technology
D
Governor’s Council on Economic Growth
and Technology
Industry Cluster
CommitteesFunctional Task Forces Issue Groups
• Advanced Materials
• Biotechnology and
Pharmaceuticals
• Defense
• Marine Science and
Technology
• Medical Devices
• Software
• Telecommunications
• Textiles
• Information Technology
• International Trade
• Marketing
Massachusetts
• Tax Policy and Capital
Formation
• Technology Policy and
Defense Conversion
• Cost of Doing
Business
• Financing Emerging
Companies
• Health Care
• Western
Massachusetts
• Business Climate
• Competitive
Benchmarking
Kawi Boedisetio
Organizing for CompetitivenessBaltic Rim Competitiveness Council
D
Baltic Rim Competitiveness Council
Industry Cluster
Working GroupsFunctional Task Forces Issue Groups
E.g.
• Tourism
• Telecommunications
• Textiles
E.g.
• International Trade
• Border Handling (―2
hour 2002‖, EDI)
• Tax Policy and Capital
Formation
• Technology Policy
E.g.
• Brain Circulation and
• Vocational Training
• Corruption and Tax
fraud
• EU Northern
dimension action plan
Kawi Boedisetio
To Be Formed Task ForcesCluster Committees
Organizing to Compete
South Carolina Council on CompetitivenessD
New
Institutions
Marketing
Others as
Needed
Automotives
Hydrogen /
Fuel Cells
Textiles
Apparel
Agriculture
Travel and
Tourism
Cluster
Activation
Research /
Investment
Distressed /
Disadvan.
Areas
Education /
Workforce
Start-ups /
Local firms
Measuring
Progress
Executive
Committee
Coordinating
Staff
South Carolina Council on
Competitiveness
• Drives initiative and acts as the
primary decision-making body in
between Council meetings
• Chaired by a business leader
• Convenes working groups, provides direction
and strength, holds working groups accountable
• Acts as sustainable, long-term guider of
economic strategy
• Support Council, Executive Comm.
and working groups
• Small full-time staff
• Develop specific action plans to advance issue areas
• Work organized on basis of individual accountability
• Business, academic, and government executives
Kawi Boedisetio
Integrating Economic and Social PolicyExamples
Training
• Organize training investments around clusters
Housing
• Create mechanisms to encourage home ownership; provide incentives for new
company formation in the construction cluster; reduce unnecessary costs of
housing construction due to regulatory and approval requirement; secure
property rights to residents
Health Care
• Create incentives for private health insurance; open health care delivery to
competition
Social Security
• Create incentives for saving; encourage a private pension system that
agglomerates investment capital
Environmental Quality
• Institute a regulatory regime that encourages movement to more environmental
friendly methods; invest in technical assistance in eco-efficient processes and
practices
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Connecticut’s Cluster Development InitiativeTimeline
• State Department of
Economic and
Community Development
(DECD) reorganized to
include Industry Cluster
and International
Division
1996 1997 1998
• Industry Cluster Initiative
Call to Action — 120
Connecticut business
leaders are engaged by the
Governor
• 5 Industry Cluster
Advisory boards created:
- Manufacturing
- Financial Services
- Telecommunications &
Information
- Health Care Services
- High Technology
• Cluster advisory boards
finalize and prioritize
recommendations for the
legislative session
• Recommendations and
presentation to Governor
and legislative leadership
• ―Partnership for Growth‖
legislation submitted to
Governor and legislature
• Governor and legislature
unanimously approve first
Cluster Bill:
- $7 million for cluster
activation and projects
- 6% R&D tax credit now
available for smaller firms
- Lengthen R&D tax credit
carry forward from 5 to
15 years
• Implementation of cluster
initiatives begin
• Establishment and first
meeting of Governor’s
Council on Economic
Competitiveness and
Technology
• Bioscience cluster activated
NextD
Kawi Boedisetio
Connecticut’s Cluster Development InitiativeTimeline
• The quasi-public Connecticut
Economic Resource Center
(CERC) becomes the
implementation arm for the
cluster initiatives outside of
government
• Second Cluster Bill
submitted and unanimously
approved by Governor and
legislature:
–Net operating loss (NOL) carry
forward -- from 5 to 20 years
–Tax credit exchange
established to help smaller
firms capitalize tax credits
–$4.5 million for cluster initiative
over the next 2 years
• Aerospace Component
Manufacturers cluster
activated
1999 2000 2001
• Software / IT cluster
activated
• Metals Manufacturing
cluster activated
• Maritime cluster
activated
• Plastics cluster
activated
prevD
Kawi Boedisetio
The Australian Wine ClusterHistoryD
Source: Michael E. Porter and Örjan Sölvell, The Australian Wine Cluster – Supplement, Harvard Business School Case
Study, 2002
1930
First oenology
course at
Roseworthy
Agricultural
College 1955
Australian Wine
Research Institute
Founded
1965
Australian Wine
Bureau
established
1970
Winemaking
school at Charles
Sturt University
founded
1980
Australian Wine
and Brandy
Corporation
established
1990
Winemaker’s
Federation of
Australia
established
1991 to 1998
New organizations
created for education,
research, market
information, and
export promotion
1950s
Import of
European winery
technology
1960s
Recruiting of
experienced
foreign investors,
e.g. Wolf Bass
1970s
Continued inflow
of foreign capital
and management
1980s
Creation of large
number of new
wineries
1990s
Surge in exports
and international
acquisitions
Kawi Boedisetio
Institutions for CollaborationSelected Massachusetts Organizations in Life Sciences
• Massachusetts Biotechnology Council
• Massachusetts Medical Device Industry
Council
• Massachusetts Hospital Association
Life Sciences Industry Associations
• Harvard Biomedical Community
• MIT Enterprise Forum
• Biotech Club at Harvard Medical School
• Technology Transfer offices
University Initiatives
• Associated Industries of Massachusetts
• Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce
• High Tech Council of Massachusetts
General Industry Associations
• Company alumni
• VC community
• University alumni
Informal networks
• Massachusetts Technology Collaborative
• Mass Biomedical Initiatives
• Mass Development
• Massachusetts Alliance for Economic
Development
Economic Development Initiatives
• New England Healthcare Institute
• Whitehead Institute For Biomedical
Research
• Center for Integration of Medicine and
Innovative Technology (CIMIT)
Joint Research Initiatives
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Philanthropy's Impact on the Competitive ContextAdvanced Micro Devices
Context for Firm Strategy and Rivalry
Related and Supporting Industries
Factor (Input)
Conditions
Demand Conditions
• Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) is a leading semiconductor manufacturer
• Due to labor constraints, AMD has difficulty finding skilled workers for its semiconductor
fabrication facility in Austin, TX. The cost of recruiting and filling these positions was up to
$12,000 per person
• AMD invested in the development of a regional training and apprenticeship program for
minority students from low-income areas called Accelerated Careers in Education
Social Benefits: Nearly all of the program’s graduates received jobs or continued on to
higher education
Economic Benefits: 55% of the graduates came to work for AMD, saving recruitment and
training costs that more than paid for the program. The program has also expanded the pool
of qualified job candidates for the future.
Source: ―Business Development: Aligning Corporate Performance with Community Economic Development to Achieve Win-Win Impacts‖, The Center for Corporate Citizenship at Boston College
D
Kawi Boedisetio
Zamboanga City Seaweed Industry ClusterD
National Agency
• Department of Trade and Industry
• Department of Science and
Technology
• Department of Agriculture
• Department of Environment and
Natural resources
• Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources
• Regional Fisheries Training Center
Local Government
• Office of the City Agriculturist
Private Sector/Academe
• Zamboanga City State
College of Marine Science
and Technology
• Growth With Equity in
Mindanao
Seaweed Industry Cluster Inter-Agency Task Force
Processed Carrageenan
Semi-Refined Carrageenan
Dried Seaweeds
11 associations / cooperatives Zamboanga city development
council
Western Mindanao Seaweed
Industry Development Association
Kawi Boedisetio
Kawi Boedisetio
+62 817 219 755
kawi.4shared.com
