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10/13/2016 1 Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: Wound Care & Surgical Management Matthew G. Stanwix, M.D. Plastic, Reconstructive, Maxillofacial and Aesthetic Surgeon Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery AT RICHMOND PLASTIC SURGEONS BOARD CERTIFIED, AMERICAN BOARD OF PLASTIC SURGERY Dr. Matthew G. Stanwix “Trust your Wounds to an ExpertBOARD CERTIFIED, AMERICAN BOARD OF PLASTIC SURGERY Summa Cum Laude (GPA 3.82) Graduated With Honors (one of five) Dr. Matthew G. Stanwix International and National Presentations “Composite Tissue Allotransplantation in NonHuman Primates: Technical Feasibility, Histology, and Tolerance Induction,” American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, January 16, 2008, Beverly Hills, CA. “Composite Tissue Allotransplantation,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, January 23, 2008, The Johns Hopkins Hospital. “Composite Tissue Allotransplantation in NonHuman Primates: Prolonged Allograft Survival and Optimal Immunosuppressive Strategies,” Baltimore Academy of Surgery, March 15, 2008, Baltimore, MD. “FrontalBasilar Injury,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, April 3, 2008, The Johns Hopkins Hospital. “Cutting Edge Plastic Surgery Research: Reconstruction, Regeneration, and Transplantation,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, June 12, 2008, The Johns Hopkins Hospital. “Composite Tissue Allotransplantation and the Development of Donor Derived Post Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder,” General Surgery Research Awards, June 19, 2008, The Johns Hopkins Hospital. “Definitive Treatment of Persistent Frontal Sinus Infections: Elimination of Dead Space and SinoNasal Communication,” General Surgery Research Awards, June 19, 2008, The Johns Hopkins Hospital. “Ballistic Facial trauma” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, December “Latissimus, Scapular and Parascapular Flaps: Of Chimeric Multitude in the Upper Extremity”. Continuing Medical Didactics, Curtis National Hand Center, Union Memorial Hospital, October 27, 2009 “Gynecomastia: Have we learned anything over the last two decades?” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, December 17, 2009 “Macrochimerism and AlloEngraftment in Composite Facial Allograft in NonHuman Primates Can Be Achieved Without Ablative or Depletional Therapies.” Podium Presentation at American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, Boca Raton, Florida, January 12, 2010 “Vascularized Free Fibula Composite Tissue Allograft (CTA) Survival with Tacrolimus Monotherapy in NonHuman Primates.” Podium Presentation at American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, Boca Raton, Florida, January 12, 2010 “Ventral Hernia Repair with Current Biological Prostheses: An Experimental Large Animal Model.” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, June 17, 2010 “The ROOF and SOOF: Forgotten Entities of Facial Rejuvenation?” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, October 17, 2010 “ExpanderBased Breast Reconstruction with Acellular Dermal Matrix: Should it be the Standard of Care?” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, January 13, 2011 2008 “Definitive Treatment of Persistent Frontal Sinus Infections: Elimination of Dead Space and SinoNasal Communication,” Podium Presentation at American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, January 2009 “Ballistic facial trauma” Baltimore City Combined Trauma Core Curriculum, Johns Hopkins Hospital January 2009 “Hyperpararthyroidism: Three Classifications to Never Forget” Surgical Endocrinology Conference, Johns Hopkins Hospital, June 2009 “Frontobasilar Fractures: Anatomic Classification and Clinical Significance.” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, June 2009 “Management of Complications Following Surgical Treatment of Periorbital Trauma”, Plastic Surgery Conference, R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma and University of Maryland Medical Systems, September 2009 “Nonsyndromic Cleft Palate.” Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Systems, February 8, 2011 “Pediatric Facial Fractures: A Comprehensive 20 Year Review” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, June 16, 2011 “The 21st Century Facelift: What Should We Do With The SMAS” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, December 17, 2011 “Sacral Pressure Sores” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, University of Maryland Medical Systems, January 7, 2012 “Pediatric Mandible Fractures: Lessons Learned from a Level One Trauma Center” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, June 22, 2012

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  • 10/13/2016

    1

    Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections:Wound Care & Surgical Management

    Matthew G. Stanwix, M.D. Plastic, Reconstructive, Maxillofacial and Aesthetic Surgeon

    Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryAT RICHMOND PLASTIC SURGEONS

    BOARD CERTIFIED, AMERICAN BOARD OF PLASTIC SURGERY

    Dr. Matthew G. Stanwix“Trust your Wounds to an Expert”

    BOARD CERTIFIED, AMERICAN BOARD OF PLASTIC SURGERY

    Summa Cum Laude (GPA 3.82) Graduated With Honors (one of five)

    Dr. Matthew G. StanwixInternational and National Presentations“Composite Tissue Allotransplantation in Non‐Human Primates: Technical Feasibility, Histology, and Tolerance Induction,” American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, January 16, 2008, Beverly Hills, CA.  

    “Composite Tissue Allotransplantation,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, January 23, 2008, The Johns Hopkins Hospital.

    “Composite Tissue Allotransplantation in Non‐Human Primates: Prolonged Allograft Survival and Optimal Immunosuppressive Strategies,” Baltimore Academy of Surgery, March 15, 2008, Baltimore, MD.

    “Frontal‐Basilar Injury,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, April 3, 2008, The Johns Hopkins Hospital.

    “Cutting Edge Plastic Surgery Research: Reconstruction, Regeneration, and Transplantation,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, June 12, 2008, The Johns Hopkins Hospital.

    “Composite Tissue Allotransplantation and the Development of Donor Derived Post Transplant LymphoproliferativeDisorder,” General Surgery Research Awards, June 19, 2008, The Johns Hopkins Hospital.

    “Definitive Treatment of Persistent Frontal Sinus Infections: Elimination of Dead Space and Sino‐Nasal Communication,” General Surgery Research Awards, June 19, 2008, The Johns Hopkins Hospital.

    “Ballistic Facial trauma” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, December 

    “Latissimus, Scapular and Parascapular Flaps: Of Chimeric Multitude in the Upper Extremity”. Continuing Medical Didactics, Curtis National Hand Center, Union Memorial Hospital, October 27, 2009“Gynecomastia: Have we learned anything over the last two decades?” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, December 17, 2009

    “Macrochimerism and Allo‐Engraftment in Composite Facial Allograft in Non‐Human PrimatesCan Be Achieved Without Ablative or Depletional Therapies.” Podium Presentation at American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, Boca Raton, Florida, January 12, 2010

    “Vascularized Free Fibula Composite Tissue Allograft (CTA) Survival with TacrolimusMonotherapy in Non‐Human Primates.” Podium Presentation at American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, Boca Raton, Florida, January 12, 2010

    “Ventral Hernia Repair with Current Biological Prostheses: An Experimental Large Animal Model.” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, June 17, 2010

    “The ROOF and SOOF: Forgotten Entities of Facial Rejuvenation?” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, October 17, 2010

    “Expander‐Based Breast Reconstruction with Acellular Dermal Matrix: Should it be the Standard of Care?” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, January 13, 2011

    2008

    “Definitive Treatment of Persistent Frontal Sinus Infections: Elimination of Dead Space and Sino‐Nasal Communication,” Podium Presentation at American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, January 2009

    “Ballistic facial trauma” Baltimore City Combined Trauma Core Curriculum, Johns Hopkins Hospital January 2009

    “Hyperpararthyroidism: Three Classifications to Never Forget” Surgical Endocrinology Conference, Johns Hopkins Hospital, June 2009

    “Frontobasilar Fractures: Anatomic Classification and Clinical Significance.”  Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, June 2009

    “Management of Complications Following Surgical Treatment of Periorbital Trauma”, Plastic Surgery 

    Conference, R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma and University of Maryland Medical Systems, September 2009

    “Non‐syndromic Cleft Palate.” Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Systems, February 8, 2011

    “Pediatric Facial Fractures: A Comprehensive 20 Year Review” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, June 16, 2011

    “The 21st Century Facelift: What Should We Do With The SMAS” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, December 17, 2011

    “Sacral Pressure Sores” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Grand Rounds, University of Maryland Medical Systems, January 7, 2012

    “Pediatric Mandible Fractures: Lessons Learned from a Level One Trauma Center” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research Grand Rounds, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, June 22, 2012

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    Dr. Matthew G. StanwixPeer Reviewed Publications

    “Eduardo D. Rodriguez, Matthew G. Stanwix, Arthur J. Nam, Hugo St. Hilaire, Oliver P. Simmons, Michael R. Christy, Michael P. Grant, Paul N. Manson.  26 Year Experience Treating Frontal Sinus Fractures: A Novel Algorithm Based on Anatomical Fracture Pattern & Failure of Conventional Techniques. PlastReconstr Surg. 2008 Dec;122(6):1850‐66.

    Rolf N. Barth, Rachel Bluebond‐Langner, Arthur Nam, Matthew G. Stanwix, Steven Shipley, Stephen T. Bartlett and Eduardo D. Rodriguez.  Facial Composite Tissue Allografts in Non‐Human Primates: I. Technical and Immunosuppressive Requirements for Prolonged Graft Survival.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Feb;123(2):493‐501.

    Eduardo D. Rodriguez, Matthew G. Stanwix, Arthur J. Nam, Hugo St. Hilaire, Oliver P. Simmons, Paul N. Manson.  Definitive treatment of persistent frontal sinus infections: elimination of dead space and sinonasal communication. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Mar;123(3):957‐67.

    Banks ND, Hui‐Chou HG, Tripathi S, Collins BJ, Matthew G. Stanwix, Nam AJ, Rodriguez ED.An anatomical study of external carotid artery vascular territories in face and midface flaps for transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Jun;123(6):1677‐87.

    Carolyn Kerrigan, Matthew G. Stanwix. Using Evidence to Minimze the Cost of Trigger Finger Care. J

    Matthew G. Stanwix, Arthur J. Nam, Paul N. Manson, Eduardo D. Rodriguez. Critical Computed Tomography Diagnostic Criteria for Frontal Sinus Fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Nov;68(11):2714‐22.

    Matthew G. Stanwix, Arthur J Nam. Ventral Hernia Repair with Current Biological Prostheses: An Experimental Large Animal Model.  Ann Plast Surg. 2010 Oct 29.

    Matthew G. Stanwix, Maura Reinblatt. Tessier #30 Cleft: An unusual presentation. Annals of Plastic Surgery. In press

    Matthew G. Stanwix, Thomas J. Graham.  Midcarpal Impaction Syndrome: An unusual cause of wrist pain in the Professional Athlete. J Hand Surg 2010. In press.

    Keith A Follmar, Derek M Madsen, Matthew G Stanwix, James H Higgins. End to Side Anastomotic Patency in Reconstructive Free Tissue Transfer. Annals of Plastic Surgery. In press. 

    Gerhard S Mundinger; Arthur J Nam;Helen G. Hui‐Chou;Matthew G.Stanwix; Cinthia B. Drachenberg, Rolf NBarth;Eduardo D. Rodriguez.  Non‐Human Primate Model of Fibula Vascularized Composite Tissue Allotransplantation Demonstrates Donor‐recipient Bony Union Plast Recon Surg SubmittedCarolyn Kerrigan, Matthew G. Stanwix.  Using Evidence to Minimze the Cost of Trigger Finger Care.  J 

    Hand Surg Am. 2009 Jul‐Aug;34(6):997‐1005.

    Paul N. Manson, Matthew G. Stanwix, Arthur J. Nam, Michael J. Yaremchuk, Kailesh Narayan, CherylIglesia, David Roberts, Eduardo D. Rodriguez. Frontobasilar Fractures: Anatomic Classification and Clinical Significance. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Dec;124(6):2096‐106.

    Barth RN, Nam AJ, Stanwix MG, Kukuruga D, Drachenberg CI, Bluebond‐Langner R, Hui‐Chou H, Shipley ST, Bartlett ST, Rodriguez ED. Prolonged survival of composite facial allografts in non‐human primates associated with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Transplantation. 2009 Dec 15;88(11):1242‐50.

    Matthew G Stanwix, Eduardo D Rodriguez.  Reply: Composite Maxillary Transplantation.  Plast ReconstrSurgery. 2010 Jan:125(1):418‐419.

    Matthew G. Stanwix, Barish H Edil: Bronchogenic Cysts. Arch Surg. 2010 May;145(5):499‐500.

    Allotransplantation Demonstrates Donor‐recipient Bony Union. Plast. Recon. Surg. Submitted.

    Matthew G. Stanwix, Luther Holton, Devinder Singh.  Inferior Dart Variation to Limit Complications in Large Volume Breast Reductions. Plast. Recon. Surg. Submitted.

    Arthur J Nam; Helen G. Hui‐Chou; Matthew G.Stanwix, Eduardo D. Rodriguez.  Abdominal Compartment Syndrome: Lessons from a Large Animal Model.  Plast. Recon. Surg.  Submitted.

    J. Bryce Olenczak, Matthew G. Stanwix, Gedge D. Rosson.  Complex wound closure of partial sacrectomydefect with human acellular dermal matrix and bilateral V to Y gluteal advancement flaps in a pediatric patient. Plast. Recon. Surg. Submitted.

    Emile D. Brown, Matthew G. Stanwix, Amir D. Dorafshar.  Free vascularized fibula for frontal sinus reconstruction after treatment of a congenital deformity. Plast. Recon. Surg. Submitted.

    Dr. Matthew G. StanwixAwards

    BOOK CHAPTERS AUTHORED

    Matthew G. Stanwix, Eduardo D. Rodriguez. “Naso‐Orbital‐Ethmoid Fractures” Essentials of Craniofacial Trauma, Edited by J.R. Marcus.  Co‐editors:  D. Erdmann, E. Rodriguez. Quality Medical Publishing. St. Louis, MO. 2012.

    Matthew G. Stanwix, Eduardo D. Rodriguez.  “Frontal Sinus Fractures.” Current Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Edited by: Serletti, Losee, Taub, and Wu. McGraw‐Hill, New York, NY. In Press.

    Matthew G. Stanwix. “Transverse Upper Gracilis (TUG) Flap in Breast Reconstruction.” Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Textbook for Breast Reconstruction. G. Rosson. McGraw‐Hill. New York, NY. In Press.

    Matthew G. Stanwix, Eduardo D. Rodriguez. “Frontal Sinus Fractures.”

    • Top 2% in all three medical Licensing Exams• Top 10% each year in  National Plastic Surgery Exams• Phi Beta Kappa International Honor Society • Alpha Epsilon Delta Pre‐Medical Honor Society• Dean’s High Honor List Every Semester• Paul Ambrose Public Health Leadership Institute‐2003‐

    American Medical Student Association‐ Selected as one of seven out of all US medical school students to attend 

    • William T. Mosenthal Award for Highest Surgical Achievement • Nominated as Johns Hopkins Hospital Surgical Intern of the 

    Year 2005‐2006• Baltimore Academy of Surgery: Researcher of the Year 2008 Matthew G. Stanwix, Eduardo D. Rodriguez.  Frontal Sinus Fractures.  

    Multimedia Atlas of Neurosurgery, Edited by Afredo Quinones‐Hinojosa ,Elsevier Health, New York, NY. In Press.

    • Baltimore Academy of Surgery: Researcher of the Year 2008• Selected as First Administrative Plastic and Reconstructive 

    Surgery Chief Resident 2011• Selected and an Integral part of the Facial Transplantation 

    Team‐University of Maryland/Shock Trauma (Full Facial Transplant March 19‐20, 2012)

    • Trauma ED consult 40m h/o ETOH and DMII s/p fall head‐first into ditch with impaled wooden stick into right forearm mobile wad

    • No other injuries• No ETOH x ~48hrs• Sent Home on Abx• Came back 4 days later with severe pain

    Patient K.M.

    • Especially on passive range of motion

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    Intraop Pictures

    Intraop Pictures

    Intraop Pictures

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    • Culturesgram positive and gram negative rods• Admitted to SICUfloor POD1• ID consultSwitched to Unasyn, Clinda and Cipro• Whirlpool daily with clorpactin change Q8h

    Hospital Course

    • Whirlpool daily with clorpactin change Q8h

    What’s New in Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: NSTI?

    • Ovid: 2005 – 2016 for NSTI, NF, Fournier’s, Gas Gangrene 

    • English language, human:   1508

    • English, human, review articles:  215

    • Prospective studies 36• Prospective studies: 36 • 25 NSTI/NF/Fournier’s (2 hyperbaric)• 7 Streptococcal/Vibrio epidemiology

    • 4 total hyperbaric

    • Randomized trials:  1

    • Bulger, EM.  JAMA Surg. 2014;149:528‐536.

    Overall mortality remains high:

    •74 retrospective reports 1980 ‐ 2013

    •4507 patients

    NSTI: still ‐may be lethal 

    •4507 patients

    •Overall mortality – 22.6%• 1980‐1999: mortality – 27.8%

    • 2000‐2013: mortality – 21.2%  (~ 24% RR reduction)

    May AK. Surg Clin N Am. 2009; 89:403–420May AK. Surg Infect. 2009; 10:467-499Unpublished data

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    Necrotizing Soft Tissue InfectionsIs this name important?

    • Literature commonly misuses the term NECROTIZING FASCIITIS for all necrotizing soft tissue infections

    • So what?...So what?...• Incorrectly consolidates three tissue layers

    • Confounds the understanding of inherent resistance of each tissue layer and the pathophysiology of bacterial infection

    • Limits an in‐depth understanding of both antibiotic and surgical approach

    Today’s focus

    1. Importance of nomenclature and implications of pathophysiology

    2. Establishing the diagnosis

    3. Important components of therapy and surgical coverage

    NSTI: Tissue layers and infection

    • Dermis and subcutaneous fat• Good resistance to bacterial invasion, proliferation• Infection: NECROTIZING CELLULITIS

    • Fascia (deep or muscle)Fascia (deep or muscle)• Tentative blood supply, poor lymphatic drainage, and low resistance to bacterial invasion, growth, and spread

    • Infection: NECROTIZING FASCIITIS

    • Muscle• Very good blood supply and good resistance to bacterial invasion and proliferation

    • Infection: MYOSITIS and MYONECROSIS

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    Determinants of Infection

    PathogenHost vs

    HOST TISSUE RESISTANCE

    BACTERIAL VIRULENCE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS

    … Presentation and severity of infection determined by a balance between these factors …

    NSTI: bacterial pathogenesis

    Type 1: polymicrobial• typically arise from a chronic, indolent source • spread along fascial planes• most common ~ 50‐75% of NSTIs

    Type 2: monomicrobial virulent Gm +, aerobic cocci• pathophysiology related to toxin production +/‐ growth rate• Streptococcus species p p• CA‐MRSA 

    Type 3: monomicrobial virulent Gm + or Gm – bacilli• pathophysiology related to toxin production +/‐ growth rate• Clostridia species• Bacillus species• Vibrio species• Aeromonas species• Eikenella species

    Rapidly progressive

    NSTI: Diagnosis

    • Difficult to distinguish‐takes experience

    • Diagnosis is frequently delayed

    • Cellulitis and abscess – most common admitting diagnoses 

    • ~65‐80% of patients 

    Wong CH. J Bone Joint Surg. 2003; 85A:1454-1460Hsiao CT. Am J Ethics Med. 2008;26:170–5Wong CH. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1535–41

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    • Delays in diagnosis associated with increased morbidity and mortality

    • Predictors of mortality in NSTI :• Time to first debridement

    Why is early diagnosis important? 

    • Time to first debridement

    • Extent of tissue involvement

    • # Failed organs on admission

    • Inadequate first debridement

    • Age > 60 years

    • Bacteremia

    • Elevated lactate 

    McHenry CR. Ann Surg. 1995; 221:558-565Bosshardt TL. Arch Surg. 1996;131:846-52Elliott DC. Ann Surg. 1996; 224:672-83Bilton BD. Am Surg. 1998; 64:397-400Childers BJ. Am Surg. 2002; 68:109-116Wong CH. J Bone Joint Surg. 2003; 85A:1454-1460

    Clinical features 

    1. pain disproportionate to the findings on physical examination

    2. tense edema

    3. bullae

    4. skin ecchymosis/necrosis

    Laboratory values

    1.white blood cell count >14 x 109 /L

    2.serum sodium concentration 15 mg/dL

    4.CRP > 150 mg/L

    Symptoms and findings predictive of NSTI

    5. cutaneous anesthesia

    6. systemic toxicity

    7. Crepitence (not always present)

    Radiographic findings

    1.Presence of gas on imaging

    Laboratory parameters aid in diagnosis

    • 21 consecutive patients who proved to have NSTI

    Chan, T. Am. J. Surg. 2008; 196:926-930

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    • Questionnaire of Chief Resident during evaluation

    Laboratory parameters add to diagnosis

    Chan, T. Am. J. Surg. 2008; 196:926-930

    • Mean time to OR: 10 hours (1 ‐ 46)• Mortality 25%

    NSTI: Ah to Surgical Debridement

    •OR as soon as the diagnosis is suspected

    •Approach based upon tissues involved• Fasciitis: “drainage, irrigation, and debridement• Necrotizing cellulitis: excision of non‐viable tissues• Myositis myonecrosis: excision of non viable tissues

    Treatment of NSTI – What really matters?

    • Myositis, myonecrosis: excision of non‐viable tissues

    •Ensure adequate tissue perfusion and viability• Aggressive hydration

    •Prevent fluid pooling or collections• Dressing changes

    •Re‐evaluate/return to OR in 24 hoursMay AK. Surg Infect. 2011; 12:179-184May AK. Surg Infect. 2009; 10:467-499

    Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections

    Anterior

    Posterior

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    Necrotizing Soft Tissue InfectionsAnterior

    Posterior

    Does time to re‐debridement matter?

    • 64 patients with NSTI at USC‐LAC over 6 years

    • Practice algorithms by 2 different services• Short duration (24‐48 hrs) vs Extended duration (> 48 hrs) until second debridement

    • Short duration associated with lower AKI and mortality  

    Okoye O. Amer Surg. 2013; 79:1081-1085

    NSTI: AB therapy based upon presentation

    Non‐rapidly progressive NSTI –

    • Polymicrobial or less virulent pathogens

    • Possible MRSA

    Rapidly progressive NSTI –

    • highly virulent pathogens due to toxin production

    • Gram positive Gm +:

    Single or combination broad spectrum AB

    +/- anti MRSA

    • Gram positive

    • Gram positive cocci – (Type 2) Grp A strep, 

    Ca‐MRSA 

    • Gram positive bacilli – (Type 3) clostridia, bacillus

    • Gram negative (Type 3) 

    • Vibrio species

    • Aeromonas species

    • Eikenella species

    Rapidly progressive

    Dual coverage with antiribosomal

    agents may improve outcome

    Gm +: Clindamycin /

    Linezolid

    Gm -: Tetracycline class

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    Surgical Reconstruction

    •Wait!!!!•Patient must be fully stable•Full granulation or healthy•Wounds must be pristine•Wounds must be pristine•Nutrition optimized•Follow reconstructive ladder

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    Wound Care‐Healing by Secondary Intention

    If MoistIf Moist‐‐Keep DryKeep Dry

    If dryIf dry‐‐Keep MoistKeep Moist

    Don’t be afraid to debride/openDon’t be afraid to debride/open

    Don’t pack tight!Don’t pack tight!

    Oxygen radicalsOxygen radicalsHH22OO22 , O, O22•, •OH•, •OHNi i idNi i id

    Growth factorsGrowth factorsTGFTGF--b, EGF, b, EGF, PDGFPDGF

    Matrix synthesisMatrix synthesisregulationregulation

    Secondary Intention:ROLE OF MACROPHAGES INWOUND HEALING

    AngiogenesisAngiogenesis

    Phagocytosis, Phagocytosis, antimicrobial antimicrobial

    functionfunction

    Cell recruitmentCell recruitmentand activationand activation

    Wound Wound debridementdebridement

    MacrophageMacrophage

    Nitric oxideNitric oxide PDGFPDGFCytokinesCytokines

    TNFTNF--��, IL, IL--1,1,IFNIFN--��

    EnzymesEnzymescollagenase, collagenase, arginasearginase

    ProstaglandinsProstaglandinsPGEPGE22

    Adapted with permission from Witte MB and Barbul A. Adapted with permission from Witte MB and Barbul A. Surg Clin North AmSurg Clin North Am. 1997;77:513.. 1997;77:513.

    PhagocytosisPhagocytosisEnzymesEnzymes

    collagenase, collagenase, elastaseelastase

    Growth factorsGrowth factorsbFGFbFGF, , VEGFVEGF

    CytokinesCytokinesTNFTNF--��

    Growth factorsGrowth factorsPDGF, TGFPDGF, TGF--��, , EGF, IGFEGF, IGF

    CytokinesCytokinesTNFTNF--�� , IL, IL--1, 1, ILIL--66

    FibronectinFibronectin

    History of NPWT

    • Application of negative pressure to a sealed, draining wound was developed in the 1950s

    • Negative pressure wound therapy as a method for treatment of wounds was developed simultaneously in the United States and Germany in the late 1980s

    ® ( ®)• In the US, Vacuum Assisted Closure® (V.A.C.®) Therapy was developed by Morykwas and Argenta at Wake Forest University in the mid‐1990s.  It was cleared by the Food and Drug Administration in 1995.

    • Currently V.A.C.® Therapy is the form of NPWT most widely used

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    NPWT

    • Uses subatmospheric pressure for wound healing by secondary or tertiary intention

    • Works by deformational forces

    • Used to prepare wounds for closure, removal of infectious material and fluid, reduction of edema, promotion of granulation tissue formation

    • Used in patients with chronic, acute, traumatic, subacute and dehisced wounds, partial thickness burns, diabetic or pressure ulcers, flaps, and grafts

    Primary Intention

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    Necrotizing Soft Tissue InfectionsPosterior

    Anterior

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    Skin Grafts

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    Tissue Expansion

    Stage 1: Subcutaneous Tissue Expansion

    Stage 2: CS and HADM Onlay

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    Tissue Expansion, CS, HADM Onlay

    Pre Op Post Op

    Local Flaps‐Mucormycosis loss

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    These have an excellent blood supply,are typically designed in a V‐Y fashion, and againcan often be readvanced in the case of recurrence(Fig. 6).

    Dr Michael Christy

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    Composite Abdominal Wall Defect

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    Stage 1: Subcutaneous Tissue Expansion

    Pedicled ALT Flap

    Subcutaneous Tissue Expansion, HADM Inlay & Pedicled ALT Flap

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    Microvascular Surgery

    State of the art reconstruction Allows for reconstruction not previously available

    Results much improved Amputations Avoided Defects Filled Lives saved Only done at large academic centers Only done at large academic centers Dedicated centers with trained surgeons

    Microvascular reconstruction Head and Neck Breast Lower Extremity Transplantation!

    Lower Extremity

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    Head and Neck

    Head and Neck

    Congenital Cheek Deformity

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    Free Groin Flap

    Congenital Cheek Deformity

    Penile Reconstruction

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    Thank youThank you

    Matthew G. Stanwix, M.D. Plastic, Reconstructive, Maxillofacial and Aesthetic Surgeon

    Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeryg yAT RICHMOND PLASTIC SURGEONS

    My wife, Jessie, and I on a cleft lip/palate medical mission in Vietnam

    www.drstanwix.comwww.drstanwix.comwww.breastexpertVA.comwww.breastexpertVA.com

    www.richmondplasticsurgeons.comwww.richmondplasticsurgeons.comdrstanwix@[email protected]