Muscles and Bones

This lesson covers:• Part 1 - Five functions of bones

• Part 2 – Parts of a bone

• Part 3 – Types of joints

• Part 4 – Bone names

• Part 5 – Connective Tissue

• Part 6 – Three types of muscles

• Part 7 – How muscles work

• Part 8 – Muscle names

• Part 9 – Muscle and bone problems

• Part 10 – Care of muscles & bones

Bones are part of what body system?

Part 1: Five functionsof bones

Your bones have five really important jobs:

1) Protection2) Structure & Support3) Movement4) Make Blood Cells5) Store Minerals

1) Protection

• Your bones protect important body organs

• For example, your skull protects your brain

1) Protection

• Your ribs protect your lungs and heart

• Your vertebrae protect your spinal cord

2) Structure and Support

• Your bones give your body structure, support, and shape

• Without bones, you would be a giant blob

Can you guess the animal based on the shape of the skeleton?

• Dog

• Bat

• Snake

• Frog

3) Movement

• Muscles connect to bones to allow for movement

3) Movement

• Muscles contract, pulling your bones in a certain direction

4) Make Blood Cells

• Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made in the bone marrow

5) Store Minerals

• Minerals like calcium and phosphorus are stored inside your bones

5) Store Minerals

• These minerals make bones strong and hard to break

‘Dem Bones Are Important!

Part 2: Parts ofa bone

• The saying “dry as a bone” is not correct

• Bones are alive

• They have all sorts of cool layers

Label the Bone Parts:

Bone Marrow

Periosteum

Spongy Bone

Compact Bone

Bone Marrow Cavity

Explain the Bone Parts:

Bone Marrow: Where blood cells are formed

Periosteum: Thin outer membrane

Peri = outer, edge Osteo = bone

Spongy Bone: Lighter, more porous

Compact Bone: Harder, heavier,

more dense

Bone Marrow Cavity: Contains bone marrow

You can even explore bone cell structure if you wish!

Osteons are cylinder-shaped structures

containing bone cells

See how bone cells connect to each other for strength

Bones arecool, yo !

Part 3: Types of Joints

• Any point at which bones meet is called a joint

• Most joints are movable, such as elbows, knees, fingers, and toes

Part 3: Types of Joints

• Some joints do not move

• For example:

– Where bones of your skull meet

– Your tailbone (coccyx)

Sutures are the points

where immovable joints connect

Newborn babies have soft spots where the sutures have not

yet closed permanently

Let’s look at the following kinds of joints:

• Hinge

• Gliding

• Pivot

• Ball and Socket

Hinge Joints:

• One direction only

• Like a door hinge

• Knees & elbows are hinges

Gliding Joints:

• Bones can slide and rub against each other

• Limited movement

• Wrists, ankles

Pivot Joints:

• Allow for spinning and limited rotation

• Where radius meets humerus at elbow

• Where head meets neck

Ball and Socket Joints:

• Move in all directions

• Allow rotation

• Hips and shoulders

Part 4: Bone names

• Your body has 206 bones!

• Each bone has a name

206 Bones?• Cranial bones (8)• Facial bones (14)• In the middle ears (6)

• In the throat (1)• Shoulder girdle (4)• In the thorax (25)• Ribs (2 x 12) • Vertebral column (24)

• In the arms (2)• In the forearms (4)• In the hands (54)

• In the pelvis (4)• In the thighs (2)• In the legs (6)• In the feet (52)

Let’s learn the

names of a few common bones:

Skull Bones:

Front view of Skull:

Side View of Skull:

Arm and Hand Bones:

How many ribs do you have?

Vertebrae (back bones)

7 total

12 total

5 total

Sacrum: 5 Coccyx: 4

Pelvis Bone

Anatomy:

Leg and Foot

Bones:

Can You Name Them Bones?

• 1 – Cranium (skull)• 2 – Mandible (jaw)• 3 – Clavicle (collar bone)• 4 – Sternum (breast bone)• 5 - Humerus• 6 - Ribs• 7 – Vertebrae (back)• 8 - Pelvis• 9 – Ulna (pinky side)• 10 – Radius (thumb side)• 11 - Carpals• 12 - Metacarpals• 13 – Phalanges (fingers)• 14 - Femur• 15 – Patella (knee cap)• 16 – Tibia (shin)• 17 – Fibula (outside ankle)• 18 - Tarsals• 19 - Metatarsals• 20 – Phalanges (toes)

Good job, you bone heads!

Part 5: Connective Tissue

• Let’s look at four types of connective tissue

– Ligaments– Tendons– Cartilage– Synovial Fluid

Ligaments:

• Connect bones to bones at a joint

Ligaments:• Strong cords of tissue that hold your skeleton together

• Keep your joints from popping out of place every time you move

Ligaments:

• Ligaments can be damaged!

Tendons:

• Attach muscle to bone

Tendons:

• Tough bands of tissue

• Very strong and flexible

Tendons:• The Achilles Tendon attaches the calf muscle to the back of the heel

• Rupturing this tendon is not a good idea

Cartilage:

• Strong, flexible tissue which provides cushioning where bones meet

• Also provides for some movement

Places made of Cartilage:

• Nose

• Ears

Places made of Cartilage:

• Where the ribs meet the sternum

Places made of Cartilage:

• In rings around the trachea (windpipe)

• Keeps your breathing tube from collapsing

Places made of Cartilage:

• Anywhere long bones meet

• Knees, elbows, ankles, you name it!

Synovial Fluid:

• Lubricates the joints where the bones meet

• Very slimy and slippery

Synovial Fluid:• Without proper synovial fluid, your cartilage is damaged

• Bones rub against rough cartilage, causing pain

Part 6: Three types of muscles

1. Skeletal (voluntary)

2. Smooth (involuntary)

3. Cardiac (heart)

Types of Muscle:• Found only in the heart

• Striped or striated, you can move voluntarily

• Found on stomach, intestines, cannot voluntarily move

Microscopic Slides:

Part 7: How muscles work

• Muscles contract because nerves from your brain and spinal cord tell them to contract

How muscles work:

• Microscopic view of a nerve cell (neuron) connecting to muscle cells

Nerve

Cell

Muscle

Cells

How muscles work:

• Most voluntary muscles work in opposing pairs on opposite sides of a joint

• One muscle contracts, the other relaxes

One example:

• The biceps contract, the triceps relax

• The triceps contract, the biceps relax

Another example:

• Back muscles and abdominal muscles work in opposition

• One contracts, the other relaxes

Last Example:

• Chest and back muscles work in opposition

• Chest muscles push arms out, back muscles pull arms back

Part 8: Muscle names

• There are over 600 muscles in the human body

• Each has a name!

Names of

Common Muscles

What is your Shoulder muscle called?

What is your Chest muscle called?

What is the muscle which

connects your neck

and shoulders called?

What is the large pulling back muscle called?

What are you bottocks (rear end) muscles called?

What is the name of the muscle group on the back

of your arm called?

What is the name of the muscle group on the front

of your arm called?

What are your Calf muscles called?

What are your Front Thigh muscles called?

What are your Back Thigh muscles called?

What are your Abdominal muscles called?

?First Lettersare givenas hints

• D• P

• B

• A

• Q

• T• D

• T

• L

• G

• H

• C

• A

Good job,muscle heads!

Part 9: Muscle andbone problems

• Let’s examine the following bone problems:

1. Osteoporosis2. Fractures3. Arthritis4. Scoliosis

1. Osteoporosis:

• Brittle and porous bones

• It develops over time

• Affects women more than men

1. Osteoporosis:

• What increases risk?

– Not enough calcium and Vitamin D

– Not enough exercise

– Lack of certain hormones

1. Osteoporosis:

• Can lead to broken bones

• Can lead to shortened stature and posture problems

2. Fractures:

• A break in a bone is called a fracture

• Let’s look at several types of fractures

GreenstickFracture:

• Bone is not completely broken

• Sometimes called a “hairline” fracture

SimpleFracture:

• Bone is broken completely

• Bone has not poked through the skin

CompoundFracture:

• Bone is broken completely

• Bone is poking through the skin

SpiralFracture:

• Caused by a twisting or spinning action

• For example, a runner’s foot gets caught in pot hole

TransverseFracture:

• Bone is broken straight across at a right angle

ComminutedFracture:

• Bone is broken, splintered or crushed into a number of pieces

MultipleFracture:

• A bone is broken in more than one place

3. Arthritis:

• A breakdown of cartilage that causes joint swelling, stiffness, and pain

3. Arthritis:

• Usually builds up over time

• Often caused by wear and tear and injuries

3. Arthritis:

• There are many forms of arthritis

• Some forms even affect teens and children!

4. Scoliosis• A side-ways irregular curvature of the spine

4. Scoliosis:

• Affects about 7 million people in the United States

4. Scoliosis:

• Most school systems do scoliosis screenings

• Easier to treat if diagnosed early

What aboutmuscle problems?

• Many muscle problems are discussed in the Unit on Physical Activities and Fitness

Part 10: Care of musclesand bones

• Muscles and bones must be taken care of and protected!

Follow our advice:

Ways to care for your bones …

1 – Be physically active:

• Physical activity makes bones stronger and more dense

2 – Eat foods high in calcium and phosphorus:

• These minerals make bones stronger

• Found in milk products, beans, many vegetables

3 – Sit, stand, and walk with straight posture:

• Protects spine and spinal cord

4 – Pay attention to your shoes:

• Properly fitting good shoes help support the bones of the feet and help prevent shin splints

5 – Wear proper safety equipment when playing

sports:

• Safety equipment may help prevent bone and joint injuries

6 – Wear safety belts in your motor vehicle:

• Motor vehicle accidents can result in bone injuries, so wear you safety belt

Ways to care for your muscles …

1 – Engage in regular physical activity:

• Builds strength and endurance of skeletal and heart muscle

• Use them or lose them!

2 – Warm up before and cool down after physical activities properly:

• Reduces the risk of pulled muscles and other injuries

3 – Eat foods containing carbohydrates and protein:

• Carbs give you energy

• Protein builds and repairs muscle tissue

4 – Maintain healthy weight:

• Extra body weight puts a strain on your muscles and heart

• Too much weight makes physical activity more difficult

5 – Learn to lift properly:

• Do not do what this guy is doing!

• Bend your knees

• Keep your back straight

• Use your leg muscles

5 – Learn to lift properly:

• This is the proper way to lift!

Thanks for paying attention