NAME GROUNDWATER MEGA PACKETmleoneearthsci.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/1/2/32129011/key_groundw… · 6.Compared to an area of Earth's surface with gentle slopes, an area with steeper

NAME GROUNDWATER MEGA PACKET

A) A B) B C) C D) D

1. The diagram below shows columns A, B, C, and D that contain different sediments.

Equal volumes of water were poured through each column. Which column of sediment retained themost water?

A) gentle slope and permeableB) gentle slope and impermeableC) steep slope and permeableD) steep slope and impermeable

2. Which conditions on Earth's surface will allow for thegreatest amount of water to seep into the ground?

A) runoff and erosionB) precipitation and infiltrationC) deposition and burialD) solidification and condensation

3. Which processes are most likely to cause a rise in thewater table?

A) decreases and runoff decreasesB) decreases and runoff increasesC) increases and runoff decreasesD) increases and runoff increases

4. During a rainstorm, when soil becomes saturated, theamount of infiltration

A) clay B) siltC) sand D) pebbles

5. Which sediment size would allow water to flowthrough at the fastest rate?

A) less infiltration and more runoffB) less infiltration and less runoffC) more infiltration and more runoffD) more infiltration and less runoff

6. Compared to an area of Earth's surface with gentleslopes, an area with steeper slopes most likely has

A) gentle slope, saturated soil, no vegetationB) gentle slope, unsaturated soil, vegetationC) steep slope, saturated soil, vegetationD) steep slope, unsaturated soil, no vegetation

7. Which set of surface soil conditions on a hillsidewould result in the most infiltration of rainfall?

A) steep slope and permeable soilB) steep slope and impermeable soilC) gentle slope and permeable soilD) gentle slope and impermeable soil

8. Which surface soil conditions allow the mostinfiltration of rainwater?

A) precipitation B) infiltrationC) runoff D) snow melt

9. In general, the probability of flooding decreaseswhen there is an increase in the amount of

GROUNDWATER MEGA PACKET

Base your answers to questions 10 through 13 on the diagram below, which shows a model of the water cycle. Letters A through F represent someprocesses of the water cycle. Letter X indicates the top of the underground zone that is saturated withwater.

A) A and B B) B and E C) C and A D) D and E

10.The processes of transpiration and evaporation are represented by letters

A) a decrease in the amount of groundwaterB) a decrease in the surface elevation of the lakeC) an increase in the rate of capillarityD) an increase in the amount of runoff

11.If the surface soil is saturated and precipitation increases, there will be

A) the water table B) a floodplainC) sea level D) impermeable rock

12.What does letter X represent?

A) capillarity B) infiltration C) condensation D) vaporization

13.Which process is represented by letter F?

A) clay B) siltC) sand D) pebbles

14. Through which of the following loose soil materialsdoes water infiltrate fastest?

A) silt B) pebblesC) fine sand D) fine clay

15. Which type of soil would water infiltrate mostslowly?


A) A B) B C) C D) D

16. The columns A, B, C, and D shown below contain equal volumes of sediment.

When an equal volume of water is added to each column, the greatest rate of infiltration will occur inwhich column?

A) B)

C) D)

17. The diagrams below show the relative sizes of particles from soil samples A, B, and C. Equalvolumes of each soil sample were placed in separate containers. Each container has a screen at thebottom. Water was poured through each sample to determine the infiltration rate.

Which graph best shows how the infiltration rates of the three soil samples would compare?


A)

B)

C)

D)

18. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween soil particle size and the rate at which waterinfiltrates permeable soil?

A) saturated soilB) a steep soil surfaceC) coarse-grained soilD) an impermeable surface

19. Which soil condition allows the most infiltration ofprecipitation?

A) pebbles B) sandC) silt D) clay

20. Which surface soil type has the slowest permeabilityrate and is most likely to produce flooding?

A)

B)

C)

D)

21. The diagrams below represent four permeablesediment samples. The sediments are composed ofthe same material, but differ in particle size andsorting. Which sediment sample will most likelyhave the fastest groundwater infiltration rate?

A) silt B) clayC) sand D) pebbles

22. Which earth material covering the surface of alandfill would permit the least amount of rainwaterto infiltrate the surface?

A) capillary action B) permeabilityC) porosity D) infiltration

23. Water moves upward through the soil because of


Base your answers to questions 24 through 28 on the diagram, data and information below. The diagram below represents part of the laboratory setupfor an activity to investigate the effects of particle size on permeability, porosity, and water retention.Three separate tubes were used, each containing 300 milliliters of beads of uniform size. Bead sizeswere 4 millimeters, 7 millimeters, and 12 millimeters in diameter, respectively.

A) saturated and permeable B) saturated and permeableC) unsaturated and permeable D) unsaturated and impermeable

24. Water can infiltrate loose soil when the soil is

A) pebbles B) sand C) silt D) clay

25. Soil composed of which kind of particles would have the longest infiltration time? [Assume that allparticles allow some water to pass through.]

A) porosity B) water retentionC) permeability time D) capillarity

26. The data table shows that all three tubes of beads had approximately the same


A) 8 mL B) 12 mL C) 22 mL D) 36 mL

27. What was the total amount of water retained on the 7-millimeter beads after the tubing wasunclamped and the water flowed out?

A) B)

C) D)

28. Which graph best represents the infiltration times for these three particle sizes?

A) aerated zone B) capillary fringeC) saturated zone D) impermeable zone

29. The diagram below represents zones within soil androck. The zones are determined by the kinds ofmovement or lack of movement of water occultingwithin them.

What is the deepest zone into which water can bepulled by gravity?

A) decrease B) increaseC) remain the same

30. As the temperature of the soil decreases from 10ºCto –5ºC, the infiltration rate of ground water throughthis soil will most likely

A) larger B) smootherC) rounder D) more soluble

31. Sand sediments are usually more permeable than siltsediments because sand grains are

A) silt B) fine sandC) coarse sand D) pebbles

32. Soil composed of which particle size usually has thegreatest capillarity?

A) water retention B) capillary actionC) porosity D) permeability

33. The upward movement of water through tiny spacesin soil or rock is called


A) capillarity B) infiltrationC) permeability D) porosity

34. Which property of loose earth materials most likelyincreases as particle size decreases?

A) runoff B) saturationC) infiltration D) precipitation

35. The diagram below is a cross-sectional view of rainfalling on a farm field and then moving to the watertable.

Which word best describes the movement of therainwater through zone A?

A) B)

C) D)

36. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween soil permeability rate and infiltration whenall other conditions are the same?

A) B)

C) D)

37. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween the surface slope of a dry, sandy soil andthe infiltration rate of rain?

A) runoff decreases during precipitationB) ground water storage is usually very largeC) roads, pavements, and buildings reduce the

infiltration of water into the groundD) the heat generated by city areas decreases

actual evapotranspiration

38. Flash flooding often occurs in city areas because

A) unsaturated and impermeableB) unsaturated and permeableC) saturated and impermeableD) saturated and permeable

39. Most infiltration of precipitation will occur when theEarth's soil is

A) Clay soil is composed of low-density minerals.B) Clay soil is composed of very hard particles.C) Clay soil has large pore spaces.D) Clay soil has very small particles.

40. Why does water move very slowly downwardthrough clay soil?

A) soil surface has a steep slopeB) soil is saturatedC) rate of precipitation is lowD) surface is impermeable

41. When rain falls on an area of sandy soil, infiltrationwill usually be greater than surface runoff if the

A) permeable and saturatedB) permeable and unsaturatedC) impermeable and saturatedD) impermeable and unsaturated

42. Rainfall is most likely to infiltrate into soil that is


Base your answers to questions 43 through 45 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The diagram represents setups of laboratory equipment, labeled A, B, C, and D. Thisequipment was used to test the infiltration rate and water retention of four different particle sizes.Each column was filled to the same level with uniform-sized dry, spherical particles. Water waspoured into each column until the water level rose to the top of the particles. Then, the clamp wasopened to allow the water to drain into the beaker beneath each column.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

43. Which column of particles retained the most water after the clamps were opened and the water wasdrained into the beakers?

A) B)

C) D)

44. Which graph best shows the rate of infiltration of water through the particles in these four columns?

A) clay B) silt C) sand D) pebbles

45. All of the particles in these four columns are classified as


A) B)

C) D)

46. The diagram below represents the setup for an experiment for studying groundwater. Tubes A, B, C,and D contain equal volumes of sediments. Within each tube, the sediments are uniform in size,shape, and packing. A test for water retention was conducted by first filling each tube with water andthen draining the water into beakers.

Which graph represents the general relationship between the sediment size and the amount of waterretained by the sediments after the tubes had drained?

A) permeableB) organic in originC) composed of pebble-sized particlesD) well compacted and cemented

47. Water can pass through a sandstone sample becausethe sample is

A) less porous, and allows less runoffB) more porous, and allows more runoffC) less permeable, and allows more runoffD) more permeable, and allows less runoff

48. Immediately after a moderate rainfall, the streamdischarge is greater from a stream that drains a claysoil area than from a stream that drains asand-and-gravel soil area. This discharge differsbecause the clay soil is A) lower permeability

B) higher permeabilityC) less porosityD) more porosity

49. The diagrams below represent two containers, eachfilled with a sample of nonporous particles ofuniform size.

Compared to the sample of larger particles, thesample of smaller particles has


A) The column with 4-mm beads has greater water retention and permeability.B) The column with 12-mm beads has greater water retention and permeability.C) The column with 4-mm beads has greater water retention and the column with

12-mm beads has greater permeability.D) The column with 12-mm beads has greater water retention and the column with

4-mm beads has greater permeability.

50. The diagram below shows an experimental setup to compare water retention andpermeability in two columns with equal volumes of spherical plastic beads ofdifferent diameters.

Which statement best describes the water retention and permeability in the two columns of beads?

51. Base your answer to the following question on the water cycle diagram shown below. Some arrowsare numbered 1 through 4 and represent various processes.

A) permeable and saturated B) permeable and not saturatedC) impermeable and saturated D) impermeable and not saturated

For infiltration to occur, the ground must be


Base your answers to questions 52 through 54 on the diagram below, which shows four tubescontaining 500 milliliters of sediment labeled A, B, C, and D. Each tube contains well-sorted, looselypacked particles of uniform shape and size and is open at the top. The classification of the sediment ineach tube is labeled.

A) B)

C) D)

52. Water was poured into each tube of sediment and the time it took for the water to infiltrate tothe bottom was recorded, in seconds. Which data table best represents the recorded results?

A) saturated and impermeable B) saturated and permeableC) unsaturated and impermeable D) unsaturated and permeable

53. Water will be able to infiltrate each of these sediment samples if the sediment is

A) A B) B C) C D) D

54. Each tube is filled with water to the top of the sediments and the tube is covered with a fine screen.The tubes are then tipped upside down so the water can drain. In which tube would the sedimentretain the most water?


55. Base your answer to the following question on the bedrock cross section below, which represents part of Earth's crust where natural gas, oil, andwater have moved upward through a layer of folded sandstone and filled the pore spaces at the top ofthe sandstone layer.

A) lower permeability B) less foliationC) larger pore spaces D) larger particles

The natural gas, oil, and water are trapped within the top of the sandstone and do not move upwardthrough the shale because, compared to the sandstone, the shale has

A) The permeability of B is greater than thepermeability of A.

B) The porosity of B is greater than the porosity ofA.

C) The capillarity of B is greater than thecapillarity of A.

D) The surface runoff at B is greater than thesurface runoff at A.

56. During a heavy rainstorm, soil samples A and B bothbecame saturated with water. However, 10 minutesafter the storm ended, the soils appeared as shownbelow.

Which statement best explains the observed changein the water content of the soil samples?


57. As surface runoff in a region increases, streamdischarge in that region will usually

A) aerated zone B) capillary fringeC) saturated zone D) impermeable zone

58. The diagram below represents zones within soil androck. The zones are determined by the kinds ofmovement or lack of movement of water occurringwithin them.

What is the deepest zone into which water can bepulled by gravity?


A)

B)

C)

D)

59. Which graph best represents the general relationshipbetween soil particle size and the permeability rateof infiltrating rainwater?

A) B)

C) D)

60. Which diagram represents the soil with the greatestpermeability?

Base your answers to questions 61 and 62 on thediagrams below, which show two soil cross sectionsfrom adjacent fields in Nebraska. Both soils are thesame except that human activities have removed thevegetation from the surface of field B. Each field hasbeen receiving rain for several hours.

A) Transpiration would decrease.B) Runoff would increase.C) Erosion would increase.D) Water infiltration would increase.

61. Which change would most likely result fromreplanting vegetation in field B?

A) had lower porosityB) had a steeper surface slopeC) were composed of larger rock particlesD) were compacted by machinery traveling over

the field

62. The soils in field B would have a higher rate ofpermeability if the soils

A) decreases B) increasesC) remains the same

63. The graph below represents soil permeability.

As particle size increases, permeability


64. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The diagram represents four tubes, labeled A, B, C, and D, each containing 150 mL ofsediments. Tubes A, B, and C contain well-sorted, closely packed sediments of uniform shape andsize. Tube D contains uniformly shaped, closely packed sediments of mixed sizes. The particle size ofthe sediment in each tube is labeled.

A) greatest in tube A B) greatest in tube BC) greatest in tube C D) the same for tubes A, B, and C

If tubes A, B, and C were set up to test for capillarity, the data would show that capillarity is

A) less permeability and greater porosityB) greater porosity and greater capillarityC) less permeability and greater capillarityD) greater permeability and greater porosity

65. The diagrams below represent two identicalcontainers filled with nonporous uniform particles.The containers represent models of two differentsizes of soil particles.

Compared to the model containing larger particles,the model containing smaller particles has

A) large-size particlesB) small-size particlesC) high-density particlesD) low-density particles

66. Which soil characteristic allows greater amounts ofwater retention?

A) poorly sorted and densely packedB) poorly sorted and loosely packedC) well sorted and densely packedD) well sorted and loosely packed

67. Soil with the greatest porosity has particles that are

A) infiltration rate B) water retentionC) capillarity D) porosity

68. The diagram below shows two identical containersfilled with uniform particles that were sorted by size.

Which characteristic is most likely the same forthese particle-filled containers?

A) low permeability rateB) low infiltration rateC) high porosityD) high capillarity

69. A soil sample with a large amount of space betweenthe particles will have a

A) recharge B) deficitC) usage D) surplus

70. Stream discharge would normally be highest duringa period of


A) Beaker A and beaker B have the same porosity, and beaker C has the least porosity.B) Beaker A and beaker B have the same porosity, and beaker C has the greatest porosity.C) Beaker B has the greatest porosity, beaker A has less porosity, and beaker C has the least

porosity.D) Beaker C has the greatest porosity, beaker B has less porosity, and beaker A has the least

porosity.

71. The diagram below represents cross sections of equal-size beakers A, B, and C filled with beads.

Which statement best compares the porosity in the three beakers?

A) B)

C) D)

72. Which graph best indicates the general relationship between soil particle size and the amount of waterretention by a permeable soil?

A) A had a greater porosity than B and C. B) B had a greater porosity than A and C.C) C had a greater porosity than A and B. D) All three samples had the same porosity.

73. The cross sections below represent three beakers that were used to test porosity. Beakers A, B, and C each contain a different size of bead. Each beaker holds an equal volume of beads. Theamount of water needed to fill the total pore space between the beads in each beaker wasmeasured.

Which statement best describes the porosity that was found for these three samples?


A) B)

C) D)

74. The diagram below represents three identical beakers, A, B, and C, each containing an equal volumeof uniform-sized spherical beads. Water is poured into each beaker until all of the pore spaces arefilled.

Which table best indicates the percentage of pore space compared to the total volume of each beaker?

A) Density and porosity will both decrease.B) Density and porosity will both increase.C) Density will decrease and porosity will

increase.D) Density will increase and porosity will decrease.

75. If a rock is compressed and its volume decreases,how will the rock's density and porosity be affected?

A) B)

C) D)

76. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween porosity and particle size for soil samplesof uniform size, shape, and packing?

77. Base your answer to the following question on thediagrams below, which represent cross sections offour samples of loosely packed, uniformly sorted soilparticles. The diameter of the particles is givenbelow each diagram. All soil samples consist of solidspherical particles.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

If equal amounts of 0.2-centimeter soil particles aremixed into each sample, which sample's porositywill not be affected?

A) infiltration B) capillarityC) porosity D) permeability rate

78. Which soil-property measurement usually is greaterwhen particles are fine than when particles arecoarse?


A) B)

C) D)

79. The diagram below represents three identical beakers filled to the same level with spherical beads.

If the packing of the beads within each beaker is the same, which graph best represents the porositywithin each beaker?

A) the rock's geologic ageB) the rock's hardnessC) the rock's porosityD) the rock's color

80. Which is most important in determining the amountof ground water that can be stored within a rock?

A) be resistant to weatheringB) be composed of large grainsC) have a large percentage of space between

particlesD) have a small percentage of rounded particles

81. A rock with a high porosity will probably

A) have low permeabilityB) have mixed grain sizesC) be porousD) show a high amount of capillarity

82. A soil sample with a high percentage of open spacebetween grains must

A) silt and sandB) sand and pebblesC) pebbles and cobblesD) cobbles and boulders

83. In which sediments is the capillary action of watergreatest?


A)

B)

C)

D)

84. The diagrams below represent three containers, A, B, and C, which were filled with equal volumes ofuniformly sorted plastic beads. Water was poured into each container to determine porosity andinfiltration time.

Which data table best represents the porosity and infiltration time of the beads in the threecontainers?

A) less capillarity B) less permeabilityC) greater infiltration D) greater porosity

85. A paved blacktop parking lot was built on what wasonce a soil-covered field. This area will nowexperience increased runoff when rain occursbecause the paved parking lot has A) saturated and the slope is steep

B) saturated and the slope is gentleC) unsaturated and the slope is steepD) unsaturated and the slope is gentle

86. The least amount of surface water runoff will occurwhen soil pore spaces are


87. The diagram below shows tubes A and B partly filled with equal volumes of round plastic beads ofuniform size. The beads in tube A are smaller than the beads in tube B. Water was placed in tube A until the pore spaces were filled. The drain valve was then opened, and the amount of time for thewater to drain from the tube was recorded. The amount of water that remained around the beads wasthen calculated and recorded. Data table 1 shows the measurements recorded using tube A.

If the same procedure was followed with tube B, which data table shows the measurements mostlikely recorded?


A)

B)

C)

D)

Base your answers to questions 88 and 89 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The diagram represents four tubes, labeled A, B, C, and D, each containing 150 mL ofsediments. Tubes A, B, and C contain well~sorted, closely packed sediments of uniform shape andsize. Tube D contains uniformly shaped, closely packed sediments of mixed sizes. The particle size ofthe sediment in each tube is labeled.

A) greatest in tube A B) greatest in tube BC) greatest in tube C D) the same for tubes A, B, and C

88. If tubes A, B, and C were set up to test for capillarity, the data would show that capillarity is


A) particle size of the sediments B) particle shape of the sedimentsC) water retention of the sediments D) porosity of the sediments

89. Water was added to each tube to just cover the sediments and the volumes of water added wererecorded. These data can best be used to determine the

A) silt and pebbles, only B) sand, silt, and pebbles, onlyC) pebbles and the mixture, only D) sand, pebbles, and the mixture, only

90. A student performed a laboratory activity in which water was poured slowly into four cups containingequal volumes of loosely packed sediment samples, as shown in the diagram below. All particleswere spherical in shape and uniform in size within a container. After the water level reached thesurface of each sample, the student determined the amount of water that had been added.

The results of the activity should have indicated that approximately equal amounts of water wereadded to the cups of

A) B)

C) D)

91. Which graph shows the general relationship between soil particle size and the capillarity of the soil?


A) B)

C) D)

92. The diagram below shows three identical plastic tubes filled to the same level with spherical beads ofdifferent diameters. Each tube was filled with water to the top of the beads. The clamps were thenopened to allow water to drain into the beakers.

Which graph best represents the relative amount of water retained by the beads ineach tube?

A) Infiltration and runoff will both be less.B) Infiltration and runoff will both be greater.C) Infiltration will be less and runoff will be

greater.D) Infiltration will be greater and runoff will be

less.

93. After a heavy rainstorm, vegetation on a hillslopewas completely removed. How will this removal ofvegetation affect the relative amounts of infiltrationand runoff that occur during the next heavyrainstorm?

A) firmly packed clay-sized particlesB) loosely packed sand-sized particlesC) covered by trees, shrubs, and grassesD) unsaturated and has a gentle slope

94. During a heavy rainstorm, runoff is most likely tooccur if the surface soil is


A) capillarity is greater in soils with larger particlesB) capillarity is greater in soils with smaller particlesC) permeability is greater in soils with larger particlesD) permeability is greater in soils with smaller particles

95. The diagram below shows a laboratory setup. The rubber band holds filter paper across the base ofthe open tube to hold the soil sample. The tube was placed in the water as shown. The upwardmovement of water is represented by arrows. The height of the water that moved upward within thesoil was measured. Students repeated this procedure using soils with different particle sizes. Resultsof the experiment are shown in the data table.

Results of this experiment lead to the conclusion that

A) B)

C) D)

96. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween the particle size and the capillarity of asample of soil? A) low permeability and gentle slope

B) low permeability and steep slopeC) high permeability and gentle slopeD) high permeability and steep slope

97. Which soil conditions normally result in thegreatest amount of runoff?

A) sandyB) impermeableC) covered with grassD) nearly flat

98. When rainfall occurs, the rainwater will most likelybecome surface runoff if the land surface is


A) photograph A—glacier; photograph B—riverB) photograph A—river; photograph B—glacierC) both photographs—riverD) both photographs—glacier

99. Photographs A and B below show two different valleys.

Which list best identifies the agent of erosion that primarily determined the shape of each valley?

A) is less dense than the clay potB) is more dense than the clay potC) traveled upward in the clay pot by capillary

actionD) traveled downward in the clay pot by capillary

action

100.The diagram below shows the result of leaving anempty, dry clay flowerpot in a full container ofwater for a period of time. The water level in thecontainer dropped to level A. The top of the wet areamoved to level B.

Level B is higher than level A because water

A) gentle slope and permeable surfaceB) gentle slope and impermeable surfaceC) steep slope and permeable surfaceD) steep slope and impermeable surface

101. Which set of conditions would produce the mostrunoff of precipitation?

A) steep slope and a clay-covered surfaceB) steep slope and a gravel-covered surfaceC) gentle slope and a grass-covered surfaceD) gentle slope and a tree-covered surface

102. During a rainfall, surface runoff will probably begreatest in an area that has a

A) covering a dirt road with pavementB) reducing the gradient of a steep hillC) planting grasses and shrubs on a hillsideD) having a decrease in the annual rainfall

103. Which condition would cause surface runoff toincrease in a particular location?

A) The gradient of the surface is low.B) Permeability rate exceeds the rate of rainfall.C) Surface soil pore spaces are filled.D) The porosity of the surface soil is high.

104. Which condition makes surface runoff of rainfallmost likely?


Base your answers to questions 105 through 107 on the diagram below. Columns A, B, C, and D arepartially filled with different sediments. Within each column, the sediment is uniform in size. A finewire mesh screen covers the bottom of each column to prevent the sediment from falling out. Thelower part of each column has just been placed in a beaker of water. Sediment sizes are not drawn toscale.

A) less than the silt and pebble samplesB) less than the silt sample but more than the pebble sampleC) greater than the silt sample but less than the pebble sampleD) greater than the silt and pebble samples

105.In an experiment, the beakers of water were removed and replaced with empty beakers. Thesediments were allowed to dry. Then water was poured into each column to compare the permeabilityof the sediments. The permeability rate of the medium sand sample was shown to be

A) A B) B C) C D) D

106.Which column contains sediment with an average diameter closest to 0.1 centimeter?

A) small pebbles B) large sand C) medium sand D) large silt

107.In which sediment will capillary action cause the water from the beaker to rise fastest in the column?

A) B)

C) D)

108. Which graph shows the effect of soil permeabilityon the amount of runoff in an area?

A) The soil is unsaturated.B) Soil water storage is equal to zero.C) Soil infiltration is less than surface runoff.D) Soil permeability is equal to the rate of pre

cipitation.

109. Which soil condition usually exists when floodingoccurs during a rainstorm?

A) steep slope, heavy rain, and frozen groundB) steep slope, gentle rain, and unfrozen groundC) gentle slope, heavy rain, and frozen groundD) gentle slope, gentle rain, and unfrozen ground

110. Which conditions produce the most surface waterrunoff?


Base your answers to questions 111 through 114 on thediagram below, which represents samples of soil andbedrock at Earth's surface. The arrows representpossible infiltration of rainwater.

A) pebble soilB) pebble-and-sand soilC) conglomerate bedrockD) granite bedrock

111.The least amount of rainwater will infiltrate thesurface of the

A) B)

C) D)

112.Zones within soil and rock are classified by thewater movement occurring in the zones. Whichdiagram best represents the most commonarrangement of these zones?

A) pebble soilB) pebble-and-sand soilC) conglomerate bedrockD) granite bedrock

113.Which sample probably has the greatest porosity?

A) is weathering more rapidlyB) is more loosely packedC) has smaller pore spacesD) has less surface area

114.The pebble-and-sand soil has greater capillarity thanthe pebble soil because the pebble and sand soil


A) B)

C) D)

115. The block diagram below shows a volcano.

Which map shows the stream drainage pattern that most likely formed on the surface of thisvolcano?

A) A and B B) B and DC) C and E D) D and E

116. The cross section below represents a forested areain Vermont.

During heavy rainfall, the greatest amount ofrunoff should occur in which two sections of theforest?

A) become ground waterB) become surface runoffC) cause a moisture deficitD) cause a higher potential evapotranspiration

117. When the soil is saturated in a gently sloping area,any additional rainfall in the area will most likely

A) capillarityB) runoffC) infiltration into the groundD) the level of the local water table

118. Apartment buildings and parking lots completelycover an area that was once an open, grass coveredfield. What factor most likely increased because ofthis construction?

A) deforested landscapes with clay soilsB) deforested landscapes with sandy soilsC) forested landscapes with clay soilsD) forested landscapes with sandy soils

119. Flash flooding is most likely to occur when heavyrain falls on


A) B)

C) D)

120. The topographic map below shows the largest island of the Hawaiian Islands.

Which map below best shows the most likely stream drainage pattern of this island?


A) B)

C) D)

121. The block diagram below shows a portion of Earth's crust.

Which stream drainage pattern is most likely present on this crustal surface?

Base your answers to questions 122 and 123 on the diagram of the water cycle below. Letter A represents a process in the water cycle. Points X and Y represent locations on Earth's surface.

A) slope of the land decreasesB) porosity of the soil increasesC) evaporation rate exceeds the infiltration rateD) precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration rate

122. The amount of runoff at Y will increase as the


A) saturated and permeable B) saturated and impermeableC) unsaturated and permeable D) unsaturated and impermeable

123. Rainwater will enter the ground at X if the ground is

A)

B)

C)

D)

124. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween surface-water runoff and streamdischarge?

A) frozenB) porousC) grass coveredD) unconsolidated gravel

125. When snow cover on the land melts, the water willmost likely become surface runoff if the landsurface is


Base your answers to questions 126 through 129 onthe diagrams below, which represent 500-millilitercontainers that are open at the top and the bottom andfilled with well-sorted, loosely packed particles ofuniform size. A piece of screening placed at thebottom of each container prevents the particles fromfalling out.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

126. The sample in which container would retain themost water on the particles after 500 milliliters ofwater is poured through the sample?

A)

B)

C)

D)

127. Which graph best represents the rate ofpermeability of the samples?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

128. The sample in which container would have thegreatest capillarity when placed in water?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

129. Assume that the samples in each container weretaken from surface soil in different locations.Which location would produce the least amount ofrunoff during a heavy rainfall?

A) Sinking air compresses and warms.B) Sinking air expands and warms.C) Rising air compresses and warms.D) Rising air expands and warms.

130. Which statement best explains why a desert oftenforms on the leeward side of a mountain range, asshown in the diagram below?

A) temperature of ground waterB) growth of aerobic bacteria in the waterC) amount of organic wastes in the waterD) amount of oxygen dissolved in the water

131. High concentrations of anaerobic bacteria (biologicwater pollutants) are often caused by a decrease inthe


132. If wastewater from a nuclear power plant raises thetemperature of a nearby body of water, theconcentration of biologic pollutants in the waterwill most likely

A) water vapor over the landfillB) precipitation about to fall on the landfillC) surface streams flowing to the landfillD) ground water under the landfill

133. A landfill is most likely to directly pollute


Base your answers to questions 134 and 135 on the diagram and field map below. The diagram showsan underground gasoline storage tank at a service station that is leaking gasoline into the soil.Ground-water monitoring wells were drilled to show the pattern of the leakage. The concentration ofgasoline, in parts per million, at each well is indicated on the field map.

A) permeable and saturated B) permeable and unsaturatedC) impermeable and saturated D) impermeable and unsaturated

134. Leaking gasoline is most likely to seep into soil that is

A) floats on the water tableB) destroys nonliving organic substancesC) reacts chemically with minerals in the soilD) harms living things

135. The gasoline that leaked from the underground tank is considered a pollutant because the gasoline

A) an uncontrollable moisture deficitB) contamination of the saturated zoneC) excessive surface runoffD) very heavy precipitation

136. The direct cause of ground water suppliesbecoming unfit for human use is usually

A) The bacteria release large amounts of oxygen.B) The bacteria use up large amounts of oxygen.C) The bacteria cause excessive cooling of the

water.D) The bacteria provide food for predators.

137. What is the main reason that a high concentrationof aerobic bacteria is harmful to a lake?

A) The environment will be unaffected.B) Minor, temporary disruptions will occur only

near the industrial plant.C) Major damage could occur downstream from

the industrial plant.D) The environment will always adjust favorably

to any changes caused by industrial waste.

138. How will the quality of the environment mostlikely be affected by the continued dumping oflarge amounts of industrial waste into a river?


139. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram and field map below. The diagram showsan underground gasoline storage tank at a service station that is leaking gasoline into the soil.Ground-water monitoring wells were drilled to show the pattern of the leakage. The concentration ofgasoline, in parts per million, at each well is indicated on the field map.

A) The size of the pollution field will decrease, and the concentration measurement will decrease.B) The size of the pollution field will decrease, and the concentration measurement will increaseC) The size of the pollution field will increase, and the concentration measurement will decrease.D) The size of the pollution field will increase, and the concentration measurement will increase.

Which statement best describes the pollution field's size and concentration measurement if thegasoline continues to leak out of the tank?

A) B)

C) D)

140. Samples of air collected from the regionsurrounding a large city were tested for pollutants.Which graph below best shows the probablerelationship between air pollution and distancefrom the city? A) B)

C) D)

141. Which graph best illustrates the relationshipbetween lake water pollution and humanpopulation density near the lake?


A)

B)

C)

D)

142. The maps show changes occurring around a smallLouisiana lake over a 30-year period.

Which graph best shows the probable changes inthe quality of ground water and lake water in thisregion as the changes indicated in the maps tookplace from 1967 to 1997? (Use the key above.)

A) A B) B C) C D) D

143. According to the diagram below, at which locationwould the water probably be most polluted?

A) continues because some groundwater seeps intothe streams

B) increases due to greater surface runoffC) remains unchanged due to transpiration from

grasses, shrubs, and treesD) stops completely because no water runs off

into the streams

144. During a dry summer, the flow of most large NewYork State streams generally

A) Potential evapotranspiration is less in latesummer than in spring.

B) Plants carry on more transpiration in springthan in late summer.

C) The local water budget shows a surplus in latesummer.

D) The local water budget shows a deficit in latesummer.

145. Why would a stream in South Carolina have alower stream discharge in late summer than inspring?


146. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. The arrows show the direction inwhich sediment is being transported along the shoreline. A barrier beach has formed, creating alagoon (a shallow body of water in which sediments are being deposited). The eroded headlands arecomposed of diorite bedrock. A groin has recently been constructed. Groins are wall-like structuresbuilt into the water perpendicular to the shoreline to trap beach sand.

A) Less sediment will be carried by the streams.B) An increase in sea level will cause more sediments to be deposited along the shoreline.C) The shoreline will experience a greater range in tides.D) The discharge from the streams into the lagoon will increase.

Which event will most likely occur during a heavy rainfall?

A) is a tributary of the Hudson RiverB) is a flood hazard where it flows into the Hudson RiverC) forms a delta in the Hudson RiverD) contains ancient fish fossils

147. The photograph below shows a sign near the Esopus Creek in Kingston, New York.

The main purpose of the word "watershed" on this sign is to communicate that the Esopus Creek


Base your answers to questions 148 and 149 on the cross section below, which represents part of Earth's water cycle. Letters A, B, C, and D representprocesses that occur during the cycle. The level of the water table and the extent of the zone ofsaturation are shown.

A) transpiration and condensation B) evaporation and meltingC) precipitation and freezing D) runoff and infiltration

148. What are two water cycle processes not represented by arrows in this cross section?

A) A and B B) A and C C) B and D D) C and D

149. Which two letters represent processes in the water cycle that usually cause a lowering of the watertable?

A) the roots of trees along the stream bankB) evapotranspiration in a region far away and

unaffected by the dry periodC) ground water flowing into the streambedD) condensation on the surface of rocks in the

stream

150. During a 3-week period without rain in June, watercontinued to flow in a small Maryland stream. Thewater in the stream most likely came from

A) Soil moisture storage is recharged byvegetation along the streams.

B) Ground water continues to move into thestream channels.

C) An increase in potential evapotranspirationincreases the stream runoff.

D) The porosity beneath the stream channelsbecomes higher than normal.

151. Why do many streams continue to flow during longperiods when there is no precipitation?

A) a decrease in the amount of infiltrationB) a decrease in the amount of surface area

covered by vegetationC) an increase in the amount of precipitationD) an increase in the slope of the land

152. The water table usually rises when there is

A) low temperature and low precipitationB) low temperature and high precipitationC) high temperature and low precipitationD) high temperature and high precipitation

153. Which climate conditions are typical of regionsnear the North Pole and the South Pole?

A) hot and arid B) hot and humidC) cold and arid D) cold and humid

154. An area with a high potential for evapotranspirationhas little actual evapotranspiration andprecipitation. The climate of this area is bestdescribed as


Base your answers to questions 155 and 156 on the two graphs below, which show the relationshipbetween the amount of rainfall during a storm and the amount of discharge into a nearby stream.Letter A represents the time when approximately 50% of the precipitation from the storm has fallen.Letter B represents the time when peak runoff from the storm is flowing into the stream. The delay isthe difference in time between letters A and B on the graph. Graph I shows data before urbanization inan area. Graph II shows data after urbanization in the same area.

A) The delay time decreased, and the maximum discharge decreased.B) The delay time decreased, and the maximum discharge increased.C) The delay time increased, and the maximum discharge decreased.D) The delay time increased, and the maximum discharge increased.

155. How did urbanization affect delay time between points A and B and the maximum streamdischarge?

A) groundwater to evaporateB) precipitation water to move into the streamsC) green plants to absorb precipitationD) rainfall rate to decrease

156. The delay time between points A and B on both graphs is due mainly to the time needed for

Base your answers to questions 157 through 159 on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The data table shows the averagemonthly discharge, in cubic feet per second, for a stream in New York State.

157. Explain one possible reason why this stream’s discharge in April is usually greater than thisstream’s discharge in January.

158. State the relationship between this stream’s discharge and the amount of suspended sediment thatcan be carried by this stream.


159. On the grid below, plot with an X the average stream discharge for each month shown in the datatable. Connect the X s with a line.

A) humid B) subhumidC) semiarid D) arid

160. The table below shows the relationship betweentotal yearly precipitation (P) and potentialevapotranspiration (EP) for different types ofclimates.

The total yearly precipitation (P) for a city in Texasis 218 millimeters. The total yearly potentialevapotranspiration (EP) is 951 millimeters. Whichtype of climate does this city have?

A) The yearly distribution of precipitation isdifferent.

B) The soil-moisture storage in the southwesternUnited States is more than that in northernCanada.

C) The potential evapotranspiration is greater inthe southwestern United States than innorthern Canada.

D) The vegetation of the southwestern UnitedStates is different from that of northernCanada.

161. Two locations, one in northern Canada and one inthe southwestern United States, receive the sameamount of precipitation each year. The location inCanada is classified as a humid climate. Whywould the location in the United States beclassified as an arid climate?


A) B)

C) D)

162. The data table below shows the stream discharge in April for a creek in the southern United Statesfor a period of 8 days.

Which graph most accurately shows stream discharge for the 8-day period?


Base your answers to questions 163 through 166 on the three diagrams below and on your knowledgeof Earth science. The diagrams represent stages in the formation of a large depositional featureformed as a river deposited sediment over time in the ocean. Letter A represents a location in theocean.

163. Large amounts of dissolved calcite were carried by the river into the ocean and precipitated onto theocean floor. Identify the sedimentary rock composed only of calcite that most likely formed.

164. Identify the largest particle diameter of sediment that can be carried by the water current at location A, if the water has a velocity of 0.05 cm/s.

165. Describe the arrangement of the sediments deposited where the river enters the ocean.

166. State the name of this large depositional feature forming in the ocean.


Base your answers to questions 167 and 168 on the diagram below, which shows some processes inthe water cycle.

167. Describe one change that would cause more water to evaporate from this stream.

168. State the relationship between the amount of precipitation in this area and the height of the watertable above the impermeable bedrock.


Base your answers to questions 169 through 171 on the cross section below, which shows waterflowing out of a well drilled through tilted sedimentary bedrock. Point A represents a location onEarth's surface.

169. Explain why point A would be a poor location for a garbage dump or landfill.

170. Identify one process that causes the clouds to form in the rising moist air.

171. Describe one characteristic of the sandstone layer that allowed part of this layer to become saturatedwith groundwater.


Base your answers to questions 172 through 176 on cross section below, which shows the generalpattern of water movement in the water cycle. Letter X represents a water-cycle process.

172. As the lake surface freezes in the winter, how many calories of heat are released by each gram ofwater?

173. Explain one role of plants in the water cycle.

174. Describe one surface condition that would allow runoff to occur.

175. Describe the process of condensation.

176. What process of the water cycle is represented by X?


177. Base your answer to the following question on thegraph below, which shows the rate of rainfallduring a storm and the stream discharge of a nearbystream on July 19.

A) Ground water continues to flow into thestream.

B) Surface runoff increases.C) The potential evapotranspiration increases.D) The porosity beneath the stream becomes

higher than usual.

Why does stream discharge usually not becomezero even during extended dry periods?


Base your answers to questions 178 through 180 on the water budget data and climate classificationbelow. Table 1 shows water budget data for a location in New Jersey, and table 2 describes climatetypes. All data are expressed in millimeters of water.

A) April B) May C) August D) November

178. Stream discharge at this location would probably be lowest during

A) humid B) subhumid C) semiarid D) arid

179. According to the information provided in table 2, the area represented by the water budget datawould have a climate classified as

A) 0 mm B) 30 mm C) 46 mm D) 76 mm

180. What is the total amount of moisture added to soil storage during October?


Base your answers to questions 181 through 183 on on the diagram below, which shows laboratorymaterials used for an investigation of the effects of sediment size on permeability, porosity, and waterretention. Four separate columns, labeled A through D, were filled to the same level with differentsediments. The sediments within each column are of uniform size.

181. An equal amount of water is poured through each column. On the grid, draw a line to show therelative amount of water retained in the sediment after the water flows through each column.

182. Describe the relationship between the sediment size and the permeability that will be observed whenwater is poured through these sediments.

183. Which column contains particles with a diameter of 0.4 cm?


Base your answers to questions 184 through 186 on the diagram below, which shows Earth's watercycle. Numbers indicate the estimated volume of water, in millions of cubic kilometers, stored at anyone time in the atmosphere, the oceans, and on the continents. The yearly amount of water that movesin and out of each of these three of Earth is also indicated in millions of cubic kilometers.

184. Describe two surface characteristics that will affect the rate of stream runoff into the ocean.

185. Explain why the yearly total precipitation over the oceans is greater than the yearly totalprecipitation over the continents.

186. Calculate the total amount of water stored in the atmosphere, the oceans, and on the continentstogether at any one time.


Base your answers to questions 187 through 189 on the cross section below, which shows limestonebedrock with caves.

187. Identify one source of pollution caused by human activity that contributes to the precipitationbecoming more acidic.

188. The precipitation in this area is becoming more acidic. Explain why acid rain weathers limestonebedrock.

189. In the empty box on the left side of the cross section above, draw a horizontal line to indicate thelevel of the water table.


190. The diagram below shows a model of the water cycle. The arrows show the movement of watermolecules through the water cycle. The circled numbers represent the processes that occur as thewater molecules reach the different stages of the water cycle.

Complete the table by identifying the name of the water cycle process occurring at each number.


191. The graph below shows the average water temperature and the dissolved oxygen levels of water in astream over a 12-month period. The level of dissolved oxygen is measured in parts per million(ppm).

a) State the difference in average water temperature, in degrees Celsius, between January andAugust.

b) State the relationship between the temperature of the water and the level of dissolved oxygen inthe water.

Answer KeyES GROUNDWATER MEGA PACKET

1. D2. A3. B4. B5. D6. A7. B8. C9. B10. C11. D12. A13. B14. D15. D16. B17. A18. D19. C20. D21. A22. B23. A24. C25. D26. A27. C28. B29. C30. A31. A32. A33. B34. A35. C36. A

37. A38. C39. B40. D41. C42. B43. A44. B45. D46. B47. A48. C49. A50. C51. B52. A53. D54. A55. A56. A57. B58. C59. A60. D61. D62. C63. B64. A65. C66. B67. D68. D69. C70. D71. A72. D

73. D74. A75. D76. C77. D78. B79. D80. C81. C82. C83. A84. A85. B86. D87. A88. A89. D90. B91. C92. C93. C94. A95. B96. C97. B98. B99. A100. C101. D102. A103. A104. C105. C106. B107. D108. A

109. C110. A111. D112. A113. A114. C115. B116. B117. B118. B119. A120. A121. B122. D123. C124. B125. A126. A127. A128. A129. D130. A131. D132. B133. D134. B135. D136. B137. B138. C139. D140. B141. C142. B143. D144. A


145. D146. D147. A148. D149. A150. C151. B152. C153. A154. A155. B156. B157. Examples: —

Snowmelt in Aprilresults in a greaterdischarge. — greaterrainfall in April —Saturated groundwould cause morerunoff in April.

158. Examples: — Asstream dischargeincreases, suspendedsediment increases.— There is a directrelationship betweenstream dischargeand suspendedsediment.

159.

160. D161. C162. D163. limestone

164. any value from0.0008 cm to 0.001cm

165. — Larger particlesare deposited inshallow water andsmaller particles arecarried farther fromthe shore. —horizontalsorting/biggest tosmallest —boulders, pebbles,sand, silt,clay/decreasingorder of sizes —The sediment issorted. — Thesediment is arrangedin beds orlayers/verticallysorted. —Higher-densityparticles aredeposited first.

166. delta or any specifictype of delta

167. — an increase intemperature — Thestream's surface areaincreased. —increase in wind

168. — Whenprecipitationincreases, the watertable will rise (or getcloser to thesurface). — Thelevel of the watertable above thebedrock willincrease with greaterprecipitation. —Less precipitationwill cause a lowerwater table. —There is a directrelationship betweenthe amount ofprecipitation and theheight of the watertable above theimpermeablebedrock.

169. — Polluted waterwill seep into theground at location A.— The water wellcan becomepolluted. —Pollution willinfiltrate rocks atlocation A,contaminatinggroundwater.

170. — condensation —expansion —cooling

171. — The sandstone ispermeable. —porous — allowswater to passthrough — Thesandstone layer isexposed at thesurface.

172. 80 calories/gram

173. Examples: — Plantsrelease water intothe air bytranspiration. —Runoff is slowed byplants, so moreinfiltration canoccur.

174. Examples: — Thesoil is saturated. —Rate of rainfallexceeds the rate ofinfiltration. — Theground is frozen. —The land has a steepslope.

175. Condensation is thephase change fromwater vapor (gas) towater (liquid).

176. evaporation.177. A178. C179. A180. B181.

182. Examples: –Thelarger the sedimentsize, the greater thepermeability. –Thesmaller the particles,the slower the waterflows through.–There is a directrelationship.

183. Column A

184. Examples: – slope ofthe land surface–soil type orcomposition

185. Examples: – Theoceans cover alarger portion ofEarth's surface thanthe continents. –Airover oceans hasmore moisture thanair over land.


186. – any value from1408 to 1409millions of cubickilometers.

187. Examples: – burningfossil fuels – exhaustemission fromautomobiles

188. – The acid raindissolves thelimestone.

189.

190.

191. a) 18° C b) Indirectrelationship or, asthe temperature ofthe water increases,the amount ofdissolved oxygendecreases.

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NAME GROUNDWATER MEGA PACKETmleoneearthsci.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/1/2/32129011/key_groundw… · 6.Compared to an area of Earth's surface with gentle slopes, an area with steeper