i

ABSTRACT

Wireless communication has been and will always continue to be making profound

success. Wireless technologies are evolving with standardizations that define how

wireless communication devices interact and soon will allow the creation of a global

wireless network that will deliver a wide variety of services. Wireless networking has

been allowing businesses to develop WAN (Wide Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan

Area Network) and LAN (local Area Network) without a cable plant. This development

is in a way credited to IEEE from standardization point of view.

Communication, which is the process of sharing ideas, information and messages with

others in a particular time and space, remains a vital element for project management

team. A reliable wireless communication network infrastructure that could be sustained

over time remains a necessity for industries. Project management techniques, methods

and tools will be explained in relation to wireless network infrastructure deployment. In

this project, how the activities, milestones and resources could be keyed in the simplest

and quickest techniques and tools will be considered. The Internet (internetwork of

computers) and software application (for example, Microsoft Project software) as key

elements of wireless network communication infrastructure provides solutions to

problems associated with demands on effectiveness and efficiency among industry

practitioners.

ii

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this work was carried out by Mr. Sylvester Arimokwu in

Department of Management Information Systems Technology (M.I.S.T), Institute of

Sciences, Cyprus International University Haspolat, Lefkosia, Turkish Republic of

Northern Cyprus (T.R.N.C) Via Mersin 10. Turkey.

-----------------------

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ruhsan Onder

(Supervisor)

Department of Computer Engineering,

Cyprus International University.

iii

DEDICATION

This research is dedicated to my father, the Almighty God for making me a true

testimony of success and for sparing my life hitherto.

iv

ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS

In all, I cannot but express my profound thanks to the Most High God who has made all

things work together for good.

Sincerely, I undoubtedly appreciate the relentless effort, care, support, prayers and

funding of this work, fetched from my dear, awesome, incomparable and indispensable

family, whom I cannot but always remember as food to my strength in accomplishing

this fabulous, long dreamed achievement.

My special thanks to my indispensable, humble and friendly supervisor, Asst. Prof. Dr.

Ruhsan Onder, for her assistance, guidance and for broadening my horizon in carrying

out this work and, research generally. I also appreciate the effort and priceless

contribution of Instructor Nidai Kordal in accomplishing this project. In light of my

achievement in this work, I truly appreciate the head of institute, Asst. Prof. Dr.

Mehmed Ali Egemen and all other lecturers in the institute for they are more than

resourceful to me and I must confess I am not the same as I was when I first found

myself in this institution.

v

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LAN Local Area Network

WAN Wide Area Network

MAN Metropolitan Area Network

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

Qos Quality of Service

ICT Information and Communication Technology

PERT Program Evaluation and Review Techniques

CPA/CPM Critical Path Analysis/Critical Path Method

PMI Project Management Institute

WAP Wireless Access Point

1G First Generation

2G Second Generation

2.5G Second Generation Interim

3G Third Generations

4G Fourth Generations

5G Fifth Generations

AMPS Advance Mobile Phone System

MHz Megahertz

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

vi

ITU International Communication Union

CDMA2000 Code Division Multiple Access 2000

CDMA2000 1X-EVDO Code Division Multiple Access 2000 Extended Evolution

Optimizer

WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service

HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access/High Speed Uplink Packet Access

Mbps Megabits per Seconds

TV Television

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

WiMAX World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

LMDS Local Multipoint Distributed System

MMDS Multichannel Multipoint Distributed System

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

GHz gigahertz

IPv6 Internet Protocol Version Six

3D Three Dimensional

PM Project Management

PMBOK Project Management Body of Knowledge

VBA Visual Basic Application

vii

Cat5 Category Five

WEP Wireless Encryption Protocol

MAC Media Access Control

IPv4 Internet Protocol Version Four

NAT Network Address Translation

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

ISP Internet Service Provider

IP Internet Protocol

SA Security Association

SPI Security Parameter Index

TLA Top Level Aggregators

viii

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... i

CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................ viii

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xi

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background to the Study........................................................................................ 1

1.2 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 3

1.2.1 Time Saving .................................................................................................. 4

1.2.2 Comparability of project Results ................................................................... 4

1.2.3 Personnel Flexibility ...................................................................................... 4

1.2.4 Standardization .............................................................................................. 4

1.2.5 Simplification of Communication ................................................................. 5

1.3 Task of Project Management ................................................................................. 5

1.3.1 Planning ......................................................................................................... 6

1.3.2 Controlling ..................................................................................................... 7

1.3.3 Team Leadership ........................................................................................... 7

1.3.4 Organization and communication ................................................................. 8

1.3.5 Means of Project Information ........................................................................ 8

ix

1.4 Statement of the Problems ..................................................................................... 8

1.5 Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................... 9

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................ 10

2.1 Project related communication ............................................................................ 10

2.2 Computer supported communication ................................................................... 11

CHAPTER THREE ......................................................................................................... 13

3.1 Fixed wireless ...................................................................................................... 13

3.1.2 Mobile wireless technology ......................................................................... 13

3.1.3Wireless Network Evolution ........................................................................ 14

3.1.4 Satellite Communication ............................................................................. 16

3.1.5 Wireless Standards ...................................................................................... 16

3.2.1 Fibre Optics ................................................................................................. 17

3.2.2 Wide Area Network and System Architecture ............................................ 18

CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................... 21

4.1 Research Analysis ................................................................................................ 23

4.1.2 Brainstorming .............................................................................................. 23

4.1.3 Fishborne Diagrams .................................................................................... 24

4.1.4 Critical Path Analysis-CPA (Flow Chart or Diagram) ................................ 25

4.1.5 P.E.R.T(Program Evaluation and Review Technique) ................................ 27

4.2 Gantt Charts ......................................................................................................... 28

4.2.1 Microsoft Project Software.......................................................................... 31

x

4.2.2 Comparative Studies .................................................................................... 44

CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................. 51

5.1 Wireless Network Infrastructure Deployment ..................................................... 51

5.2 IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)....................................................................... 52

5.2.1 IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) Problems and Limitations .................... 52

5.2.2 Deployment State of IPv6 ........................................................................... 53

CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................... 58

6.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 58

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 61

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Management Cycle [23]

2 .Connection of wireless computers to a network using WAP( Wireless Access

Point)[11]

3. A placement site plan for Wi-Fi components [19]

4. Wide Area Network showing wireless components.[7]

5. A usage model of WiMAX services. [6]

6. Matrix key of four project management techniques.

7. Showing a fishborne diagram[14]

8. Showing a typical CPA diagram.[15]

9. PERT Chart [15]

10. Showing a sample Gantt Chart of IPv6 deployment activity in written form.

11. A screen shot of IPv6 deployment activities showing main task and subtasks on

Gantt Chart.

12. A continuation of figure 11 showing the remaining acivities in Gantt Chart layout

and milestones.

13. A network styled layout of the activities of the project team.

14. Showing a continuation of network styled activity .

15. Showing network diagram of further activities on main task and subtask(

continuation)

16. A continuation of calender of activity.

xii

17. A screen shot of network diagram showing main task and subtask proceeding from

previous figures.

18. Showing non critical path of main task.

19. Shows main task and subtask having the features of critical path within the bordered

lines.

19. Calendar interface continues.

20 Showing project management tools and Techniques. [20]

21. Using Microsoft project to build and execute a Grid based workflow[21] .

22. Schedule obtained by the built-in resource-allocation procedure of Microsoft

Project (screenshot)

1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Given the separate successes of wireless infrastructure deployment, operators and

equipment (off-the-shelf) vendors are shifting focus towards various data applications

and wireless access to the Internet. Apparently, with the use of project management

techniques and tools, a clear connectivity can be provided. However,

consumers/industrial practitioners‟ preferences are strongly influenced by cost, ease of

access, maintenance, speed and many other demanding factors. Hence, it is believed

that increasing data rates will also be required in the deployment of wireless network

systems. To support high data rates with wide area coverage at a low cost, it would

consequently require substantial planning and technological advances. Relaying

techniques could also be used to increase coverage for high data rates, and bandwidth

requirements can be improved to a more efficient exploit -varying channel condition

while meeting quality of service (QoS) requirements. In parallel, alternative project

management techniques and wireless network technologies are frequently discussed. By

exploiting multiple radio access technologies and existing wireless networks, an

affordable wireless access is envisaged. Application of Gantt Chart and Critical Path

Analysis on wireless deployment will be demonstrated.

The rest of this chapter is organized as follows. A general background for the study is

first presented in section 1.1, including an overview on the development of wireless

infrastructure network, demand for wireless access services, project management tools,

and constraints associated with wireless network infrastructure deployment will follow.

An overview of prior work related to project management techniques and tools and their

application to the deployment of wireless network infrastructure will follow. The main

research problems addressed within the respective area are defined and the outline of

the research is presented and contributions are listed (per chapter of the study).

In chapter three, wireless communication systems will be discussed, and many

components of wireless technologies will be covered to provide a fine-grained

2

understanding of wireless technology prior to its deployment. The content will

definitely show wireless usability since wireless network often faces signal

deteriorations, user feedback and why system upgrade are being required. Important

classifications and usefulness of such classifications are demonstrated in this chapter.

This work will show the application of Gantt Chart method with critical path analysis

on wireless network deployment. Research has shown these are the techniques that are

best suitable for ICT (Information and Communication Technology) related projects.

Other techniques apart from Gantt Chart and CPA/CPM (Critical Path Analysis/Critical

Path Method ) are Fishborne or, Cause and effect Diagram, Brainstorming, PERT

(Program Evaluation and Review Technique) analysis, but they are only named or

mentioned in this project. Industry supported and favored these techniques in the

standardization bodies, in that some are so popular as a result of their ease of use. This

ease of use feature makes them to be found within standardization bodies, for example,

PMI (Project Management Institute). Findings have been shown that a sound knowledge

is needed for the usage of these project management techniques within the framework

of potential workforce and practicing workforce. So, applying these techniques and

tools to the field of wireless network infrastructure deployment is well found.

Critical Path Analysis or Method (CPA/CPM) is typically used industry wide but is

based on unique areas of project planning. Fishborne Chart or Cause and Effect, is

another technique that will be addressed in this project as it will show where it is

needed. Brainstorming as a technique is inevitably required in many cases of project

planning but has its limitation; hence its application in project management is

acknowledged. Gantt chart is a default tool found in Microsoft project software launch,

and its benefits will be the focal point of this project because of its simplicity and

quickness in project resource planning and management. PERT (Program Evaluation

and Review Technique) is one of those tools or techniques that have gain attention in

the industry; its benefits and limitations will be addressed. These tasks cannot be

generally accomplished in conventional hierarchical line organizations. The

organization structures are changing from being function oriented and fixed to be

flexible project team oriented. In recent times, project demands present more of holistic

3

approach to optimize problem solving. Competitive conditions are getting more

challenging and most tasks are characterized with growing complexity and extended

interdisciplinary aspects. For example, new wireless technologies are evolving in

project durations, which are getting shorter and shorter, while business requirements

and development costs are increasing [23].

Project management has many important ingredients that includes planning, monitoring

and control of all aspects of a project and the motivation of all those involved in it, in

order to achieve the project objectives within agreed criteria of time, cost and

performance.[1] This could be achieved through a number of methods , procedures and

techniques that has been developed with the general management and people skills. It

enables the project manager to meet the set criteria of time, performance, and quality in

the most effective way. This will reflect in further content as I proceed in this project.

1.2 Significance of the Study

For an example, a company reported in 2001 that 31% of all information technology

projects were canceled before completion, that only 16% of projects were completed

successfully, and that 88% of all projects were budget, over schedule or both. The

company also reported an average cost overrun of 189% and an average time overrun of

222% of original estimates.[2] One of the reasons for this high failure rate is that many

companies don‟t have process for selecting the project manager or they have little idea

what management skills and personality traits are needed for the project manager to

succeed in I.T related project management.[23]

By the time a professional project management is employed, it will show these results

or improvements:

Deadline delays will be decreased

Quality cost will be decreased

Production cost will be decreased

Contentment of the project managers will be increased

4

The introduction of project management methods brings many advantages. An

overview of many achievements will be given in what follows.

1.2.1 Time Saving

By structured planning of tasks, time can be utilized more efficiently. For example, if

all tasks are assigned in details to the project team members at the beginning, there is

not much coordination effort needed afterwards and no tasks are carried out twice. In

addition, good project management makes team members a part of project. Each

member feels responsible for project success which leads to efficient time utilization.

1.2.2 Comparability of project Results

Since a project is a unique undertaking, it may be assumed that project may not be

compared at all. But projects are usually subdivided into several work packages or

activities, which indeed can be compared to equal or similar work packages of other

projects. This is mainly the case if many companies run many projects parallel. For

instance, the comparability of the results is a requirement for the project progress

statistics.[23]

1.2.3 Personnel Flexibility

Project management provides project transparency with project documentation,

therefore it is easier to add or change personnel.[23] Thus, the period of vocational

adjustment for new project members is decreased. Besides, all members bring in their

special skills to the team. This variety of knowledge is especially valuable within

interdisciplinary projects especially software engineering. Though, it can be shown in

other disciplines or studies where application of many activities and tasks supports

flexibility.

1.2.4 Standardization

Workflows, terms, documentations, forms protocols etc can be handled more efficiently

due to standardization by project management methods. With each project, each task are

getting more and more routinely.[3][4][23]

5

1.2.5 Simplification of Communication

Due to membership of a project team, communication between its members is greatly

improved. All participated persons and departments benefit from integrated

communication enhanced by project management.

Usually, the emerging cost of

introducing systematic project management methods are over compensated by cost

reduction and accelerated project realization.[4]

1.3 Task of Project Management

Project management can be divided into universally valid management functions.

Various studies on management skills and good personalities of a competent project

manager shows that a competent project manager has the following characteristics:

excellent communication skills-knowing when and to whom to communicate; strong

leadership skills–leading teams; love of work-embracing the challenges; clear vision-

communicating ; strong team building skills-setting positive tones; structure and

alignment-creating the environment and direction and discipline .[2][23] To achieve the

project goals with project teams, a project has to be planned, controlled and organized.

6

Figure 1. Management cycle: [23]

In Figure 1, the function of planning, controlling and organizing is visualized, thereby

showing how various functions are interconnected within the context of management.

This is applicable within the framework of project management.

1.3.1 Planning

Planning is directed into the future, preparing decisions and actions thinking ahead and

gathering information about the future is an important part of planning. If defaulted, in

the middle of the project has to be kind of make –shift (substitute) leading to

uncertainty whether the project ends with success or failure. [23]

Planning includes: [5]

Clarify and define project requirements

7

Define schedule and cost

Identify quality approach

Organize staff

Identify risks

Develop plans

1.3.2 Controlling

This is different from planning, controlling always takes in the present and relies on the

cognitions of the past. Controlling ensures that all tasks are accomplished as planned

and adequate counter measures are established if any disruption occurs. Controls

implement the management solution, and it thus includes [5]:

Measuring project performance

Managing requirements and configuration

Taking corrective action

Reporting performance information

1.3.3 Team Leadership

Working in teams brings some advantages such as increased creativity, productive

competition and accelerated information spreading. Although, teams have to be created

and guided, and decisions have to be made.

Team leadership include: [1]

Project member selection.

Encouragement of goal acceptance, development and cooperation of the team members

(motivation, coaching, dealing with conflicts within the team).

8

Initiating changes and advancement of working conditions

Participating decisions.

1.3.4 Organization and communication

In project life time, tasks are relevant and their importance is often underestimated. This

part of project management includes: [2][1][23]

Informing

Atmosphere creating

Distributing

Communicating

1.3.5 Means of Project Information

The formation of efficient project information is getting more and more important

during flexible collaboration in organizations. They are becoming one of the most

critical success factors of projects. Means of project information cover all activities and

instruments which support exchanging project related data and therefore foster

collaboration between the persons who are involved in the project.

1.4 Statement of the Problems

Frequently experienced problems regarding project management are:

The involved project team members talked at cross purposes, for example, they interpret

same terms differently. The project teams are making decisions without informing the

regarding persons. Insufficient information about the project status, project strategy, and

the unsettlement of team members. All team members get every project report and are

9

overwhelmed by the vast amount of information. Thus, relevant details for individuals

are difficult to examine.

1.5 Objectives of the Study

By planning all information flows in a project knowingly it can be assured that all

project members get the information they need in order to achieve their work. This

information should be available in time, included all needed details and clearly

structured. In addition, this part of project management includes establishing preferably

short and direct information – communication channels. Independent from the whole

organization, project members need their own specific information exchange

possibilities increasing decision making and project cycle. Such a system should also

provide project team members with a concise access to all information regarding the

project. The visibility of this information and the progress of the project are vital to

project success. A possible approach will be [1][23]

Definition of the recipient of the project information

Arrangement of types and frequency of project meetings

Declaration of rules which regard relaying information within the project team

Determination of type and frequency concerning written reports

Establishing a common document project system for the project

10

CHAPTER TWO

COMMUNICATIONAL ASPECTS

2.1 Project related communication

To identify the meaning of communication, we have to understand what communication

is and what it is not. Communication can be understood in various contexts, cultures,

channels and media, as it focuses on how people use messages to generate meanings.

Communication is rather a combination of sending information by the sender and the

receiving and understanding this information by the recipient. As long as the recipient

does not understand the transferred data, communication has not been established. [23]

The project team members, especially the project manager needs the ability to

communicate. To be efficient, you have to put yourself in the position of the

communication partner. For example, you have to communicate to some one in the

language he can understand.

Many problems arise in the course of project because of defective communication

between the persons involved in the project. Efficient communication definitely

increases the success potential of the project. A vital part of good communication

politics is to regularly announce the challenges and achievements of the project. Team

members need this information to be proud of their efforts. Informed team members are

much more motivated than uninformed ones.[1]

Communication aspect of project management covers three „C‟s: Communication,

coordination and collaboration.

Communication is transfer and exchange of information between communication

partners. This aspect serves as the basis for coordination of the processes and the

collaboration of the project members.

To reach efficient collaboration, the communication processes must lead to well

coordinated tasks and a project-wide agreement on common goals with the project

team.

11

The communication network in a project should satisfy the following tasks. [1][5]

Exchange of information: Everybody knows something, altogether know more

whether information of the project manager or any other member, project internal

communication should allocate every useful piece of information to anyone who could

need it.

Exchange of experience: Everybody has skills to achieve something, all together can

achieve almost everything. If any problem is encountered, it may be possible that

someone in the company, organization or project team, already dealt with such a

problem. These experiences can be shared and much time and money can be saved.

Mutual assistance and help: Many developments of project teams can be reused in

other. Something that is difficult to accomplish in one team, maybe no problem for

another one. If the needs of the project are communicated properly with available

knowledge resources, the project will benefit.

Coordination between the project team: Coordination is based on communication

and essential for successful time scheduling, resource planning and controlling

aspects[23].

2.2 Computer supported communication

The computer evolved from a technical marvel in its early days to a practical assistance

nowadays. First, the computers were used for calculations, and then utilized for

information systems such as database and computer networks. Today, computing is

beginning to rejuvenate communication. This change away from conventional

communication methods towards new information infrastructures will affect our lives,

but in which way is not known in detail yet. Experiences from earlier major

technological developments may presume complex consequences. The build up of local

computer based information infrastructure is underway and irreversible. Computer

supported communication causes shift in the things we do and in our way of thinking,

too. These new forms of communication have the ability to alter personal relationships

and the manner how people communicate with each other. For example, the dependence

12

of personal relationships is getting more and more unimportant. Instead of personal

relationships, loyal dependencies are getting more relevant. [23] These dependencies are

based on common aims such as implementing a new software product, for instance. For

this reason, it is very important that communication partners who are possibly

anonymous can trust each other. Therefore, computer supported communication will

increase human to computer and decrease human to human dialogues. [3][2]

Within this context, wireless network communication plays a lot role. The deployment

process requires a lot of rigors in project management perspective. Further analysis on

the infrastructure of communication networks shows LAN‟s, MAN‟s and WAN‟s

requirement constraints for a project manager and his team could be made. These

constraints can be technological, social, political, or economic. The network

infrastructure needs to be designed to meet three high level goals:

It should be designed to provide timely, reliable, secure data transport

It should be adaptable to satisfy ever changing-application demands

The cost of future growth needed for business or information expansion should

be appropriate to the extent of the required changes

A carefully planned task is a necessity for all stakeholders to avoid the trouble with

wireless communication system. The issue of pre-work for deployment, feasibility

study, definition of requirements, and constraints will be addressed in the subsequent

chapters.

13

CHAPTER THREE

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

In wireless communication networks, there are many component technologies that

ought to be understood by potential project manager or project management team that is

going to be deployed. It is necessary for the project management team to know the

evolution for wireless technologies prior to the deployment in any given project

scenario. The managerial skill, concept and human skill are required by the potential

project managers. In wireless technology, we have fixed wireless, mobile wireless and

component technologies associated with it. There are also technological services that

are required to be known by the project team.

3.1 Fixed wireless

This is a variant of wireless broadband, where a radio link is used instead of cable for

the transmission of data and voice.[10] It has advantages which is low installation costs,

and simpler . It has the possibility of broadband to access and many users in that it

provides a high data rate connection to the internet. This is different from the traditional

dial-up access. There are different kinds of fixed wireless which is point to point –

based on large based stations, multipoint to multi-point user equipment functions as

mini base station.

3.1.2 Mobile wireless technology

It refers to any wireless technology that uses radio frequency spectrum in any band to

facilitate transmission of text data, voice, video or multimedia services to mobile

devices with freedom of time and location limitation. [10] Mobile wireless technologies

uses public stations, antennas, wireless access points that are connected to wired

network in a building or public area to give a way of access for web resources and

communication for mobile wireless communication technologies users. Examples of

mobile wireless technology components are PDA‟s, mobile wireless PC‟s, handheld

devices, and mobile wireless phones.

14

Figure 2: Connection of wireless computers to a network using WAP (Wireless Access

Point) [11]

In Figure 2, wireless devices connected to wireless access points is shown which makes

it a representation of both fixed wireless and mobile wireless technologies.

3.1.3Wireless Network Evolution

A sound knowledge of this technology evolution on services that is being offered to

consumers in the industry is expected to be on the knowledge of the project

management team. The inability of not knowing how this technology works will not

guarantee a successful wireless network infrastructure deployment.

The evolution of both fixed and wireless communication comes in many generational

progresses:

15

First Generation Wireless Technology (1G): This is based on analog

technology or AMPS advance mobile phone system, and it was designed to

carry voice traffic only. It uses 150 MHz frequency up ward.

Second Generation Wireless Technology (2G): This is based on digital

technology, and it offers increased voice quality and capacity over first

generation. Delivered data at the slow rate of 9.6 Kbytes/sec. Its GPRS (General

Packet Radio Service) can provide data rate from 56kbits up to 115kbits. The

second generation system (2G) is being replaced by second generation interim-

2.5G network and third generation network. The 2G interim provides improved

data rate through packet data service, and is based on digital technology. It has

been implemented as GPR-general packet radio.

Third Generation Wireless Technology: This is based on digital technology. It

offers increased voice capacity and improved data rate than 2G and 2.5G

networks. According to ITU(International Communication Union), CDMA2000(

Code Division Multiple Access2000),CDMA2000 1X-EVDO(Code Division

Multiple Access Extended Evolution Data Optimizer, WCDMA( Wideband

Code Division Multiple Access), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication

Service) and HSDPA(High Speed Downlink Packet Access)/HSUPA(High

Speed Uplink Packet Access).[11] On its interim, it offers between 7.2 and

14.4Mbps on cell phones. Its basic speed is 2mbps.

Fourth Generation Wireless Technology (4G): This is on the proposing stage

or is still on then research. No Frequencies has allocated on it. Although it has

the potential to deliver high speed wireless network, and it will support

100Mbps peak rate in wide area coverage.

Fifth Generation Wireless technology(5): The idea came from fourth

generation. The following evolution will be based on 4G that will boost the

dream of having real wireless world. 5G will provide better services than 4G.

16

3.1.4 Satellite Communication

This is an artificial satellite stationed in the space for telecommunication technology,

and is used for fixed services (point-to-point), and it provide a microwave relay

technology complementary to that of submarine communication cables. They are also

used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles, planes and

hand-held terminals, and for TV and radio broadcasting, for which application of other

technologies, such as cable, cannot be used.

3.1.5 Wireless Standards

In wireless communication network, there are standards that has been developed by

IEEE (Institute of Electrical Electronics Engineers). They are also known as Wi-Fi

technologies, and they conform to 802.11 a,b,g , 802.16 and many more as well as

Bluetooth technologies. It is required for potential project managers to know the pros

and cons of theses technologies prior to their inclusion in the deployment. The different

bandwidth rate that is applicable in all the standards. It will help in making educated

network building decision. How they can be included in the designs, specifications and

cost estimation will help in making the applied project management techniques and

tools successful.

Wi-Fi ( Wireless Fidelity)

Is a wireless technology that uses radio frequency to send data through the air. It stands

for Wireless Fidelity, and it represents any of the 802.11 networks, and 802.16 as well

as others. The main focus on this techno logy is the speed at which it uses to transmit

data, the distance at which it can withstand signal fading, the security capabilities

between each standard. It has been stated to be using 1 and 2Mbps initially. A pictorial

view of a site plan where Wi-Fi technology components are mounted will be shown in

the figure below:

17

Figure 3. A placement site plan for Wi-Fi components [19]

In figure 3, Wi-Fi components are paced on site that are being planned for wireless

network deployment , this is more of a layout design on where the wireless access

will be mount during installation. This is in line with the details given about IEEE

802 wireless standards that are mostly used for wireless LANs.

3.2.1 Fibre Optics

This technology uses light diodes for communication and wave lengths. The

predominant use of optical technology is as very fast “electric wire”. Optical fibres

replace electric wire in communications systems and nothing much else changes. [12]

18

3.2.2 Wide Area Network and System Architecture

WANs cover a large geographical area, may require the crossing of public right – of –

ways, and it consist of number of interconnected switching nodes.[2] It requires a lot of

human effort to implement in the context project management. The system architecture

in this case describes the wireless technology network functions, protocols, and how

they are spread over a large number of technical documents which contain many details

with some of the critical issues. A topology of wide area network showing wireless

components is exemplified in the exhibit below:

Figure 4. Wide Area Network showing wireless components.[7]

In Figure 4, it talks about wireless communication, and many technologies that are in

high demand industry wide. For example, GSM (Global System for Mobile

Communication), WiMAX (World wide Interoperability for Microwave Access

requires a lot of engineering techniques in the context project management. The

deployment of theses technologies requires a lot of human and material resources. The

drawbacks associated with these technologies cannot be compromised anymore in that

19

it has motivated many scholars to be researching on how proper planning could be

initiated prior to the deployment to minimize risks and uncertainties. The efficiency of

network service in any given network scenario gives competitive edge for the

stakeholders. A usage diagram of WiMAX service is shown in this diagram as well as

the diagram below:

Figure 5. A usage model of WiMAX services. [6]

In Figure 5, Considering the usage model diagram of WiMAX services, it shows that

the technology can deliver wireless broadband anytime, anywhere. Wireless broadband

is high-speed Internet and data service delivered through a wireless local area network

(WLAN) or wireless wide area network (WWAN).

20

As with other wireless service, wireless broadband may be either fixed or mobile

wireless which was mentioned earlier. A fixed wireless service provides wireless

Internet for devices in relatively permanent locations, such as homes and offices (as

shown in the figure above). Fixed wireless broadband technologies include LMDS

(Local Multipoint Distribution System) and MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint

Distribution Service) systems for broadband microwave wireless transmission direct

from a local antenna to homes and businesses within a line-of-sight radius. The service

is similar to that provided through digital subscriber line (DSL) or cable modem but the

method of transmission is wireless. A mobile broadband service provides connectivity

to users who may be in temporary locations, such as coffee shops. Mobile broadband

works through a variety of devices, including portable modems and mobile phones, and

a variety of technologies including WiMAX.

Mobile WiMAX based on IEEE 802.16e standard has been developed for high-speed

data rate applications especially in mobile environments compared with other IEEE 802

series standards( as mentioned in the WiFi standard ). The first standard was published

two support communication in the 10-66GHz frequency band. A revised version

introduced in 2003 was introduced to provide additional physical layer specification for

2-11 GHz frequency band. Because of scarce frequency resources, it is unavoidable to

interfere the neighboring commercial mobile networks when mobile WiMAX system is

deployed [26].

Hence, all these are reflected in the figure titled wireless broadband

anytime, anywhere which shows WiMAX services.

21

CHAPTER FOUR

PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS

In the preceding chapters, project management overview was given and communication

aspect of it was discussed in the same light as benefits of human efforts in project

related management or alike. Although the concept was more of managerial outlook but

it is necessary to include it in this research because is ICT (Information and

Communication Technology) related. There are a lot of techniques and tools in project

management that has proven to be helpful in planning and completion of projects across

diverse industries.

In the context of this project,four project management techniques have been chosen and

one of them (GANTT CHART) is used to demonstrate the logic through the Microsoft

project management software , which by default launches Gantt Chart . This makes it

scientific, engineering in applicability (the real time software interaction with the user,

the visual effects on the software platform and many features makes it engineering or

scientific). Each technique and tool is unique in its application and process. For the sake

of this research, I focus on Microsoft project software, that is, Ms Project which is a

computer software application based technique or tool. Information could be keyed on it

from Gantt chart layout, as a lot of studies has shown that. The methods and tools that

project manager‟s use can be helpful for everyone, and task does not necessarily have to

be called a „project‟ in order for project management methods to be very useful in its

planning and implementation.

There are four project management tools or techniques, which are brainstorming,

Fishborne/Ishikawa Diagrams, Critical Path Analysis Flow Diagram, and Gantt Chart.

Theoretically, the methods and techniques are not restricted to this four mentioned. In

addition to this four, another one to be included is PERT (Program evaluation and

Review Technique) and many of these are listed in a sample of related study. Each of

these tools has their strengths and purposes as which will be analyzed.

22

A matrix key of them is shown in figure 6:

B F C G

Project brainstorming and initial concepts, ideas,

structures, aims, etc

*** **

Gathering and identifying all elements, especially

causal and hidden factors * *** **

Scheduling and timescales ** ***

Identifying and sequencing parallel and interdependent

activities and stages * *** *

Financials - costing, budgets, revenues, profits,

variances, etc * * ** ***

Monitoring, forecasting, reporting * ** ***

Troubleshooting, problem identification, diagnosis and

solutions ** *** ** *

'Snapshot' or 'map' overview - non-sequential, non-

scheduled ** ***

Format for communications, presentations, updates,

progress reports, etc

* * ***

Figure 6. Matrix key of four project management techniques.

The matrix shows how important how the information is, in comparison to other tools.

The Matrix key represents the following:

23

B= Brainstorming ***-main tool

F= Fishborne **- optional/secondary

C= Critical part analysis Flow Diagrams

G= Gannt * - sometimes useful

4.1 Research Analysis

In this context, the usefulness of all the mentioned project management techniques is

shown in figure 6 and whatever project that is set to achieve a goal can apply anyone

found suitable. The problem associated with wireless technology in industry wide is

mostly signal deterioration, which has been its drawback, and it has been motivating

many professionals in the ICT to improve on such problems.

Prior to deployment of wireless network infrastructure, a lot of resources are required to

be put in place, and this could cover human and capital resources. The humans are both

project members and management they work with, while capital is the tool, machine

that is applied for pre-installation of the technology. This is reflected in the analysis of

the technique applied in this project and related studies.

4.1.2 Brainstorming

This is different from most management skills and methods, and its first stage is ideally

a free thinking and random technique. It can be overlooked by many people because is

not a natural approach for many people whose main strength are in systems and

processes. Result wise, the stage of the project planning process can benefit from being

facilitated by a team member able to manage such a session, specifically to help very

organize people to think randomly and creatively.

24

4.1.3 Fishborne Diagrams

This technique is mostly used in quality management fault detection, and in business

process improvement, in the case of manufacturing and production but the model is

very useful in project management and task planning and task management generally.

Within project management, Fishborne diagrams are useful for planning. For instance,

is use during brainstorming. It is said to be not good for scheduling or showing

interdependent time critical factors. Fisborne diagrams are called „cause and effect‟

diagrams or Ishikawa diagram after Kauro Ishikawa, a Japanese Professor, who

specializes in engineering and quality management. The diagram looks like a Fish bone

that is why it is called „fishborne‟.

In analysis, Fishborne diagram can support any category that makes sense in project

deployment. Typically, Fishborne has six or more main bones feeding into the spine.

The categories mentioned include environment, management, systems, training, legal

and others. It is said to be an effective model and tool for mapping of an entire project

operation. Where a Fishborne diagram is used for project planning, the effect is shown

as an aim or outcome or result, and not a problem.

25

Problem

Statement

Figure 7. Showing a fishborne diagram[14]

In Figure 7, Fishborne diagram which is one of the project management techniques is

demonstrated through the arrows moving towards various directions . The underlying

analysis helps in understanding how proper planning and management of resources

could help in solving problems already foreseen.

4.1.4 Critical Path Analysis-CPA (Flow Chart or Diagram)

This is a logical and very effective method for planning and managing complex

projects. It is normally shown as flow diagram (organized in a line). Another name for

critical path analysis is critical path method, abbreviated as CPA, CPM. They enable a

plan to be scheduled according to timescale. It also enables costing and budgeting but as

26

easily as Gantt Chart. They also help planners to identify casual factors or elements but

not as easily as Fishborne diagram.

The critical path analysis example below shows just a few activities over a few minutes.

It is possible for one to use MS Excel or similar spreadsheet to show critical path

analysis, which allows financial totals and time totals to be planned and tracked.

Although, there are various specialized project management software that can enable

the same thing. It can require no computer training at all in that you can put 90% of the

thinking and structure in place.

CPA flow diagram example:

Figure 8. showing a typical CPA diagram.[15]

In Figure 8, the diagram on CPA demonstrates how it functions in the above paragraph.

I am going to talk about the benefits and limitations of CPA, which is stated below:

27

Provides graphical view of the project.

Predicts the time required to complete the project.

Shows which activities are critical to maintaining the critical and which are not.

For limitations of CPA, it was said to be easy to understand and use. It does not

consider the time variations that can have a great impact on the completion time of a

complex project. CPA was developed for complex but fairly routine projects with

minimum uncertainty in the project completion times. For less routine projects there is

more uncertainty in the completion times, and this uncertainty limits its usefulness. [15]

All these explanations are found in the sampled activities mentioned above.

4.1.5 P.E.R.T(Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

For (PERT) which stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique, is a network

model that allows for randomness in activity completion times. PERT was developed in

the 1960‟s for the United States Navy‟s Polaris project having thousands of contractors.

It has the potential to reduce both the time and cost required to complete a project. [15]

It was briefly mention in my CPA analyses but a broad detail about it in this session

will be given. It is typically represented as an activity arc network. In which the

activities are represented on the lines and milestones on the nodes. Diagrammatically:

Figure 9. PERT Chart[15]

In figure 9,the milestones generally are numbered so that the ending node of an activity

has a higher number than the beginning node. Incrementing the numbers by 10 allows

for new ones to be inserted without modifying the numbering of the entire diagram. The

28

activities in the above diagram are labeled with letters along with the expected time

required to complete the activity.[15]

Considering its benefits, it has the following:

Expected project completion time

Probability of completion before a specified date

The critical path activities that directly impact the completion time

Activities start and end dates

For the limitations, it includes the following:

Activity time estimate is prone to bias as the group or person conducting the

activity could use personal judgment that could lack objectivity

The underestimation of the project completion time due to alternate paths

becoming critical is perhaps the most serious

4.2 Gantt Charts

These are extremely useful project managemmet tools. The Gantt Chart is named after

U.S engineer and consultant Henry Gantt”(1861-1919) who devised the techniques in

the 1910s. Gantt Chart are excellent models for scheduling and for budjeting, and for

reporting and for presenting and communicating project plans and progress easily and

quickly. As a rule, Gantt Chart is not as good as critical part analysis flow Diagram for

identifying and showing interdependent factors, or for „mapping‟ a plan from and /or

into all the detailed casual or contributing element. Gantt Chart can be constructed using

similar spreadsheet activities including timeline for the duration of the project. You can

schedule review and insert break points. At the end of each line, you can show as many

cost columns for the activities as you need.

The case example shows a lot of activities that will be carried out using the Gantt Chart

technique and microsoft project managenent as atool that is inseparable in the conetxt of

29

this project. Gantt Chart are probably the most flexible and useful of all project

management tools, but remember they do not very easily or obviously show the

importance or interdependence of related parallel activities,and they don‟t show the

necessity to complete one task before another can begin.

Gantt Chart Usage Case Example:

In a case of wireless network deployment scenario where IPv6(Internet Protocol version

6) is being considered for deployment, it could be shown in tabular activity format.

Thus:

Activity Code Activity Duration in

days

Depends

on/Predecessors

A. Main Task

Subtask

Technical Specification

Contact with Hardwofare

vendors

Get information about the

Hardware

14 2,4

3( subtask)

B. Main Task

Subtask

Specification analysis

Analysis by Hardware

group

Analysis by Software

group

Check for compatibility of

Hardware and Software

site survey report

Review by technical team

approval by the HR

11 1,5

7,8

11(Subtask)

C. Main Task Installation approval

Cost estimation

Budget Approval

6

14

30

D. Main Task

Subtask

Deployment of

equipment

Power equipments

Network devices

software packages

6 15

E. Main Task

Subtask

First Installation

Commencement

UPS & electrical devices

Routers & switches

workstations

4 19

9

21(Subtask)

F. Main Task

Subtask

Installation of network

components

WAN network devices

installed

LAN network devices

5 15

(Subtask)

G. Main Task

Subtask

Installation of software

Utility

Firewalls installation

inbtw LAN/WAN

Anti-virus on workstations

LAN

4 10

28(Subtask)

H. Main Task

Subtask

Verification and

validation

Testing between LANS

3 29

(Subtask)

I. Main Task Performance evaluation 2 31

Subtask Feedback

Figure 10. Showing a sample Gantt Chart of IPv6 deployment activity in written form

31

In Figure 10, a tabular representation of Gantt Chart is shown. Gantt Chart is the

quickest and simplest method for formal planning. The analysis does not end with what

is displayed in figure 10, the software tool will be used as we proceed to demonstrate

deeply all variables associated with the deployment. It can be very useful in planning

project with a limited number of tasks and the chart shows activities in horizontal lines,

whose length depends on the time needed to completed the activities. The lines could

show how much activity that has been completed.

So, drawing a Gantt Chart requires informaion on the following areas:

The logic of the tasks

The duration of the task

The resources available to complete the task

4.2.1 Microsoft Project Software

It is one of the most widely used software packages for project management. It can be

used for resource constraints projects in that the package applies a priority –based

procedure using a specific schedule generation scheme. Studies have shown that

computational results for a set of 1320 project from the standard test set indicate that the

result- allocation capabilities of Microsoft Project comparable to those of the best

performing softwares packages. [13]

Task of Project Management software

- Scheduling: It helps in scheduling series of events or taskand the

complexity of the schedule can vary considerably depending on how the tool

is used.

- Providing Information: Project planning software can be expected to

provide information to various people. For example, task list of people,and

allocation schedules for resources.

Approaches to project management software

- Desktop: It has the capability to run on desktops if implemented in such

platform. And it has the ability to collaborate with nother users.

32

- Web based: It can be implemented as a web applcation , people can access

it through internet, intranet and extranet using web browser.

- Collaborative: A collaborative system is designed to support muliple users

modifying different sections of the plan at once.

- Integrated: An integrated system combines many project management or

planning, with many aspect of the company file.

There are many benefits associated to using this Microsoft project management

software, it is listed in details:[16]

- Familiar and intiutive: With the use of favorite tools and graphical menus,

it create a familiar experience that will help you reporting your project.

- Save time and effort: The functions helps in making your task faster , and

you put less effort in running many applications like text wrapping,

zooming, copy and paste features make collaboartion with other microsoft

office applications possible.

- Flexible and powerful: This could be exemplified by saying that it works

with summary of data initially or shift to a more detailed approach when it‟s

convenient. It helps in making information available through note reminders.

- Easier to see and share: This feature helps in clearer view of tasks and

milestones. Important dates could be shared among project team.

- At -a –glance: It provides the mix of people and resources. It also helps in

resolving conflict derived from a task schedule.

- Control and deliver: This stands for quick view of budjet comparison, in

cases of actual budjet, forecasted values to measure initiatives progress with

flexibility.

- Evaluate possibilities: This case helps in evaluating scenarios and you

considering options. You can esily experiment with your project planning

using what – if-analysis tool.

- Collaborate with others:This option aids collaboration with other microsoft

utilities like Microsoft Sharepoint which could be useful between project

33

members. You can send your files in this sharepoint sites for your team

members get communicated plans of the project.

- Grow capabilities: It helps in delivering end-to-end capabilities to help

organizations prioritize investments and optimize resources, gain control of

all types of work, and visualize performance by using powerful

dashboards.[16]

- Enhance performance: It has the capacity to handle very large project and

program as it shares compatibilty with other project management tools like

project server 2007 and many utilities.

This resource allocation also could involve or could be used in the context of ICT

projects planning, designing, and maintaining all the resources that is needed for a

successful wireless network infrastructure deployment.

Moreover, the use of this software as a project management tool is not restricted to the

benefits mentioned above. It can be divided into three sections, which are planning,

communicating, analyzing and tracking. It will increase the effectiveness of project

managers in any given project. This software utility which comes with a default Gantt

Chart has the advantage of multi-level task undo that makes planning to be flexible. It

will enhance effectiveness and productivity of a potential project manager.

34

Figure 11. A screen shot of IPv6 deployment activities showing main task and subtasks

on Gantt Chart.

In Figure 11, the left pane of the microsoft project software windows environment

shows a Gantt Chart activity of the deployment process of IPv6 in a given scenario.

The columns and rows represents different resources and variables required by the

project team. This involves the task pane, duration of the task ,start and finish dates, the

predecessors which represents the dependencies between each activity, and resource

names. It shows nine main tasks and subtasks under each main tasks. The activities in

days and weeks are shown through a displayed 3-D Gantt Chart formation or

milestones. Thus, showing interdependencies of each task prior to completion by the

project management team. It means that there is no task that is completely independent

in this scenario.

35

Figure 12. A continuation of figure 11 showing the remaining acivities in Gantt Chart

layout and milestones.

In figure 12 , the first miletsone is shown in gray coloured Gantt Bar followed by

subtask that are coloured in blue. The drop down arrows indicate the dependencies

inbetween the main tasks and subtasks or the link between tasks. These dependencies

started as a result of assigned resources names whose actions determines the next action

of other names, and they come in form of team members playing ther official roles in

order to come out with a result.The resource names are human resources/technical ,

management approved, logistics,site activity I,site activityII, core site activity, comment

and results.

36

Figure 13. A network styled layout of the activities of the project team.

In Figure 13, each activity has a blue colored box to show the migration process and

the start date as well as the finishing dates. It shows interconnectivity of task ,that is ,

critical in path anaylsis. The blue lined layout shows where the subtasks joins each

other thereby reflecting the kind of job done as well as time duration. It starts from

technical specification main task through contact for software,contact with hardware

vendors. From the figure, we have technical specification , contact with hardware

vendors, contact for the software, get information about the hardware and generate

report on technical specification.

37

Figure 14. Showing a continuation of network styled activity .

In Figure 14, it start with specification analysis with critical path indication because it

has red lined borders , then followed by analysis on hardware group, check for

compatibility, then it moves to UPS and electrical devices. We have the remaining five

activities below the upper part following the chain.

38

Figure 14 continued

In the same Figure 14, a continuation of the previous activities showing fully a

connection between the networked tasks, it shows interconnection the previous subtasks

to a last subtask of routers and switches, they afre all blue lined.

39

Figure 15. Showing network diagram of further activities on main task and subtask(

continuation)

In figure 15, a continuation of the main tasks as conducted by the project team as shown

in the networked portions of the activity blocks. The ones with blue lines represents non

critical activities as conducted by the project team. It shows less intensity of the tasks

being executed. From the contact of the hardware vendors through get information

about the hardware, and generate report on technical review.

40

Figure 16 A screen shot of network diagram showing main task and subtask proceeding

from previous figures.

In Figure 16, we have nine networked activities showing both main tasks and subtasks.

In cases where there is no interconnect occurs as result of the timing as designed by the

project team which makes the activity or task to be independent from the previous

activity in the network activity. The subtask of feedback is bordered with a red line and

it shows critical nature of the task.

41

Figure 17. Showing more of network diagram of tasks

In Figures 17, illustrate the start date and finishing dates within the main task and

subtasks. The networked path starts from the Anti virus on workstations LANs and

moves to verification and validation and testing between LANs. This critical path shows

a great deal of work by the project teams thereby indicating durations and task

dependencies but is not reflected in this figure. The task dependencies relies on the

main tasks which specification analysis in this diagram.

The performance evaluation is the main task while the feedback is the subtask. The task

in them is said to be critical because we can calculate the changes that occurs between

the original task and the subsequent tasks. It is obvious to note that feedback got a high

intensity of tasks as it shows red linings on it.

42

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Contact with HW vendors, 3 days

Cnact for the Software, 5 days

Figure 18.Calender Interface.

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Generate report on technical Specifications, 3 daysAnalysis by HW group, 3 days Check for compatibility of HW and SW, 8 days

Analysis by SW group, 3 days

site survey report, 6 days

Review by technical team, 7 days

Installation Approval, 4 days

Cost estimation, 2 days Budget Approval, 2 days

Figure 19. Calendar interface continues.

43

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Check for compatibility of HW and SW, 8 days

approval by the HR, 3 days

Deployment of Equipment, 10 days

Network devices, 6 days First Installation Commencement, 3 days Routers & switches, 2 days

Figure 19 continues

In Figures 18 and 19 the calendar of previous figures aligns. It helps to knowing the

week and month duration of tasks in calendar format, in this case we will know which

month all the task was executed as well as the days of the week.

This calender interface shows the beginning of the tasks pictorial format which will

help the project team in creating effective report on the job done. Each 3-D Gantt bar

represents the task name and the number days it was conducted.This covers two

subtasks , but the individual subtask on Technical specification is covered for 14 days

and from the Gantt bar layout we have it as three while the fourth one is Specification

Analysis which has 11 days from the Gantt bar layout.

Limitations

The constraint in this project case comes in all activities or subtasks shown on the Gantt

Chart case analysis. From technical specifications to the last activity – performance

evaluation, they all have their own degree of constraints. It occurs mostly in the

technical specification subtask and the installation approval subtask. The case of

technical specification is a rigorous task to implement because a lot issues has to be

addressed, brainstorming among project team has to occur before technical

specification.

44

Although there could be budgetary constraint but that could be handled by the

management over time. Moreover, it is bound to happen and the critical path layout will

go along way in helping the project management team measurement of various tasks as

variances occurs. With this view, the project management team can communicate the

information provided by the tool. The Gantt bar shows a nucleated form of all the

calendars and task names assigned to it.

A wide range of computerized systems softwares now exist for project management and

planning. There are many methods in the industry but the focus of this project will be

Ms Project utilization for sustaining wireless network infrastructure deployment. Prior

to the deployment, proper planning is required with proprietory computerized softwares,

managing and maintaining the wirless network infrasturcture and resources allocation is

required over time calls for this MS project software understanding .

4.2.2 Comparative Studies

A lot of studies have been found successful where PM tools assure project success. In a

project scenario, where a technology – intensive work was carried out, a project

management framework that includes a PM Plan, project organization, PM tools and

techniques, and performance monitoring, measurement control, where integrally

applied.

The use of these project management techniques conform with the globally accepted

model called PM framework which is PMI (Project Management Institute) and PMBOK

Guide (2008) which is a Project Management Body of Knowledge.[20]

45

Figure 20: Showing project management tools and Techniques. [20]

46

In Figure 20, shown in the study of Angelo Bernard Pinheiro, on the tabulation of

different Microsoft project management techniques, for instance, PERT and CPM was

shown in the list and it was applied by the authors. In the work of Gregor von

Laszewski and Leor E. Dilmaniane it provided a rich environment with powerful

visualization capabilities. This case of the project management tools was used in e-

science project and experimented with Microsoft project. The objective was based on

Cyberaide framework for simplifying the development of advanced Cyber-

infrastructure or e-science applications. Much of the framework allows integrating

various components through drag and drop components directories. The component

includes access to social networking services. Though this integration is rich set of

functionality addressing the development, deployment and execution of e-science

application is available to the end user. [21] The result was that it helps the end user for

workflow modeling and design tool in Grid computing, and the intention of the project

(related study) is not just to create an interface to Grid back-ends. The full potential of

Cyber aide becomes apparent [21].

The reason for the adoption of Microsoft project software was its ease of use by many

professionals, and the collaborative features that supports planning, workflow

composition, execution, documents publication; notification information sharing may be

conductive to the scientific discovery and review process.

47

Figure. 21. Using Microsoft project to build and execute a Grid based workflow[21].

In Figure 21, it shows a workflow and highlights the well known features of Microsoft

in the Gantt Chart view. Also, in the study of Gregor von Laszewski and Leor E.

Dilmaniane.

In the study of Norbert Trautmann, Philipp Baumann where this technique was applied,

studies have shown that computational results for a set of 1320 project from the

standard test set indicate that the result- allocation capabilities of Microsoft Project

comparable to those of the best performing softwares packages.

A case of Microsoft Project which generates some initial schedules by sampling various

priority rules, and improve each of these schedules by iterative –backward

passes.[13]This software tool work on RCPSP( Resource-Contraint Project Scheduling

Problem), and how resource could be allocated on the software platform. A sample Ms

Project screen shot will be shown below:

48

Figure 22. Schedule obtained by the built-in resource-allocation procedure of Microsoft

Project (screenshot)[13]

In Figure 22, from the screenshot, the Gantt Chart portion could be seen as default task

pane which contains task name, duration, start, finish etc. It was actually used for

resource allocation heuristically. The new heuristic renders the resource-allocation

capabilities of Microsoft Project competitive with those of the best-performing project

management software packages; this holds in particular for large-sized projects. The

iterative backward/forward scheduling technique decreases the average deviation from

the critical-path based lower bound from 37.91% (default priority values, without

iterative backward/forward) to 31.77% (best-choice priority values, with iterative

backward/forward).[13]

Hence, the iterative capabilities of Microsoft Project shows a lot of activity inputs in a

given project that was numbered up to 1320( One Thousand Three Hundred and Twenty

) , and the result was gotten. The Microsoft project software was used under VBA (

Visual basic Application). Computational results for a standard test set consisting of

49

1320 projects indicate that the presented heuristic improves the resource-allocation

capabilities of Microsoft Project considerably.[13] This is considered the result of the

study because it was more of comparison. .The underlying idea, skill or concept of this

resource allocation also could be involved or could be used in the context ICT

(Information and Communication Technology) projects planning, designing, and

maintaining all the resources that are involved for a successful wireless network

infrastructure deployment.

In the study of Wei jia, which is on construction project management, techniques and

tools of project management where applied. The technique was named „Matrix

Organization Structure‟, which conforms to the logic being portrayed by the topic of

this research. [22] It goes to demonstrate how this technique is being applied, and the

result gotten was as follows:

Clearly define the project objective

Divide and sub-divide the project scope into work packages

Define the specific activity that needs to be performed by each work packages

Graphically portray the activities in the form of a network diagram

Make a time schedule for how long it will take to complete each activity

Make a cost estimate for each activity

Calculate a project schedule and budget to determine how long the project will

take [22]

All these are reflected in the Microsoft project software as a tool applied within the

context of this project. In this case, there were no numerical results in form of figures

but were more of theoretical findings as listed in the bulleted points above.

In line with the same comparative studies, some topics where the project management

techniques and tools are applied could be stated further. They are all shown in this sub-

heading of comparative studies, in the case of Norbert Trautmann, Philipp Baumann on

an Iterative Backward/Forward Technique for the Scheduling of Resource-Constrained

Projects using Microsoft Project [13], they provided a comparison of Microsoft project

with other software packages or state-of the-art methods for scheduling of resource -

50

constrained project, and they claimed that Microsoft Project performed poorly unlike

other software. But they presented a trial and error (heuristic) study for Microsoft

Project which generates some initial schedules by sampling various priority rules, and

improve each of these schedules by iterative backward-forward passes. The result

shows that the calendar constraints in the Microsoft project, through the trial and error,

employs only Microsoft projects schedule- generation scheme.

The final result on this study was gotten from a computational result for a set 1320

projects from the standard test which indicate that the presented trial and error

(heuristic) renders the resource – allocation capabilities of Microsoft project comparable

(similar) to those of the best performing packages.

Gregor von Laszewski and Leor E. Dilmanian, on e-Science Project and Experiment

Management with Microsoft Project, which uses visualization capabilities of the project

management software in managing the grid workflow Wei Jia on Application of

Project Management Techniques in Construction Management, which applied project

management techniques .

51

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Wireless Network Infrastructure Deployment

In this session, wireless network using Internet Protocol Version six(IPV6) was used as

a point of focus or technology for analyses. Wireless networks are becoming more and

more afordable and easier to adopt than ever. A wireless infrastructure can make it

easier to recognize your office space growth and changes. When you take into account

productivity gains, both inside the office and at public "hot spots," going wireless is an

obvious choice, especially when compared to the cost of running a Cat 5 network LAN

cable throughout a building.[18]

In this case, some steps could be considered; it can stand as the pre-installation or pre-

deployment task in a given scenario, or comprehensively, the feasibility study prior to

deployment, like these ones:

Understand it: There are a lot of benefits associated to wireless in that it can

help your business to be more productive. In comparison to wired networks,

wireless networks are a viable and affordable alternative that offers the benefit

of making your environment more flexible. On the other hand, wired networks

can be an inefficient network medium.

Plan it: It involves consideration of benefits you could get after installation or

prior to the integration of wireless in your infrastructure. Some advantages like

reduced cost of installation, flexibility, convenient information access. Further,

evaluation of your future networking needs and current one should be kept in

mind prior to deployment.

Do it: This has to deal with actually setting up wireless network after it must

have been planned. Once the equipments are noted down, like the wireless

clients and access points, installation process that will meet your network needs

begins. For instance, testing, environment, network compatibility, number of

users should be considered.

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Use it: This has to deal with recommending some wireless specification

measures to ensure that your wireless communication network is secure. For

example, WEP security control, MAC addressing scheme, and many more.

Support it: This involves using third party professionals to support your

network as it grows over time because the dynamics of wireless network utilities

will definitely call for problems and upgrade.

Going through IPV6 (Internet Protocol Version Six) wireless network infrastructure

deployment in North America, a lot of resources were required. As a case study I will

use to implement the simplest and quickest technique (GANTT CHART) through its

default launch on Microsoft project software platform. There are issues that we need to

address:

Where are we with deployment?

Where do we go next?

Good news predictions for years ahead!

What are the business drivers for this technology?

5.2 IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)

Is defined as the network layer protocol for the internet, and is one of the pillars which

support the internet. IPv6 is designed to solve the problems of IPv4. It does so by

creating a new version of the protocol which serves the function of IPv4, but without

the same limitations of IPv4. IPv6 is not totally different from IPv4: what you have

learned in IPv4 will be valuable when you deploy IPv6. The differences between IPv6

and IPv4 are in five major areas: addressing and routing, security, network address

translation, administrative workload, and support for mobile devices. IPv6 also includes

an important feature: a set of possible migration and transition plans from IPv4. [17]

5.2.1 IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) Problems and Limitations

There are many problems associated with the use of IPv4 which are:

53

Running out Internet Addresses: This limits the internet growth for existing

users and hinders use of the internet for existing users. It also makes internet

routing to be inefficient. It forces users to use translation, that is, Network

Address Translation (NAT).

System Management Costs: It is labor intensive, complex, slow and error

prone. It has inconsistent level of DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration

Protocol) support in clients. It calls for renumbering of networks. There is the

issue that causes address space shortage when choosing a more competitive ISP

(Internet Service Providers).

Considering the limitations and problems associated with IPv4, results from various

researches has provided IP version that will perform beyond such limitations and

problems, which is IPv6.

5.2.2 Deployment State of IPv6

This consists of the following: Core standards defined within a specified time frame;

Initial network pilots on internets and labs; Base network products and platforms in the

market; Requirement definition for IPV6; Internet Service providers begin

infrastructure deployment; Application development heterogeneous platform and

Complete IPV6 networks and systems.

Where is this Network Infrastructure Located?

At the client network which is found within LAN computers and has web

browsers thereby receiving and requesting information over the network. At the

provider network involves company‟s that provides internet services to

customers or on the other hand, it could be an organization that provides

bandwidth by direct backbone to customers, and at the applications point of

service network.

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Deploying Network Infrastructure for Mobile IPV6 Network must be a

priority

Mobile IPv6 networks further complicate the infrastructure planning process,

but imperative [17].This is because many mobile users need it , for example,

the soldier in military operation needs it for his communication gadgets, as well

as typical scenarios.

What are the Components for Network Infrastructure with Mobile IPv6?

Network Access Operation which provides access to other network users, that is,

components with the internetwork that plays such role. Network Provider Operation

involves firms working as ISP‟s (Internet Service Providers) to multiple subscribers

or end users. Network Management involves skill professionals in the field of

managing network components within organizations.

Points of Network Infrastructure( Geography)

Packets over local link which is the transmission of data over LANS that falls

within communication control protocol. There is Packets over site which is

transmission of data between routing topologies or different locations ( WAN)

that has been configured to use IPv6; Packets over intranet occurs when data

transmission is within an organizations or a company‟s (internal) network ;

Packet over Internet occurs when data is being transmitted between computers

in the inter network; Packets over mobile IPv6 Network (wireless) is when the

data moves between network components using IPv6; Packets from IPV4

network through IPV6 cloud to IPV4 network this talks about compatibility

between the services IPv4 and IPv6 .

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Points of Network Infrastructure (Nodes)

This involves the following: Clients which are computers that shares resources

with other computers in a network. Servers are the computer machines that host

information and resources for other computers. Routers are network devices

used as gateways between multiple networks. Switches are network devices

used within local area networks, Printers, Gateways are devices that support

computers and other electronics within a network, Firewalls are devices that are

used to protect networks organizations, they provide many features within

intranet and internet. Proxies are any network device or applications platform

that can serve other machines on the network; Management Nodes (For example

Network, Security, Mobility, QoS);Any Node supporting Transition

Mechanisms.

Points of Network Infrastructure (Software)

Network Management and Utilities involves the software that is being used

within local area networks of a company or intranet of an organization, for

instance, firewalls; Network Internet Infrastructure Applications involves data

communication between networks of computers within the internet

infrastructure. Network Systems Applications involves applications that run

within servers and other edge computing services.

Infrastructure Deployment Hot Spots

Wireless Communications and integration with Wire line (Broadband) Communications

-The hotspot that requires wireless services components does not fully rely on wireless

component rather integration of the both wireless component devices and wired devices

is required in the deployment process.

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Mobile IPv6 for Wireless Handoffs and Mobile Ad--Hoc Routing – This talks about

routing capabilities for a mobile user or host to roam outside their home network with

the capabilities of IPv6. Research findings has shown that IPv6 was designed to replace

IPv4, considerations for introducing new functionalities and improving on IPv4 where

taken into account. IPv6 routers have built-in functions eliminating the need for a

foreign agent. Triangular routing and tunneling required for IPv4 can now be avoided

through IPv6 routing headers. Security problems are intrinsically solved with improved

addressing architecture and scalability issues are overcome with its 128-bit address

space [27].

Application Porting Methodology- In this context, porting application to 32-bit

operating system to 64-bit applications or operating systems shows compatibility

functions of IPv6 with many application that will be deployed within a network

infrastructure hotspot. Whatever issue that is found in this case will be handled the

methodologies employed in application process by the engineers.

Tunnels around IPv4 encryption –The devices that cannot be upgraded to IPv6

immediately and performance of that tunnel will require encryption in that the data

passing through the devices will be secured. It will help to avoid possibility of spoofing

between within both tunnels of IPv4 and IPv6. The concept of the tunnel consisting of a

pair of unidirectional security association (SA) at each end of the tunnel that specify the

security parameter index (SPI) , destination IP address, and security protocol employed.

Then, through Security Authentication, an IP tunnel can be provide the following

functions of privacy (via encryption), content integrity (via data authentication), and

sender authentication (via data origin authentication) [28].

IPv6 Security infrastructure requirements- This requires best practices on installation of

the communication equipment that will forestall security standard and protecting the

network infrastructure hotspot where the IPv6 applications will run. IPv6 Intrusion

Detection- This shows the data management capabilities in IPv6 network in comparison

to IPv4 network in that Routing is one of the banes of the current Internet architecture.

57

The propagation of routes and, in particular, the lack of use of aggregation by major

ISPs means that routing tables are huge and growing. IPv6 was designed from the

beginning to be class-less and in particular the address allocation scheme means that

you will no longer be able to take a bit of the address space and carry it with you. There

will be Top Level Aggregators (TLAs) which will delegate parts of their huge address

space as need be. Another significant enhancement is the complete lack of checksum in

the header. In the current IPv4 protocol there are lots of redundant checksums: In IPv6

the idea is that if you really need a checksum then you want a cryptographically strong

checksum. Otherwise there is no point in wasting both space and compute time [29]

.

Training, Porting applications, and Hardware Upgrades for some nodes will have cost –

The deployment hotspot requires training of the onsite users in areas of handling

security issues and other issues hardware upgrades and usage within a span of time.

Network Management of new IPv6 infrastructure and points of transition- The point of

transition here will require network management of the new technology deployed which

is IPv6 especially, the point of transition from IPv4.

All these categories listed will be required by any project team deploying these

technologies. Before planning, knowledge of what you desire is a necessity, because

you could face a hitch. A necessity requirement of the network edges will permit true

end-2-end security and operational trust model.

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CHAPTER SIX

6.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Project management from the forgoing can be applied in any field, that is, any

profession requires project management techniques, and the analysis in this project is

not based on a small project. It is centered on ICT (Information and Communication

Technology) related based project with high risk and demand. Planning,

communicating, analyzing in project management helps project team to be effective in

task delivery.

I have found it necessary to elaborate on project management theories, concepts and

practices in the preceding chapters, for instance, Gannt Chart which is project

management technique or tool was proposed by Henry Gannt .Henry Gannt is famous

for his theory on the use of Gannt Chart tool as a planning and control techniques in

complex engineering projects. The project content will not be richly acknowledge if I

did not go into communicational aspect of project management where these resources

are being debated, supported and promoted. In trying to demonstrate the application of

project management techniques to wireless network deployment, it is imperative to

come up with fine-grained analysis of what wireless communication system stands for

in overview. Understanding the underlying technologies is very important for potential

project managers, and its‟ industry best support has come of age.

The developing economies of the world with special reference to Africa have

demonstrated the need for these technologies through telecommunication evolution in

their industry. For instance, telecommunication industry in Nigeria and other African

countries are on the rise to deliver high –end telecommunication services through

upgrade of analog to digitalization of wireless communication infrastructure, which led

to 2G, 3G and the „G‟ technologies that is prevalent today. Most human resource

professionals has found it necessary to be including a knowledge and skill of project

management , as a prerequisite for potential or would be employees in the process of

recruiting job within multinational companies. The recognition it got from

59

standardization bodies like Project Management Institutes (PMI) has demonstrated the

need for scholars to be researching deeply on how project management techniques and

tools could be improved.

The use of these techniques (Gannt Chart, Brainstorming, and Fishborne) is not limited

to ICT alone, but many other areas like construction projects, and other engineering

disciplines. The planning, designing, implementing, managing and maintaining a

wireless network infrastructure, that worth millions of dollars cannot be based on paper

work anymore –web collaborative tools is now a necessity. The oil and gas sector has

found it worthwhile in using this project management technique to enhance their

performance in the context of budget, resource allocation and accountability, thereby

aiding efficient use of resources. All these became possible as a result of the flexibility

and collaboration feature of the software – ease of use.

A point of recommendation goes to project management theories to be mastered by all

professionals in the field of management and information technology. The project

management techniques and tools require proper mastering of both in that it will aid

efficient and effective utilization resources. This has been a hallmark of professionals in

skill and theory of project management in all industries.

In the case of deployment of wireless network infrastructure, a lot high risk is involved

and the use a simple and quick project management tool like Microsoft project

guarantees effectiveness, productivity and efficient use of resources. The complexity of

wireless network deployment calls for the need of this project management techniques

(Gannt Chart, Fishborne and Brainstorming) because a successful outcome is required

by the stakeholders.

However, knowing the best project management software in the world cannot guarantee

you success in project planning, rather having a sound knowledge of these tools and

techniques. The logic it portrays helps project managers and non project managers to

achieve effective results. By the tools and skills, Fishborne diagram, PERT analysis,

brainstorming, Gantt chart and Critical path analysis.

60

The efficiency of these tools and techniques has gotten a wide range of support and

recognition by academicians and industry practitioners which calls for its inclusion or

drafting into academic curriculums. In recent times, we have project management as a

course of study in many institutions of learning, and this shows that what I set to

achieve in this project is not only logically bounded within the content of this research,

rather an open-ended proposition is thrown to us, to see project management, skills,

methods, tools and techniques as a potential area for knowledge building, research and

development, efficient and effective use of resources that could enhance productivity.

61

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