GEO HISTORY CR 2018 - MR. LEONE'S SCIENCE WEBSITEmleoneearthsci.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/1/2/32129011/key... · 2019. 9. 1. · Identify the group of marine organisms found in the 2011

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the data table below, on the graph in your answerbooklet, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The data table shows the percentage of the stabledisintegration product produced over time by the radioactive decay of isotope X after each half-life.The graph shows the percentage of radioactive isotope X remaining over time during the radioactivedecay of isotope X.

1. Identify radioactive isotope X and its stable disintegration product.

2. Determine the number of years (y) it takes for only 25% of radioactive isotope X to remain in asample.

3. On the graph, plot the percentage of stable disintegration product for each of the times shown on thedata table and connect all five plots with a line.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 4 through 7 on the passage and cross section below, and on yourknowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the elevation and depth of each Finger Lakein New York State. The gray shading in each lake represents the sediment fill at the bottom of eachlake.

Formation of the Finger Lakes The Finger Lakes originated as a series of south-flowing rivers that existed in what is nowcentral New York State. Around 1.7 to 1.8 million years ago, a continental glacier advancedsouthward, beginning an ice age that consisted of many advances and retreats of glaciers. TheFinger Lakes were carved by several of these advances, which gouged the valleys of the riversinto deep troughs, some of which extend below present-day sea level. As the glaciers advanced,they pushed a great amount of soil and rock ahead of them. During the time when the ice sheetswere melting and retreating, glacial moraines were left behind. These deposits dammed the glacialvalleys at their southern ends, and the valleys then flooded to form the Finger Lakes.

4. Describe the cross-sectional shape of the original river valleys before they were gouged by theadvancing glaciers.

5. Describe one way that the arrangement of sediments in the glacial moraines is different from thearrangement of sediments deposited in the earlier river channels.

6. Identify the geologic time period and epoch when these continental glaciers formed the Finger Lakesof New York State.

7. Identify one Finger Lake that has a maximum water depth of approximately 175 feet.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 8 through 10 on the cross section below and on your knowledge ofEarth science. On the cross section, letters A through F represent rock units. Line XX' indicates anunconformity and line YY' indicates a fault. No overturning of rock layers has occurred.

8. List the letters of rock units D, E, F, and fault YY' in the correct sequence from oldest to youngest.

9. List two processes that produced unconformity XX'.

10. Identify the name of the rock formed in the zone of contact metamorphism between rock units A and F.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 11 through 13 on the table below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The table shows how many million years each group of organisms existed on Earth beforethey became extinct.

11. Identify the type of environment on Earth where all of these groups of organisms appear to havelived.

12. Identify the name of one specific index fossil from the eurypterid group that is found in New YorkState bedrock.

13. Identify the group of organisms listed on the data table that was the first group to exist on Earth.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 14 through 17 on the passage and geologic cross section below and onyour knowledge of Earth science. The geologic cross section represents rock layers of a portion of theNiagara Escarpment, and landscape features that are found in the Niagara region. The rock layershave not been overturned.

The Niagara Escarpment

A prominent feature found along the shore of Lake Ontario in western New York State is theNiagara Escarpment. This escarpment is the remains of an ancient seabed that was formed whenthe area was covered by a warm, shallow sea from approximately 450 to 430 million years ago.Erosion of the Taconic Mountains to the east provided the sediments deposited in this basin area.From these sediments, rock layers such as shale, sandstone, and limestone formed. Later,magnesium replaced some of the calcium in the top layer of limestone, turning it into a dolostonelayer. When the high ocean levels of the Ordovician Period dropped, the draining of this inlandsea caused unequal erosion of the exposed layers. The South Moraine was deposited on the top ofthe Niagara Escarpment in this region.

14. Describe the tectonic event that caused the Taconian orogeny.

15. Describe the inferred position of North America when this area was covered by the warm, shallowsea.

16. Identify the mineral composition of the Lockport dolostone.

17. Identify the New York State landscape region in which the Niagara Escarpment is located.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

18. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The data table shows the average level of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), measured inparts per million (ppm), for the month of February at the Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii from2008 to 2014.

Describe two human activities that would decrease the amount of carbon dioxide that humans add toEarth's atmosphere.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 19 through 23 on the geologic timeline below and on your knowledgeof Earth science. The geologic timeline, drawn to scale, represents Earth's geologic history. The lettersA through H on the timeline represent the times of occurrence for specific, labeled geologic events.The time of occurrence for letter A has been omitted.

19. Identify the geologic eon during which event letter B occurred.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

20. The table below lists the five major mass extinctions that occurred on Earth during the Paleozoic andMesozoic Eras.

Identify the group of marine organisms found in the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for PhysicalSetting/ Earth Science that became extinct during the largest mass extinction in history.

21. Describe the major change in Earth's atmosphere that was occurring at the time when the first cellswith a nucleus appeared on Earth.

22. State the time of occurrence for the geologic event labeled A on the geologic timeline.

23. Identify the two consecutive letters on the timeline that represent the time span within which theearliest insects appeared on Earth.

24. Base your answer to the following question on the block diagram below and on your knowledge ofEarth science. The diagram represents an igneous intrusion that solidified between some layers ofsedimentary rock. Letter X represents an index fossil in a sedimentary rock layer. The rock layershave not been overturned.

Describe one characteristic of fossil X that makes it a good index fossil.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 25 through 27 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earthscience.

Dinosaur Fossils Bones of juvenile long-necked sauropod dinosaurs, Abydosaurus mcintoshi, have recently beenfound in 105-million-year-old sandstone at the Dinosaur National Monument in Utah. Theremains of four individual dinosaurs were found, including two intact skulls. This find is unusualbecause the softer tissue holding the thin sauropod dinosaur skull bones together usuallydisintegrates, allowing the skull bones to separate. Only 8 of 120 types of sauropods discoveredhave complete skull specimens. These dinosaurs were herbivores, with large numbers of sharpteeth that were probably replaced five to six times each year. These teeth allowed only for theharvesting of plant material, but not for chewing it afterward. The plant-harvesting teeth and longneck identify Abydosaurus mcintoshi as a descendant of the brachiosaurs.

25. Identify one group of organisms that was a likely food source for Abydosaurus mcintoshi.

26. Indicate the range of grain sizes in the type of bedrock in which Abydosaurus mcintoshi bones werefound.

27. On the timeline, place an X on line AB to indicate the time when Abydosaurus mcintoshi lived.

Base your answers to questions 28 through 30 on the information below and on your knowledge ofEarth science.

A scientist found the bone of a mastodont. In the lab, the scientist found that 12.5% of theoriginal radioactive C-14 still remained in the bone.

28. Identify one important geologic event that occurred in New York State when mastodonts existed.

29. Explain why 14C was used to date the mastodont bone.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

30. Identify the element formed when carbon-14 (14C) undergoes radioactive decay.

Base your answers to questions 31 through 34 on the cross section below and on your knowledge ofEarth science. On the cross section, numbers 1 through 7 represent rock units in which overturninghas not occurred. Line XY represents a fault and line WZ represents the location of an unconformity.

31. Identify two processes that formed the unconformity at WZ.

32. Write the chemical formula that shows the composition for the most common mineral found in rockunit 3.

33. Name one sedimentary rock that was most likely metamorphosed to form rock unit 6.

34. The three index fossils below are found within rock units 1, 2, and 3. Since the rock units weredeposited during different geologic time periods, each fossil is found in a different rock unit.

Write the name of each of these index fossils next to the rock unit where the fossil is most likelyfound.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 35 through 38 on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The graph shows the rate of decay of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 (14C).

35. State the name of the radioactive isotope that has a half-life that is approximately the same as theestimated time of the origin of Earth.

36. Explain why carbon-14 cannot be used to accurately determine the age of organic remains that are1,000,000 years old.

37. Identify the decay product formed by the disintegration of carbon-14.

38. Complete the flow chart below by filling in the boxes to indicate the percentage of carbon-14remaining and the time that has passed at the end of each half-life.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 39 and 40 on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The unconformity is located at the boundary between Middle Proterozoic rock and LateCambrian and Early Ordovician rock.

39. Identify by name the oldest New York State index fossil that could be found in the Early Ordovicianbedrock.

40. Identify one geologic process that occurred in this region that produced the unconformity in thisoutcrop.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 41 through 44 on the passage and chart below, and on yourknowledge of Earth science. The chart identifies some human species and the times when they arebelieved to have existed.

Human Species

Modern humans, Homo sapiens, appear to have evolved through several species of earliermembers of the genus Homo. Each of these human species possessed specific features that madethat species distinct. Many lived in (or at least have been discovered in) specific geographic areas,and existed for specific time ranges shown in the chart. In many cases, fossil remains are partial,often consisting of only teeth and skulls. Interpretation of human evolution continues to changewith new discoveries.

41. During which geologic epoch did the Homo mauritanicus species exist?

42. One species of the genus Homo could have evolved directly from another species of the genus Homo only if the other species:

• existed before the new species appeared• did not become extinct before the new species appeared

Identify two species of the genus Homo from which Homo neanderthalensis may have directlyevolved.

43. Which human species shown in the chart was the first to exist?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

44. Complete the graph below by drawing a bar to represent the time span that each human speciesexisted. The bars for the first four species listed have already been drawn.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 45 through 47 on the passage and diagram below and on yourknowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents some of the Burgess shale community oforganisms that existed together during part of the Cambrian Period. Thirteen different types oforganisms are numbered in the diagram.

Burgess Shale Fossils

The Burgess shale fossil discovery revealed unique Cambrian life-forms, most of which werenot present in the previously known fossil record. Normally, soft body parts of dead organisms aredestroyed by scavengers and bacteria on the ocean floor. However, in the deep-water depositionalenvironment of the Burgess shale, oxygen was lacking and organisms were buried rapidly,preserving the unique community seen in the diagram. The soft-bodied organisms had previouslybeen unknown. The Burgess shale fossils were originally found in a layer of bedrock insouthwestern Canada.

45. Identify the number of one organism in the diagram that is most likely a trilobite.

46. Explain why so many soft body parts of organisms were preserved in the Burgess shale.

47. During which epoch of the Cambrian Period were the Burgess shale organisms and sedimentsdeposited?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 48 and 49 on the data table and information below and on yourknowledge of Earth science. The data table shows the radioactive decay of carbon-14 and the age offossil remains, in years (y). Part of the table has been left blank.

48. The carbon-14 in the fossil remains of a mastodont has undergone five half-lives of radioactive decay.Calculate the age of these fossil remains.

49. Identify the decay product when carbon-14 undergoes radioactive disintegration.

Base your answers to questions 50 through 53 on the cross sections below and on your knowledge ofEarth science. The cross sections represent three bedrock outcrops, 1, 2, and 3, found severalkilometers apart. The geologic time period when each sedimentary rock layer formed is shown. Thesymbols (star, circle, cross, square, and triangle) represent fossils of different types of organismspresent in the rock layers.

50. Explain why the index fossil Coelophysis is not preserved in any of the rock outcrops.

51. Explain why the geologic age of these rock layers could not be accurately dated using carbon-14.

52. Write the outcrop number of the cross section that could he found in New York State. Describe theevidence that supports your answer.

53. Draw the fossil symbol that represents the best index fossil. Describe one piece of evidence shown inthe outcrops that indicates that this fossil has characteristics of a good index fossil.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 54 through 58 on the map below and on your knowledge of EarthScience. The map shows the major islands in the Galapagos Island chain. These islands were formedby volcanic eruptions as the tectonic plate passed over the Galapagos Hot Spot. The age of thevolcanic bedrock on certain islands is shown in millions of years (my).

54. Some of the magma at the Galapagos Hot Spot is believed to originate 1000 kilometers below Earth'ssurface. What is the approximate temperature of Earth's interior at that depth?

55. Describe what caused a vesicular texture in some of the volcanic rocks that formed when lava cooledon these islands.

56. The Galapagos Hot Spot is located closed to what type of tectonic plate boundary?

57. Based on the age of the bedrock of the Galapagos Islands, in which direction does the tectonic platecontaining the islands appear to be moving away from the Galapagos Hot Spot?

58. During what geologic epoch did the bedrock on the island of San Cristóbal form?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 59 and 60 on the partial geologic map below and on your knowledgeof Earth Science. The map shows the geographical distribution of most of the Devonian-age surfacebedrock in New York State.

59. State the name of the New York State landscape region that includes most of the Devonian-agesurface bedrock shown on the map.

60. On the map, place an X at a location where the gastropod fossil Platyceras might be found in thesurface bedrock.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 61 through 64 on the maps below. The southwest corner of the NewYork State map below is enlarged in maps I, II, and III. Arrows on maps I, II, and III show thelocation and direction of flow for part of the Allegheny River at different times during the CenozoicEra. The present boundaries of New York State and Lake Erie are shown on each map. Point A onmap III represents a location in New York State.

61. The diagram below shows a partial cross section of a valley near location A on map III. On thisdiagram, draw a line beginning at X and ending at Y to show the shape of this valley after it waseroded by glacial ice that flowed down the valley.

62. Identify the present-day feature that prevents the Allegheny River from returning to its earlier(Neogene) direction of flow to the northwest.

63. Explain why the direction of flow of the Allegheny River changed between the times shown on map Iand map II.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

64. Map II shows the course of the Allegheny River during a specific part of a geologic time period. Statethe name of this geologic time period.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 65 through 69 on the diagram and tables below. The diagram shows arock sample containing fossils from a location in New York State at 42° N 78° 15' W. Fossils 1, 2, 3,and 4 are labeled. Table A lists the names and rock types of the New York State rock units from theMiddle and Late Devonian in this area. The presence of fossil 1, 2, 3, or 4 in a rock unit is indicatedby an X in the fossils column in the table. Table B identifies typical rocks formed within differentmarine (ocean) environments.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

65. According to the tables, in which marine environment was the Tully rock unit deposited?

66. Identify the landmass that collided with the eastern coast of North America to create the Acadianmountain range and the basin for the deposition of the Devonian rock units in table A.

67. Identify the New York State index fossil group that includes fossil 4 shown on the rock sample.

68. Based on the fossils present, the rock sample shown in the diagram came from which rock unit listedin table A?

69. On the map, place an X at the location where this rock sample was collected.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 70 through 75 on the geologic cross section below, which shows rockunits 1 through 7 that have not been overturned. Some of the rock units contain New York State indexfossils. An unconformity exists between rock units 5 and 6.

70. Describe one characteristic of volcanic ash layers and index fossils that makes both of them goodgeologic time markers.

71. Identify one metamorphic rock that could have been formed by the contact metamorphism withinrock unit 1.

72. Bedrock from which entire geologic time period is missing between rock units 5 and 6?

73. What evidence shown in the cross section indicates that the basalt rock unit is the youngest rock unit?

74. Identify two processes that produced the basalt.

75. State the grain size of the sediment that was deposited to form rock unit 2.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 76 through 78 on the geologic cross section below, which represents aportion of Earth's crust. Some rock units contain index fossils. Box A indicates a missing portion ofthe cross section.

76. The meteor impact debris was deposited at the time trilobites became extinct. State the age, in millionyears, of this debris layer.

77. Describe one piece of evidence which indicates that the horizontal rock layers are younger than thetilted rock layers.

78. In the box that represents box A on the cross section below,draw both the volcanic ash layer and thebasaltic intrusion to clearly show their relative age.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 79 through 83 on the passage below.

Dinosaur Skull Offers Hints About Africa's Past

A fossil skull was found in Africa among many dinosaur bones from the Late CretaceousEpoch. This skull came from a dinosaur named Rugops primus, or "first wrinkle face." This meateater, believed to have been about 30 feet long and to have lived 95 million years ago, belonged toa group of dinosaurs called abelisaurids. This fossil skull, unearthed in the Sahara Desert in 2000, provides new evidence that Africasplit from other southern continents at a later time than previously thought. Before this discovery,abelisaurids from that period had been found only in South America, Madagascar, and India, butnot in Africa. This new fossil, Rugops primus, found only in Africa, indicates that Africa was stillconnected to the other southern landmasses, at least by a land bridge, 100 million years ago.

79. Identify the type of tectonic plate movement that caused Africa to separate from South America.

80. Rugops primus is not a good index fossil. Describe one characteristics of a good index fossil.

81. State the type of rock in which Rugops primus was most likely preserved.

82. What evidence suggests that Africa was still attached to South America 100 million years ago?

83. During which geologic era is Rugops primus inferred to have lived?

Base your answers to questions 84 through 86 on the cross section below showing the underlyingbedrock of New York and New Jersey along the Hudson River.

84. Identify two processes that led directly to the development of the Great Unconformity beneath theNewark series.

85. Describe one piece of evidence shown in the cross section that indicates that the Inwood marble wasformed by regional metamorphism.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

86. Identify the oldest bedrock shown in the diagram.

Base your answers to questions 87 through 89 on the passage below.Frozen Mammoth

A woolly mammoth was found in 1999 buried in the frozen soil of the Siberian tundra. Carbon-14dating indicated that it had died about 20,000 years ago. Many fossils represent only the partialremains of organisms. However, a complete mammoth with bones, skin, hair, and internal organsintact represented a unique opportunity for scientists to investigate the lifestyle of this animal and theenvironment in which it lived.

87. The low permeability of the tundra soil helped to preserve the mammoth. Explain why the tundra soilhas a low permeability.

88. Identify one New York State index fossil of an organism that lived during the same time as the woolymammoth.

89. Identify both the period and epoch of geologic time during which the wooly mammoth lived.

Base your answers to questions 90 through 93 on the geologic cross section of bedrock below. LettersA through G identify rock units and line XY represents a fault. The rocks have not been overturned.

90. Maclurites fossils are found in rock unit F. During which geologic time period were the sedimentsthat formed rock unit F deposited?

91. Identify one metamorphic rock that would likely form in layer G along igneous intrusion A.

92. What evidence indicates that the folded bedrock is older than fault line XY?

93. On the cross section above, draw a dark line to indicate the most likely location of an unconformity.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 94 through 98 on the block diagram below, which shows rock unitsthat have not been overturned. Point A is located in the zone of contact metamorphism. A New YorkState index fossil is shown in one of the rock units.

94. Describe one piece of evidence that would indicate that the valley shown on the surface of the blockdiagram had been eroded and deepened by a glacier.

95. Identify the metamorphic rock that most likely formed at point A.

96. Identify the crystal size of the minerals in rhyolite and explain what this size indicates about the rateof cooling of the magma from which it formed.

Crystal size:_________________________________

Explanation: ________________________________

97. Identify the geologic time period when the index fossil shown in the block diagram was a livingorganism.

98. State the evidence shown by the block diagram that supports the inference that the fault is older thanthe rhyolite.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 99 and 100 on the cross section below. Letters A through H representrock units in which overturning has not occurred.

99. Two inferences about the cross section are listed below.

Inference 1: Rock unit G is older than the fault.Inference 2: Rock unit A is younger than rock unit C.

Explain how each inference is supported by evidence in the cross section.

100. Rock unit B contains fossils of Centroceras while rock unit F contains fossils of Tetragraptus.Identify one geologic time period when rock unit D could have formed.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 101 through 105 on the map below, which shows the generalizedsurface bedrock geology of Iceland, an island located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Points A, B, C, and D are locations on surface bedrock which is igneous in origin. Glaciers cover some surface bedrock.

101. In addition to crustal plate divergence, what feature located in the mantle beneath Iceland may becausing Iceland's volcanic activity?

102. State the names of the two crustal plates that are diverging at Iceland.

103. Identify one fine-grained, highly mafic, volcanic rock likely found as surface bedrock in Iceland.

104. According to the map, during which geologic era did the surface bedrock at location D form?

105. State the change in the relative ages of the surface bedrock along the line from A to B to C.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 106 through 111 on the geologic cross section in your answer booklet.Rock units A through H are shown. Several rock units contain fossils. Rock unit G was formed in azone of contact metamorphism.

106. Explain why the absolute age of the fossils shown in the cross section can not be determined byusing radioactive carbon-14.

107. Identify one geologic period during which igneous intrusion H could have formed.

108. Identify the letter of the rock unit that was formed at the same time as igneous rock unit H.

109. Describe the evidence shown in the cross section that indicates that rock unit C is younger than rockunit D.

110. Identify two possible geologic periods during which the sediments that formed rock unit E couldhave been deposited.

111. Place two Xs on the cross section aboveto show the locations of two unconformities that formed atdifferent times in geologic history.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 112 through 114 on the geologic cross section below. The rock layershave not been overturned.

112. Explain why carbon-14 could not be used to determine the age of the Dicellograptus fossil.

113. Describe one piece of evidence from the cross section that supports the inference that the fault isolder than the basalt intrusion.

114. The index fossil Dicellograptus was found in the shale layer. During which geologic time period didthis shale layer form?

115. The table below shows information about Earth's geologic history. Letter X represents informationthat has been omitted.

Identify one important geologic event that occurred in New York State that could be placed in thebox at X.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 116 through 118 on the cross section below, which shows rock units A through E that have not been overturned.

116. State the diameter of a particle normally found in rock unit B.

117. Describe one piece of evidence shown in the cross section that can be used to infer that rock unit A is younger than rock unit B.

118. Identify one metamorphic rock that may be found along the boundary between rock units C and E.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 119 through 122 on on the passage and diagram below.

Siccar Point

The diagram shows a unique rock formation exposed at Siccar Point, on the east coast ofScotland. The bedrock at Siccar Point shows an unconformity, which is a surface where twoseparate sets of rock layers that formed at different times come into contact. The bottom rock layers are graywacke, which is a form of sandstone, formed approximately425 million years ago when tectonic plates collided. This plate movement caused the layers ofgraywacke to tilt into their present vertical orientation and eventually uplifted them above sealevel to form mountains. By about 345 million years ago, these mountains had been eroded to form a plain thatsubmerged beneath the sea. More sediment was deposited on top of the vertical graywacke layers,eventually forming the nearly horizontal layers called the Old Red Sandstone.

119. Identify two of the processes that produced the unconformity at Siccar Point.

120. Describe the structural evidence shown by the bedrock at Siccar Point that led geologists toconclude that the graywacke was moved by converging tectonic plates.

121. During which geologic time period did the graywacke bedrock form?

122. On the diagram above, draw a dark, heavy line tracing the unconformity separating the graywackefrom the Old Red Sandstone.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 123 through 125 on the cross sections below, which show widelyseparated outcrops labeled I, II, and III. Index fossils are found in some of the rock layers in the threeoutcrops. In outcrop III, layers A, B, C, and D are labeled. Line XY represents an unconformity. Line GH represents a fault.

123. List in order, from oldest to youngest, the relative age of the four rock layers, A, B, C, and D, fault GH, and unconformity XY shown in outcrop III.

124. On outcrop II below, place the symbol ~~ for an unconformity between the two rock layers wherethe Silurian-age bedrock has been removed by erosion.

125. Describe one characteristic necessary for a fossil to be classified as an index fossil.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 126 through 130 on the passage and map below. Point F on the mapshows the location where an unusual mammal fossil was found.

Fossil Jaw of Mammal Found in South America

Paleontologists working in Patagonia have found the tiny fossil jaw that may be the firstevidence of early mammals in South America. The fossil, which measures less than a quarter-inch long, is believed to be from the middle orlate Jurassic Period. Researchers said it suggests that mammals developed independently in theSouthern Hemisphere. The fossil, named Asfaltomylos patagonicus, was discovered in a shale formation in Patagonia.Dinosaurs were the dominant land animal at that time. Mammals were tiny, and hunted insects inthe dense tropical vegetation. The now-arid region also has yielded some remarkable dinosaurfossils from the same period in a vast ancient boneyard covering hundreds of square miles.

126. Explain how the uplift of the Andes Mountains changed eastern Patagonia's climate from a wettropical forest at the time Asfaltomylos patagonicus lived to the arid conditions of today.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

127. State one method used by geologists to determine the age of the bedrock in which this ancientmammal fossil was found.

128. What other life-form first appeared on Earth during the geologic period whenAsfaltomylos patagonicus existed?

129. State the name of the dominant sediment particle that was compacted to form the shale in which thisfossil was found.

130. State the latitude and longitude of point F, to the nearest degree, where the fossil Asfaltomylospatagonicus was discovered. Include the correct units and compass directions in your answer.

131. Base your answer to the following question on the map and passage below. The map shows theoutlines and ages of several calderas created as a result of volcanic activity over the last 16 millionyears as the North American Plate moved over the Yellowstone Hot Spot. A and B representlocations within the calderas.

The Yellowstone Hot Spot

The Yellowstone Hot Spot has interacted with the North American Plate, causing widespreadoutpourings of basalt that buried about 200,000 square miles under layers of lava flows that are ahalf mile or more thick. Some of the basaltic magma produced by the hot spot accumulates nearthe base of the plate, where it melts the crust above. The melted crust, in turn, rises closer to thesurface to form large reservoirs of potentially explosive rhyolite magma. Catastrophic eruptionshave partly emptied some of these reservoirs, causing their roofs to collapse. The resultingcraters, some of which are more than 30 miles across, are known as volcanic calderas.

Based on the age pattern of the calderas shown on the map, in which compass direction has theNorth American Plate moved during the last 16 million years?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

132. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and cross section below, which explainhow some precious gemstones form. The cross section shows a portion of the ancient Tethys Sea,once located between the Indian-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.

Precious Gemstones

Some precious gemstones are a form of the mineral corundum, which ha a hardness of 9.Corundum is a rare mineral made up of closely packed aluminum and oxygen atoms, and itsformula is A1203. If small amounts of chromium replace some of the aluminum atoms incorundum, a bright-red gemstone called a ruby is produced. If traces of titanium and iron replacesome aluminum atoms, deep-blue sapphires can be produced. Most of the world's ruby deposits are found in metamorphic rock that is located along thesouthern slope of the Himalayas, where plate tectonics played a part in ruby formation. Around50 million years ago, the Tethys Sea was located between what is now India and Eurasia. Muchof the Tethys Sea bottom was composed of limestone that contained the elements needed tomake these precious gemstones. The Tethys Sea closed up as the Indian-Australian Plate pushedunder the Eurasian Plate, creating the Himalayan Mountains. The limestone rock lining theseafloor underwent metamorphism as it was pushed deep into Earth by the Indian-AustralianPlate. For the next 40 to 45 million years, as the Himalayas rose, rubies, sapphires, and othergemstones continued to form.

During which geologic epoch did the events shown in the cross section of the Tethys Sea occur?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 133 through 135 on the data table below, which shows the radioactivedecay of carbon-14. The number of years required to complete four half-lives has been left blank.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

133. The cross section below shows part of Earth's crust. The objects in parentheses indicate materialsfound within each rock unit or deposit.

Which object in parentheses could be accurately dated using carbon-14? Explain your answer.

134. How long does it take for radioactive carbon-14 to complete four half-lives?

135. On the grid above, construct a graph that shows the radioactive decay of carbon-14 by plotting and X to show the percentage of original carbon-14 remaining after each half-life. Connect the Xs witha smooth, curved line.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 136 through 139 on cross section below which shows a portion ofEarth's crust. Letters A through J represent rock units or geologic structures. The rock units have notbeen overturned.

136. Explain why rock unit H is not one continuous layer.

137. Describe one piece of evidence shown in the cross section that suggests rock unit D is younger thanrock unit F.

138. On the same cross section, place an X to indicate a location where the rock, marble,was formed.

139. On the cross section, draw a circle around the letter of the oldest rock unit shown.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 140 through 144 on the passage and the cross section below. Thepassage describes the geologic history of the Pine Bush region near Albany, New York. The crosssection shows th bedrock and overlying sediment along a southwest to northeast diagonal line througha portion of this are Location A shows an ancient buried stream channel and location B shows a largesand dune.

The Pine Bush Region

The Pine Bush region, just northwest of Albany, New York, is a 40-square mile area of sanddunes and wetlands covered by pitch pine trees and scrub oak bushes. During the OrdovicianPeriod, this area was covered by a large sea. Layers of mud and sand deposited in this sea werecompressed into shale and sandstone bedrock. During most of the Cenozoic Era, running water eroded stream channels into the bedrock. Oneof these buried channels is shown at location A in the cross section. Over the last one million yearsof the Cenozoic Era, this area was affected by glaciation. During the last major advance of glacialice, soil and bedrock were eroded and later deposited as till (a mixture of boulders, pebbles, sand,and clay). About 20,000 years ago, the last glacier in New York State began to melt. The meltwaterdeposited pebbles and sand, forming the stratified drift. During the 5000 years it took to melt thisglacier, the entire Pine Bush area became submerged under a large 350-foot-deep glacial lakecalled Lake Albany. Delta deposits of cobbles, pebbles, and sand formed along the lake shorelines,and beds of silt and clay were deposited farther into the lake. Lake Albany drained about 12,000 years ago, exposing the lake bottom. Wind erosion createdthe sand dunes that cover much of the Pine Bush area today.

140. How does the shape of the sand dune at location B provide evidence that the prevailing winds thatformed this dune are blowing from the southwest?

141. Explain why the till layer is composed of unsorted sediment.

142. List, from oldest to youngest, the four types of sediment shown above the bedrock in the crosssection.

143. What evidence shown at location A suggests that the channel in the bedrock was eroded by runningwater?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

144. According to the passage, how old is the bedrock shown in the cross section?

Base your answers to questions 145 through 148 on the diagrams below, which represent two bedrockoutcrops, I and II, found several kilometers apart in New York State. Rock layers are lettered A through F. Drawings represent specific index fossils.

145. Explain why carbon-14 can not be used to find the geologic age of these index fossils.

146. Describe one characteristic a fossil must have in order to be considered a good index fossil.

147. Identify two processes that produced the unconformity in outcrop I.

148. During which geologic time period was rock layer C deposited?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 149 through 151 on the cross section below. The cross section showsa portion of Earth's crust. Letters A, B, C, and D represent rock units that have not been overturned.

149. State one piece of evidence shown in the cross section that indicates that rock unit D is older thanigneous intrusion C.

150. Identify by name the most abundant mineral in rock unit A.

151. On the cross section above, place an X where the metamorphic rock quartzite may be found.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 152 through 156 on the geologic cross section below. The crosssection shows Vermont index fossils in rock layers that have not been overturned. Rock unit A is anigneous intrusion and line XY represents an unconformity.

152. Identify one piece of evidence shown in this cross section that indicates that the igneous intrusion, A, is older than the sandstone layer.

153. Describe the type of depositional environment in which the fossilized organisms lived.

154. Each index fossil existed for a relatively short geologic time interval. State one other characteristicthat each fossil must have to be considered an index fossil.

155. Identify the coral index fossil that would most likely be found in the same layer as the index fossilCtenocrinus.

156. Based on fossil evidence, determine the geologic period during which the unconformity formed.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

157. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section below. The rock layershave not been overturned. Point A is located in the zone of contact metamorphism.

State the evidence shown by the cross section that supports the inference that the fault is youngerthan the basalt intrusion.

Base your answers to questions 158 through 160 on the cross sections below, which show widelyseparated outcrops at locations W, X, Y, and Z. The rock layers have not been overturned. Line AB inthe cross section at location W represents an unconformity. Fossils are shown in some of the layers.

158. Identify two of the processes involved in the formation of the unconformity represented by line AB in the cross section at location W.

159. What evidence shown in the outcrop at location W suggests that the igneous intrusion occurred afterboth fossils were deposited at location W?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

160. Determine the relative geologic age of the four fossils by correlating the rock layers between theseoutcrops. Number the fossils below from 1 to 4 in order of relative age, with 1 as the oldest and 4 asthe youngest.

Base your answers to questions 161 through 163 on the data table below and on your knowledge ofEarth science. Iridium is an element rarely found in Earth's lithosphere but commonly found inasteroids. The data table shows the abundance of iridium, in parts per billion (ppb), found in a rockcore sample taken in Carlsbad, New Mexico.

161. Other than iridium in the rock layers, what surface feature was most likely created when thisasteroid impacted Earth's crust?

162. The high concentration of iridium in this rock core sample has been matched to rock layers that havebeen dated to the geologic time when dinosaur extinction from an asteroid impact may haveoccurred. Between which two geologic time periods did this inferred extinction occur?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

163. On the grid above, construct a line graph of iridium abundance at various depths. Place an X toshow the iridium abundance at each depth shown on the data table. Connect the Xs with a line.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 164 through 166 on the table of index fossils shown below and onyour knowledge of Earth science.

164. Complete the classification table below by filling in the general fossil group name for each indexfossil.

165. State one characteristic of a good index fossil.

166. During what geologic time period did the oldest index fossil shown in this table exist?

Base your answers to questions 167 and 168 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earthscience.

Radiocarbon Dating

Radioactive carbon-14 (C14), because of its short half-life, is used for the absolute dating oforganic remains that are less than 70,000 years old. Carbon-14 is an isotope of carbon that is produced in Earths upper atmosphere. High-energycosmic rays from the Sun hit nitrogen-14 (N14), producing radioactive C14. This C14 is unstable andwill eventually change back into N14 through the process of radioactive decay. The proportions ofC14 and ordinary C12 in Earth's atmosphere remain approximately constant. Radioactive C14, just like ordinary C12, can combine with oxygen to make carbon dioxide.Plants use CO2 during photosynthesis. The proportion of C14 to C12 in the cells and tissues ofliving plants is the same as the proportion of C14 to C12 in the atmosphere. After plants die, no newC14 is taken in because there is no more photosynthesis. Meanwhile, the C14 in the dead plantkeeps changing back to N14, so there is less and less C14. The longer the plant has been dead, theless C14 is found in the plant. The age of organic remains can be found by comparing how much C14 is still in the organic remains to how much C14 is in a living organism.

167. State one difference between dating with the radioactive isotope C14 and dating with the radioactiveisotope uranium-238 (U238).

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

168. Radioactive C14 was used to determine the geologic age of old wood preserved in a glacier. Theamount of C14 in the old wood is half the normal amount of C14 currently found in the wood ofliving trees. What is the geologic age of the old wood?

Base your answers to questions 169 and 170 on the diagram and information below about fossilsnails.

Snails have lived in most of the world's oceans over a period of hundreds of millions of years.Paleontologists discovered that in warm, tropical waters more snails have shells that, when viewedfrom the top, spiral outward in a clockwise direction. In cool or cold waters, more snails have shellsthat spiral outward in a counterclockwise direction. Both clockwise- and counterclockwise-spiraledsnail fossils have been found in New York State bedrock.

169. State one reason bedrock that formed in tropical regions is found in New York State.

170. In a slab of rock that contains many fossil snails, what evidence would lead geologists to concludethat the slab was formed in a tropical climate?

Base your answers to questions 171 through 174 on the geologic time line shown below. Letters a through g on the time line indicate specific reference points in geologic time.

171. Identify one letter that indicates a time for which there is no rock record in New York State.

172. Identify the mountain building event (orogeny) that was occurring in eastern North America at thetime represented by letter g.

173. Letter a indicates a specific time during which geologic period?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

174. Place an X on the geologic time line above, so that the center of the X shows the time that the coralindex fossil Lichenaria shown below existed on Earth.

Base your answers to questions 175 through 177 on the cross section of the bedrock outcrop shownbelow and on your knowledge of Earth science. Index fossils found in some of the rock units areshown. The rock units are labeled I through IX.

175. Based on the fossils shown in the limestone and shale layers, state the type of environment in whichthese sedimentary rocks were deposited.

176. The fossil shown in rock unit VIII is a member of an extinct group of fossils. State two other indexfossils that are also members of the same group of extinct fossils.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

177. In the space provided, number the relative age of rock units VII, VIII, and IX from 1 to 3, withnumber 1 indicating the oldest rock and number 3 indicating the youngest rock.

Rock Unit VII:Rock Unit VIII:Rock Unit IX:

Base your answers to questions 178 through 180 on the cross section below which shows a portion ofEarth's crust. The age, in millions of years, of each boundary between the different sedimentary rocklayers is shown. The age of boundary X between the sedimentary rock and the metamorphic rock isnot shown. Assume no overturning has occurred.

178. Identify by name one index fossil that existed when the limestone rock shown in the cross sectionwas being formed.

179. Describe how the rock type below boundary X was formed.

180. Identify the geologic feature represented by boundary X.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 181 through 183 on The cross section below, which shows severalrock formations found in New York State. The rock layers have not been overturned.

181. State one tectonic event affecting North America that occurred at the same time as the Palisade Sillintrusion.

182. State one piece of evidence that supports the fact that the Palisade Sill is younger than theBrunswick sandstone.

183. How does this cross section indicate that the Stockton sandstone is the oldest rock layer?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 184 and 185 on the diagram below, which represents a model of the radioactive decay of a particular element. Thediagram shows the decay of a radioactive element into the stable decay element after one half-lifeperiod.

184. If the radioactive element in this model is carbon-14, how much time will have passed after onehalf-life?

185. On the diagram below labeled Material After Two Half-lives, shade in the amount of stable decayelement present after the second half-life period.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 186 through 189 on The geologic cross section below. Radioactivedating indicates that the granite intrusion is 279 million years old and the vesicular basalt is 260million years old. The rock layers have not been overturned.

186. Describe the rate of cooling that must occur for magma to form vesicular basalt.

187. The granite intrusion caused part of the limestone layer to undergo metamorphism. Whatmetamorphic rock would most likely be found in this zone of contact metamorphism?

188. During which geologic time period did the shale layer form?

189. List the six rock units in the order from the oldest to the youngest.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 190 and 191 on the table and graphs below. The table labeled"Animal Key" shows symbols to represent various animal groups that exist on Earth. The graphshows inferred changes in Earth's average temperatures over the last 500 million years.

190. The two factors listed below could have caused the temperature variations shown on the graph. Foreach factor, state the effect that the increase described would have had on Earth's temperature, andexplain why that temperature change would have taken place.

A Increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O gas) content of Earth's atmosphereBIncrease in volcanic ash in Earth's atmosphere

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

191. On the graph provided below, indicate when each of the life-forms in the table is believed to havefirst appeared on Earth by placing the letter for each animal group in the correct box. The correctlocation for earliest fish, letter B, has already been plotted above the graph.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 192 through 196 on the geologic cross section and graph providedbelow, which represents an outcrop of various types of bedrock and bedrock features in Colorado.

192. The vesicular basalt includes zircon crystals containing the radioactive isotope U-235, whichdisintegrates to the stable isotope Pb-207. The zircon crystals have 98.44% of the original U-235remaining, and 1.56% has decayed to Pb-207. Based on the table below, how many half-lives haveelapsed since the formation of these crystals?

193. The shale and sandstone layers both contain fossilized leaves from the Fagopsis tree, an index fossilfor the Oligocene Epoch. State a possible age for these rock layers, in million years.

194. Place the geologic events listed in order by numbering them from oldest (1) to youngest (4).__________The fault was formed.__________The shale was deposited.__________The vesicular basalt was formed.__________The sandstone was deposited.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

195. According to this cross section, what is the amount of vertical movement of the shale along thefault? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a meter

196. On the cross section provided above, indicate with arrows the direction of movement on both sidesof the fault.

Base your answers to questions 197 through 200 on the reading passage below. The reading passageprovides some background information about a recent fossil discovery. The map of Canada shows thefossil site. The scale drawing shows the new trilobite fossil compared to other trilobite fossils.

The World's Biggest Trilobite

A team of Canadian paleontologists examining rock units along the shore of Hudson Bay innorthern Manitoba has discovered the world's largest recorded complete fossil of a trilobite, amany-legged, sea-dwelling animal inferred to have lived during the late Ordovician Period. Thegiant creature, measuring 70 centimeters in length, is a new speciesof the genus Isotelus. Thisremarkable discovery adds to our knowledge of the diversity of life following one of the greatestincreases in the number and types of life-forms in history.The new Isotelusspecies existed justbefore the end of the Ordovician Period.

197. The actual new Isotelus fossil is approximately how many times larger than scale drawing A?

198. What New York State nautiloid index fossil would most likely be found in the bedrock just belowthe new Isotelus fossil?

199. At the time the new Isotelus fossil lived and died, during the Ordovician Period, what was theapproximate latitude of the fossil site according to plate tectonic theory?

200. In what type of rock was the new Isotelus fossil most probably found?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

201. The diagram below shows a cross section of New York State bedrock that has not been overturned.Line X represents an unconformity.

The index fossil Eurypterus is found in the limestone layer. What trilobite index fossil could befound in the shale layer?

Base your answers to questions 202 through 204 on the cross section provided in your answer booklet. The cross section represents a portion of Earth'scrust. Letters A, B, C, and D are rock units.

202. Describe one observable characteristic of rock A that indicates that rock A is sedimentary.

203. In relation to rock units A and B in the cross section, when was igneous rock C formed?

204. Igneous rock B was formed after rock layer D was deposited but before rock layer A was deposited.Using the contact metamorphism symbol shown in the key, draw that symbol in the proper locationson the cross section provided aboveto indicate those rocks that underwent contact metamorphismwhen igneous rock B was molten.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 205 and 206 on the newspaper article below

Ancient Human Footprints Found

PARIS — In the darkness of an underground cave lined with prehistoric paintings, Frenchscientists believe they have discovered the oldest footprints of humans in Europe. Embedded in damp clay, the imprints, slightly more than 8 inches long, appear to be those of aboy, 8 or 10 years old, who was walking barefoot between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago,prehistorians said Wednesday. They said the dates are only hypothetical because there is no precise way to determine whenthe markings were made. But Michel-Andre Garcia, one prehistorian who has studied the site, saidthat the carbon datings in the cave and the context make this "a very strong hypothesis." The fourfootprints were found in the Ardeche region of southern France, deep inside the Chauvet cave.

— Times Union, June 10, 1999205. Which characteristic of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 explains why carbon-14, rather than the

radioactive isotope uranium-238, was used by archeologists in dating the age of their findings?

206. Scientists have inferred that these "oldest" European human footprints were made during whichgeologic epoch?

207. Some marine organisms swim or float in the ocean, and others live on or in the sediment of theocean floor. A group of floating organisms called graptolites were common in some ancient seas thatcovered New York State and are found in some New York State bedrock.

State one reason why certain species of graptolites are used as an index fossil.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

208. Base your answer to the following question on the information and diagram below. The diagramrepresents a cliff of exposed bedrock that was investigated by an Earth science class.

After the students examined the cliff, they made three correct inferences about the geologic historyof the bedrock.Inference 1: The shale layer is older than the basaltic intrusion.Inference 2: The shale layer is older than the sandstone layer.Inference 3: An unconformity exists directly under the shale layer.

Explain how each inference is supported by evidence shown in the diagram.

Base your answers to questions 209 through 211 on the paragraph below, which provides backgroundinformation regarding recent fossil discoveries in Canada.

Scientific evidence indicates that the earliest mammals may have evolved approximately 225million years ago from an ancient reptile group called the therapsids. For millions of yearsafterward, early mammals and therapsids coexisted until the therapsids apparently became extinct165 million years ago. However, geologists have recently found a fossil they believe to be atherapsid that is only 60 million years old. They found the fossil, which they have named Chronoperates paradoxus (paradoxical time-wanderer), near Calgary in Canada. This findsuggests that for 105 million years after the apparent extinction of the therapsids, a few of thereptiles continued to live in a narrow geographic range in Canada.

209. State one method geologists could have used to determine that Chronoperates paradoxus lived 60million years ago.

210. Explain briefly why Chronoperates paradoxus would not be a good index fossil.

211. According to fossil evidence, during which geologic period did the earliest mammals appear onEarth?

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 212 and 213 on the diagram and information below.

The diagram shows a cross section of a portion of Earth's crust that has undergone geologicalprocesses. Overturning of rock layers has not occurred. Point A represents one location ofmetamorphic rock.

212. State one piece of evidence that shows that crustal uplift has occurred in this region.

213. State one piece of evidence that indicates basalt is the youngest rock unit in the cross section.

214. Base your answer to the following question on the information below.

A mountain is a landform with steeply sloping sides whose peak is usually thousands of feethigher than its base. Mountains often contain a great deal of nonsedimentary rock and havedistorted rock structures caused by faulting and folding of the crust. A plateau is a broad, level area at a high elevation. It usually has an undistorted, horizontalrock structure. A plateau may have steep slopes as a result of erosion.

State why marine fossils are not usually found in the bedrock of the Adirondack Mountains.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 215 and 216 on the newspaper article below.

New Fossils Indicate Arctic Climate Used To Be Floridian

The frigid Arctic regions were as warm as present-day Florida some 90 million years ago,according to researchers who found fossils of a crocodile-like animal in northern Canada. Six hundred miles from the North Pole, researchers from the University of Rochester found thefossilized remains of the champosaur, a toothy, 8-foot-long extinct crocodile. "We found a whole collection of fossils, from both young and adults," said scientist John H.Tarduno. "The champosaur is a cold-blooded animal that could not have survived in the current climateof the Canadian Arctic where the fossils were found," Tarduno said. Temperatures at the fossil site now routinely drop to minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter.When the champosaur lived there 86 million to 92 million years ago, winter temperatures rarelydropped to freezing and summer readings of 80 degrees were common. The cold-blooded champosaur depended on the environment for warmth and probably becameimmobile if the temperature was too cold. Most likely, the champosaur was too small to havemigrated seasonally. A field team from the University of Rochester found the fossils in a layer of sandstone locatedabove a layer of basaltic lava.

215. Explain why no champosaur fossils were found within the layer of basaltic lava.

216. State the geologic time period in which the champosaur lived.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 217 and 218 on the table below, which shows the results of a student'sdemonstration modeling radioactive decay. To begin, the student put 50 pennies heads up in acontainer. Each penny represented one radioactive atom. The student placed a top on the box andshook the box. Each penny that had flipped over to the tails up side was replaced with a bean thatrepresented the stable decay product. The student continued the process until all of the pennies hadbeen replaced by beans.

217. Assume that each shake number represents an additional 100 years. State the half-life of theradioactive material in this model.

218. On the grid provided on your answer paper, graph the data shown on the table by following the stepsbelow.

a Mark with a dot each number of radioactive atoms (pennies) after each shake. Surround each dotwith a small circle. The zero shake has been plotted for you.b Connect all the dots with a solid line.c Mark with an X the number of stable decay atoms (beans) after each shake. The zero shake hasbeen plotted for you.d Connect all the X's with a dashed line.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 219 through 221 on the geologic cross section below. The crosssection shows an outcrop in which the layers have not been overturned. Rock units are labeled A through E.

219. State one observation about the crystals at location X that would provide evidence that igneous rockunit C was formed by very slow cooling of magma.

220. State the name of the sediment that was compacted to form rock unit A.

221. Using letters A through E, list the rock units in order from oldest to youngest.

Base your answers to questions 222 through 225 on the block diagram below and on your knowledgeof Earth science. The diagram represents an igneous intrusion that solidified between some layers ofsedimentary rock. Letter X represents an index fossil in a sedimentary rock layer. The rock layershave not been overturned.

222. The igneous intrusion contains the radioactive isotope potassium-40, which is used in radioactivedating to determine the age of rocks. State one property of potassium-40 that allows it to be usefulin the radioactive dating of rocks.

223. Describe one characteristic of fossil X that makes it a good index fossil.

224. The limestone layer is composed mostly of what mineral?

225. Describe the evidence represented in the diagram that indicates that the shale layer and thelimestone layer are older than the igneous intrusion.

GEO HISTORY CR 2018

Base your answers to questions 226 through 229 on the passage below and on your knowledge ofEarth science.

Dinosaur Fossils

Bones of juvenile long-necked sauropod dinosaurs, Abydosaurus mcintoshi, have recently beenfound in 105-million-year-old sandstone at the Dinosaur National Monument in Utah. Theremains of four individual dinosaurs were found, including two intact skulls. This find is unusualbecause the softer tissue holding the thin sauropod dinosaur skull bones together usuallydisintegrates, allowing the skull bones to separate. Only 8 of 120 types of sauropods discoveredhave complete skull specimens. These dinosaurs were herbivores, with large numbers of sharpteeth that were probably replaced five to six times each year. These teeth allowed only for theharvesting of plant material, but not for chewing it afterward. The plant-harvesting teeth and longneck identify Abydosaurus mcintoshi as a descendant of the brachiosaurs.

226. State a natural event that is inferred by most scientists to be the cause of extinction of the last of thedinosaurs.

227. Identify one group of organisms that was a likely food source for Abydosauros mcintoshi.

228. Indicate the range of grain sizes in the type of bedrock in which Abydosauros mcintoshi bones werefound.

229. On the timeline, place an X on line AB to indicate the time when Abydosaurus mcintoshi lived.

Answer KeyGEO HISTORY CR MEGA PACKET 2018

1. Radioactive isotope:— Carbon-14/C-14— 14CStable disintegrationproduct: —Nitrogen-14/N-14— 14N — 14C 14N

2. 11,400 y3.

4. — V-shaped valleys— narrow valleybottom with gentlysloped sides

5. — Glacial morainedeposits areunsorted/mixed. —Glacial deposits in amoraine areunlayered. —unsorted — Riverdeposits are sorted.

6. Both QuaternaryPeriod andPleistocene Epoch

7. Keuka Lake or Owasco

8.

9. — uplift/emergence— weathering —erosion —subsidence/-submergence —deposition — burial

10. Quartzite or hornfels11. — marine, — an

ocean/sea, — in awater environment,— a shallow sea

12. – Eurypterus, – Stylonurus, – Eurypterus remipes.

13. — Trilobites14. – the collision

between NorthAmerica and avolcanic island arc,– closing of thewestern part of theIapetus Ocean, –crustal uplift, –convergence

15. – North Americawas located on/nearthe equator. – NorthAmerica was locatedat a lower latitude. –It was farther south.– mostly in theSouthernHemisphere, –farther east, –southeast

16. – CaMg(CO3)2

17. – Erie-OntarioLowlands, or Erie-Ontario Plains, or InteriorLowlands.

18. – Plant moretrees/reducedeforestation. – Usepublic transportatio-n/carpooling. – Burnless fossil fuel. –Use energy-efficientappliances/-lightbulbs. –Convert toalternativ-e/renewable energy(e.g., solar, wind).

19. – Precambrian or Archean

20. – trilobites21. – Oceanic oxygen

began to enter theatmosphere. –Excess oxygen inthe oceans escapedinto the atmosphere.– A buildup ofoxygen began. –Photosyntheticbacteria releasedoxygen.

22. – 4600 million yearsago, – 4.6 x 103

million years ago23. D and E24. — widespread

distribution — livedfor a short time —easily identified

25. — vascular plants —flowering plants —trees — ferns —plants — plantmaterials

26. — 0.006 cm to 0.2cm — 0.2 cm to0.0006 cm

27.

28. — advance andretreat of lastcontinental ice —last ice age —glaciation —formation of LongIsland — formationof New York StateFinger Lakes

29. — C-14 is used todate recent organicremains. — Themastodont bone isless than 50,000years old. —Carbon–14 has ashort half-life. —Carbon–14 decays ata predictable rate.

30. —14N —nitrogen–14 —nitrogen

31. — uplift/emergence— weathering —erosion —subsidence/-submergence —deposition/p-recipitation — burial

32. CaMg(CO3)2.33. limestone or

dolostone34.

35. — Uranium-238 — 238U — U-238 —uranium/U


36. — Carbon-14 has ashort half-life. —After 1,000,000years, there wouldnot be enough C-14.—14C decaysquickly. — Theorganic remains aretoo old to be datedwith C-14. — Toolittle of the originalradioactive samplewould remain.

37. — 14N —nitrogen-14 — N-14— nitrogen/N — 14C

14N38. All of the

percentages andages are correct, asshown below.

39. —Tetragraptus40. —uplif-

t/emergence,—erosion,—submerge-nce/subsidence,—weathering,—deposition,—burial

41. Pleistocene Epoch42. — Homo

rhodesiensis —Homoheidelbergensis —Homo erectus

43. Homo habilis or habilis or H. habilis

44.

45. 4, 5, 7, or 946. — They were rapidly

buried by sedimentdeposition. —Oxygen was lacking.— It was adeep-waterenvironment.

47. Middle CambrianEpoch

48. – 28,500 y49. – 14N, nitrogen - 1450. –The bedrock in the

outcrops formedduring the PaleozoicEra, and Coelophysis livedduring the MesozoicEra. –The youngestrock layer is fromthe Permian, and Coelophysis did notexist yet. –Coelophysis lived ata much later time.–No Triassicbedrock is shown.–Layers containing Coelophysis havebeen removed byerosion.

51. –Carbon-14 has ashort half-life.–These rock layersare too old tocontain measurablecarbon-14.–Carbon-14 is usedto date recentremains. –Noorganic materialremains in the rock.

52. –The rock layers ofthe same age asthose shown inoutcrop 2 are allfound in New YorkState. –PermianPeriod rock is notpresent in New YorkState, but is shownin outcrops 1 and 3.

53. –The fossil wasfound only in theDevonian layer/onelayer in eachoutcrop. –The fossilwas geographicallywidespread. –Thefossil indicates ashort existence ingeologictime/limited timeinterval.

54. 3100°C to 3300°C55. –Dissolved gases are

released from lavaas a result of adecrease in pressure.–gas/air bubblestrapped in rapidlycooling lava. –Therewas an explosiveeruption of avolcano.

56. –divergent–transform–mid-ocean ridge

57. –sou- theastward–south –ESE –east–SSE –to the right

58. Pliocene Epoch59. –Allegheny Plateau

–AppalachianPlateau–AppalachianUplands

60. –X is within theMiddle Devonianzone or the Earlyand MiddleDevonian zonelocated northwest ofNew York City.

61.

62. – glacial deposits –moraines – ridges ofglacial sediments

63. – The glacierblocked the previousAllegheny River. –Ice covered theoriginal riverchannel. – Glacialmoraine diverted theriver's path.

64. –Quaternary Period65. –clear, shallow water66. –Avalon67. –brachiopods or

Mucrospirifer68. –rock unit

Canadaway


69.

70. — They are formedover a short periodof time. — They aregeographicallywidespread.

71. marble or hornfels.72. Ordovician Period.73. Basalt cuts across all

other rock units.Contactmetamorphism isshown between thebasalt and all rocklayers.

74. coolingsolidificationcrystallizationmeltingintrusion/intruding

75. clay or for a sizeequal to or less than0.0004 cm.

76. 251 millions years77. – The horizontal

rocks are on top ofthe titled layers. –Fossils of theearliest grasses andlarge carnivorousmammals are morerecent than Manticoceras and Ctenocrinus. – Thefossils in the tiltedlayers are older.

78.

79. – divergence –rifting – seafloorspreading

80. – wide geographicdistribution orwidespread – lived ashort period ofgeologic time or short lived – easilyrecognizable

81. sedimentary rock orany specificsedimentary rock.

82. – Similar fossilremains are found inAfrica and SouthAmerica. – Thefossil Rugops Primus, found inAfrica, is related toabelisaurids found inSouth America andIndia. – fossilevidence

83. Mesozoic Era.84. — uplift or folding

— erosion —weathering —subsidence orsubmergence —deposition

85. — The marbleshows deformation.— The rockformation is folded.— The marble islocated between twoother regionalmetamorphic rocks.

86. Fordham gneiss or gneiss.

87. — The rate at whichwater infiltrates thesoil will decrease ifthe soil is frozen. —Frozen ground ismostlyimpermeable. — Icefills the pore spaces.— The ground isfrozen. — The soilis composed ofsmall particles.

88. — mastodont —beluga whale —condor — humans

89. Quaternary Periodand PleistoceneEpoch.

90. — OrdovicianPeriod

91. quartzite or hornfels92. — The layers of

folded rocks showdisplacement onboth sides of thefault line. — Thefault cuts across thefolded rocks. — XY cuts across theigneous intrusionwhich crosscuts thefolded rocks.

93.

94. — The valley isU-shaped. — Thevalley has grooved,scratched, andpolished bedrock.

95. – quartzite or hornfels

96. Crystal size: — finegrained — less than1-mm crystal sizeExplanation: — Themagma cooledrapidly. — It cooledover a short periodof time.

97. – Devonian Period98. — The intrusion has

not been broken andoffset. — Theigneous rhyolite cutsacross the fault.

99. Evidence forinference 1: – Afault is younger thanany rock throughwhich it cuts. –Rock unit G had tobe in place before itwas cut by the fault.– law of crosscuttingrelationshipsEvidence forinference 2: – Rockunit C is below rockunit A. – Youngersedimentary rock isdeposited on top ofolder sedimentaryrock. – law ofsuperposition

100. – Cambrian,Ordovician, Silurian,or Devonian Period

101. – hot spot, – risingconvection currents,– magma chamber, –rising magma

102. North AmericanPlate and EurasianPlate

103. basalt or vesicularbasalt or diabase


104. Cenozoic Era105. - From point A to

point B, the age ofthe surface bedrockdecreases and from B to C, the age ofthe surface bedrockincreases. - Thesurface bedrock atpoint B is youngerthan the surfacebedrock at point A and point C. - getsyounger, then older

106. — The fossils aretoo old for 14Cdating. —Carbon-14 has avery short half-life.

107. — CretaceousPeriod — PaleogenePeriod — NeogenePeriod —Quaternary Period

108. G109. — C is on top of D.

— C metamorphosed D.

110. — Devonian Period or MississippianPeriod —CarboniferousPeriod or DevonianPeriod

111. An X is shown ontwo of the threeboundaries shownbelow.

112. — The fossil is tooold — 14C isinaccurate becausevery little 14C ispresent — 14C has ashort half life

113. — The basaltintrusion cuts acrossthe fault — Theintrusion is notdisplayed by thefault — The faultdoes not cut acrossthe fault intrusion

114. Ordovician Period115. — intrusion of the

Palisades sill— breakup ofPangaea

116. any value from0.006 to 0.2 cm.

117. — Rock unit A isabove rock unit B.

— Oldersedimentary rockunit B is foundbeneath youngersedimentary rockunit A.

118. — marble— hornfels

119. Examples: –uplift,–weathering,–erosion, –tilting,–submergence,–burial, –deposition

120. Examples: –Thegraywacke layersare tilted. –Thelayers are nowvertical. –Theunconformityindicates that thegraywacke layerswere uplifted anderoded.

121. Silurian Period122.

123.

124.

125. – wide geographicdistribution– existed for a shortperiod of geologicaltime

126. Examples: —Mountain barrierschanged the flow ofwinds. — The airsinks on thePatagonia side of theAndes. — Patagoniais located on theleeward side of themountains. —Patagonia is locatedin the rain shadow.

127. Examples: —radioactive dating— identifying anindex fossil in thelayer containing thisfossil — correlatingrock layers or fossils

128. Examples: —earliest birds —birds

129. clay130. any latitude from

40°S to 44°Sany longitude from65°W to 69°W

131. Examples: –WSW –SW

132. – Eocene Epoch.133. – The tree trunk is a

recent organicremain.

134. 22,800 yr.135.


136. Examples: — Rockunit H was displacedby movement alonga fault. — Rock unit H was broken whenan earthquakeoccurred.

137. Examples: — Thereis no contactmetamorphismshown in rock unit D. — Rock unit F waseroded, then rockunit D was formed.— There is a buriederosional surfacebetween F and D. —Rock unit D is ontop of rock unit F.

138. X is locatedanywhere in thecontact metamorphiczone in thelimestone layer.

139. letter I140. – The gentle slope of

the dune is on thesouthwest side. –The windward sidehas a less steepslope. – The steeperside is leeward.

141. Example: –Glacialdeposits areunsorted. –Till is adirect ice deposit.

142. 1.Till 2.Stratifieddrift 3.Clay and silt4.Wind-blown sand

143. Examples: –Thechannel at A has aV-shape. –Runningwater producesV-shaped channels.

144. 490 to 443 millionyears

145. Examples: —Carbon-14's half-lifeis too short. — Notenough carbon-14 isleft to measure. —The fossils are tooold.

146. Examples: —widespreadgeographicdistribution — shortexistence ingeologic time

147. Examples: — uplift— erosion —weathering —subsidence —deposition — burial

148. Cambrian Period149. Examples: —

Intrusions areyounger than anyrock theymetamorphose. —Contactmetamorphism canbe seen betweenrock layer D and theigneous intrusion.

150. Calcite151. Place an X whose

center falls withinthe shaded zone ofcontactmetamorphismshown in thediagram below.

152. Examples: – There isno contactmetamorphismbetween rock unit A and the sandstone. –An unconformityexists between theigneous intrusionand sandstone layer.

153. Examples: – Theorganisms lived in ashallow sea. – Theylived in a marineenvironment.

154. Example: – widespreadgeographicdistribution

155. Pleurodictyum156. Devonian Period157. The fault displaced

by the intrusion; Thefault has cut acrossthe preexistingbasalt intrusion.

158. Examples: – uplift –weathering – erosion– submergence –deposition – burial

159. Examples: – contactmetamorphism –Contactmetamorphism isshown in both thesandstone and shalelayers. – An igneousintrusion is youngerthan the bedrock itintrudes.

160.

161. Example: – crater –large ocean waves –impact crater – largehole

162. Examples: –Cretaceous Periodand Tertiary Period –Paleogene Periodand CretaceousPeriod

163.

164.

165. Examples: – existedfor a short geologictime – widespreadgeographically

166. Silurian Period167. Examples: – U238

has longer half-life.– U238 can be usedto date oldergeologic events. – C14 is used to dateorganic remainswhile U238 is not.

168. 5,700 years


169. Examples: –NewYork Stateexperienced awarmer climatewhen it was locatedcloser to theEquator. – TheNorth AmericanPlate has driftednorthward from theequator region overtime.

170. Example: –Clockwise spiralsnail shells arefound in greaternumbers.

171. f or g172. Examples: –

AppalachianOrogeny. –AlleghanianOrogeny.

173. Cambrian174.

175. Responses include,but are not limitedto: Marine; Ocean;Water

176. Cryptolithus and Phacops

177. Rock Unit VII: 3Rock Unit VIII: 1Rock Unit IX: 2

178. Examples:Hexameroceras;Eucalyptocrinus;Eurypterus;Cooksonia;Cystiphyllum;Eospirifer

179. Examples: heat andpressure;recrystallizing ofpreexisting rock;metamorphism

180. Examples:unconformity;nonconformity; timegap in the rockrecord; buriederosional surface

181. Acceptableresponses include,but are not limitedto, these examples:earthquakes;volcanic eruptions;The rifting of NorthAmerica occurred;Pangea began tobreak up; NorthAmerica and Africabegan to separate

182. • Contactmetamorphism canbe found on bothsides of the PalisadeSill within theBrunswicksandstone.• An intrusion isyounger than therock it intrudes.

183. – Stockton sandstoneis on the bottom; –Law ofSuperposition

184. 5.7 103 years or5,700 years

185.

186. Examples: – fast rate– rapid cooling

187. marble or hornfels188. Permian Period189. 1. Siltstone 2.

Limestone 3.Granite intrusion 4.Shale 5. Vesicularbasalt or basalt 6.Sandstone

190. Examples: Factor A:Effect on Earth'stemperature:increase, Whytemperaturechanges: Moreoutgoing infraredradiation is trappedby Earth'satmosphere.Factor B: Effect onEarth's temperature:decrease, Whytemperaturechanges: Moresunlight is reflectedaway from Earth.

191.

192. or 0.03125half-lives

193. 33.7 to 24 millionyears

194. 4-The fault wasformed. 2-The shalewas deposited.3-The vesicularbasalt was formed.1-The sandstone wasdeposited.

195. 1.7 ( 0.2) meters

196.

197. 11(±1)198. Valcouroceras199. • 0° (±10°) latitude •

Equator200. sedimentary rock201. Elliptocephala or

Cryptolithus202. – Rock A is a

mixture of roundedrock fragments ofdifferent sizesconnected together. – Rock A is ahorizontal layer.

203. examples: – C wasformed before both B and A. – C isolder than both B and A.

204.

205. examples: – Thehalf-life ofradioactive carbon isshorter. –Radioactivecarbon-14 is foundin recent organicremains.

206. Pleistocene epoch.


207. Examples: –Graptolites floatedfreely in the oceanand could distributethemselves easilyover a widegeographic area. –Certain species ofgraptolite existed fora limited geologictime. – Certainspecies of graptoliteare unique and easilyidentified.

208. (essay)209. examples: – Use the

law of superpositionto compare the agewith the age of othernearby fossils and/orrock layers. –radioactive agedating (not C-14)

210. They have only beenfound in a narrowgeographic range.

211. Triassic Period.212. Examples: – The

bedrock is faulted. –There is anunconformity.

213. Examples: – Theintrusion cuts acrossall rock layers. –The basalt is on thesurface.

214. Fossils are usuallyfound in sedimentaryrock and the rock inthe Adirondacks ismetamorphic.

215. Examples: Thebasalt is older than92 million years.Fossils are notnormally found inigneous rock.

216. The CretaceousPeriod

217. 100 years218.

219. Examples: – coarsetexture – largecrystals

220. clay221. E – D – B – A –

C222. — Potassium-40

decays at a specificrate. — K-40 has aknown half-life. —K-40 has a constantrate of decay. —K-40 decays at arate independent ofexternal factors. —Potassium-40 has along half-life. —The half-life of K-40is yeas.

223. — widespreaddistribution — livedfor a short time —easily identified

224. calcite

225. — Both layers havecontactmetamorphism. —The layers werechanged by theigneous intrusion. —The intrusion couldonly metamorphoselayers that arealready existing. —contactmetamorphism.

226. -an asteroid impact, -an impact event, - ameteorite/met-eor/meteoroidcollision with Earth,- climate change, - adisruption of foodchains/food webs, -comet impact

227. — vascular plants —flowering plants —trees — ferns —plants — plantmaterials

228. — 0.006 cm to 0.2cm — 0.2 cm to0.0006 cm

229. X placed in boxbelow.


208. Inference 1 examples: – An igneous intrusion is younger than the bedrock it intrudes. – The basaltmetamorphosed the shale.Inference 2 examples: – The shale layer is below the sandstone layer. – Younger sedimentary bedrock isnormally found on top of older sedimentary bedrock.Inference 3 examples: – The limestone layers are folded and tilted but the shale layer is not folded and ishorizontal. – The shale layer is not metamorphosed by the granite. – There is an irregular (erosional)surface between the shale and the limestone.

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