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MOZAICMeasurement of Ozone, Water
Vapor, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxide by Airbus In-Service Aircraft
Valérie Thouret (CNRS, Toulouse, France)( [email protected] )
with contributions from the MOZAIC PIs : Jean-Pierre Cammas, Philippe Nédélec, Andreas Volz-Thomas, Herman Smit, Fernand Karcher, Vincent-Henri Peuch, Kathy Law.
and from several MOZAIC CoIs (Europe, USA, China, Africa)
http://mozaic.aero.obs-mip.fr/web/
MOZAIC – INSTRUMENTATION (on commercial aircraft)
INSTRUMENTATION BELOW THE COCKPITO3/CO/H2O/NOy/DAS
PITOT TUBES ON THE
AIRCRAFT FUSELAGE
MOZAIC Consortium
Forschunszentrum Jülich
☺ The transport is free of charge !!
MOZAICMeasurement of Ozone, Water
Vapor, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxide by Airbus In-Service Aircraft
The general aim of MOZAIC is to collect data for studies on:
Atmospheric transport and chemical processes
Budgets of ozone and water vapor in the UT/LS (and CO and NOy)
Inter-annual variability and long term tendencies of the atmospheric composition
Validation of global chemistry-transport models and regional air quality models
Validation of new satellite observations
o Assessment of aircraft impact on the atmosphere
Why ? Comprehensive and continuous observations are needed to contribute to the assessment of climate change and of the impact of aircraft
• Ozone and water vapor in UT/LS have a key role in climate
• Large natural variability in space and time
Passenger aircraft are a very powerful observing platform: daily flights
MOZAIC I, II & III (1994-2006) as EU project
1994-2002: ≈ 20 000 flights with O3/H2O 2002-2009: ≈ 12 000 flights with additional CO (4
aircraft) and with additional CO/NOy (1 aircraft)
1 record every 4s
High resolution vertical profiles during take-off and landing (~ 20m)
High resolution horizontal profiles at 9-12 km altitude during inter-continental flight (~ 1 km)
Regularity of measurements with 5 aircraft flying almost every day
MOZAICAug. 1994 – June. 2009
32 000 Flights 230 000 Hours
9%
10%
3%
Status of MOZAIC
• MOZAIC fleet in October 2009:
Lufthansa 2 aircraft (one with the NOy instrument) Air Namibia 1 aircraft since 2006 (transport &
maintenance costs: CNRS and FZJ) : will probably stop at the end of the year …
Air France MOZAIC instrumentation dropped off in 2004 Austrian MOZAIC instrumentation dropped off in 2006
• MOZAIC database: Data base opened to co-investigators under a data
protocol On-line request to access the data:
http://mozaic.aero.obs-mip.fr/web/
From 5 to 3 aircraft :
MOZAICWork by Principal Investigators and co-investigators (>60):
• Climatology, inter-annual variability, tendencies
• Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchanges
• Transport and transformation of pollution on global scale
• Validation of chemistry-transport models and regional air quality models
• Validation of satellite sensors for the atmospheric chemistry
• Aircraft impact on the atmosphere
• Regional air quality
Literature: > 150 publications in international journal since 1997
IGAC Newsletter N°37 (Cammas et al., 2008 ; Volz-Thomas et al., 2008)
All references may be found on the MOZAIC web site (http://mozaic.aero.obs-mip.fr)
Selection of the MOZAIC « best » results :
• Thanks to the definition of the program :– Statistics– Specific locations (Africa, Asia, UTLS)– Accuracy and precision of in situ data (CO profiles)
• Different from results based on :– Aircraft campaign– Satellite data– Sondes network
• A few topics :– H2O, O3, CO, NOy global distributions– Impact of boreal fires in the UTLS– New data over Africa and China– European Summer Heatwave in 2003 (Tressol et al., ACP 2008)– MOZAIC use in GEMS, MACC and future GAS (Ordonez et al., ACPD
2009)– Tropopause and STEs (Brioude et al., JGR 2006, 2008)
• Focus on O3 & CO « trends » in the UTLS
Quasi global climatologies
In the troposphere and in the UTLS:
H20, O3, CO, NOy
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um idity [% , Ice]
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
pabi
lity
[%
]
ECMW F
MOZAIC
40N-60N
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
Rel
.De
viat
ion
EC
MW
F t
o M
OZ
AIC
(E
CM
WF
-MO
ZA
IC)/
MO
ZA
IC x
10
0%
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um idity [% , Ice]
M ean + /- S td .D ev.
40N-60N
ECMWF-MOZAIC
• MOZAIC provided the first climatology of UTH • UT is much wetter than assumed before MOZAIC • ECMWF does not reproduce ice super saturation
MOZAIC Relative Humidity in UT over North Atlantic: comparison with ECMWF
Gierens et al., 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004 ; Spichtinger et al., 2002, 2003
MOZAIC H20 PI : Herman Smit at FZJ julich, Germany
rrrr2 spring summer fall winter rrrrr37535032530027525022520017515012510075
Pre
ssu
re in
hP
a
Example over New York City, for the year 1997
UT
LS
Tropopause,
PV=2
+ 75 hPa
- 150 hPa
+ 15 hPa
- 15 hPa
5 flight levels : 196, 216, 238, 262, 287 hPa
- 45 hPa
Thouret et al. ACP, 2006
MOZAIC is watching on both sides of the tropopause
North of 25°N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600Lower Stratosphere
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
v
Months
EU US IC
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1220
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180Tropopause
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
vMonths
EU US IC
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1220
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120Upper Troposphere
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
v
Months
EU US IC
-Seasonal maximum in spring in the LS (O3>150 ppb), in summer in the UT (O3<100 ppb)-Intermediate seasonal cycle and O3 concentration at the tropopause
Thouret et al. ACP, 2006
Adapted from Thouret et al., 2006
Winter (DJF) Summer (JJA)
– O3 : summer maximum in the UT– Higher concentrations of both O3 and CO in the eastern hemisphere– The Black Sea region is characterized by an O3 maximum and a CO
minimum (strong stratospheric influence ?)
O3 in the Upper TroposphereClimatology: 1994 - 2004
O3 in the Lower Stratosphere Climatology: 1994 - 2004
Winter (DJF) Summer (JJA)
Spring maximum in the LS
CO in the Upper Troposphere
Thouret et al., in preparation
Winter (DJF) Summer (JJA)
– CO : maximum in spring or in summer (if boreal fires) in the UT– Higher concentrations of both O3 and CO in the eastern hemisphere– The Black Sea region is characterized by an O3 maximum and a CO
minimum (strong stratospheric influence)– CO maxima over burning regions (West Africa in DJF, Central Africa in
JJA)
CO in the Lower Stratosphere
Winter (DJF) Summer (JJA)
– no clear seasonal cycle in the LS
NOy in the Upper Troposphere (MOZAIC 2001-2008)
Volz-Thomas et al., 2009 : in preparation
No significant enhancement in flight corridor during winter < 0.5 ppb NOy
Enhanced NOy over USA and Europe in summer is due to convective transport and lightning Up to 3 ppb NOy (average!)
Not reproduced by CTMs !
Impact of boreal fires in the UTLS
High CO concentrations in the UTLS
Biomass fires over Northeastern Asia in Spring 2003: evidence of daily extreme CO concentrations in the upper troposphere with
MOZAIC observations
Nédélec et al., GRL, 2005
Seasonal signature of plumes of biomass fires injected in the upper troposphere over Northeastern Asia in 2003: comparison with Europe
Nédélec et al., GRL, 2005
- Very high CO in the UT between April and August, much higher than whatobserved over Europe… even during the summer heat wave.- 2003 is clearly anomalous …
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
75
100
125
150
175
200
CO
in p
pb
v
sib2002 sib2003 sib2004 sib2005 sib2006
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
sib2002 sib2003 sib2004 sib2005 sib2006
Interannual variability of plumes of biomass fires injected in the upper troposphere over Northeastern Asia : 2002-2006
- Direct impact on O3 distribution ? - Global effect ?
O3
CO
CO anomalies in the UT:- Aug-Dec 2002- Apr-July 2003- Feb 2006 ???CO anomalies in the LS :- July 2002,03,05 only
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
/07
2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
v
O3 Linear Fit 12 months running mean
MOZAIC time series shows an ozone-rich upper-level trough with embedded CO peaks over Eastern Atlantic
Backtrajectories on 5 days indicate that a likely source of CO plumes is over the region west of Great Bear Lake over Northwest Territories of Canada on 25-27 June 2004
MODIS image, June 24, 2004
Cammas et al., ACP, 2009
Injection in the lower stratosphere of biomass fire emissionsfollowed by long-range transport: a MOZAIC case study
300
100
200
Meso-NH runs : did reproduce injection in LS
Regions of interest not (well) sampled before
I-) Africa
ATSR biomass fire detection
LIS lightning detection
Lagos: ~400 MOZAIC profiles
Brazzaville : ~200 MOZAIC profiles
MOZAIC transect by Air Namibia :
Daily flight since 2006
Some of the main African O3 precursors: biomass burning, biogenic VOCs, and LiNOx
MOZAIC over Africa since 1997
Dec. – Jan. – Feb. Jul. – Aug. – Sep.
Sauvage et al., ACP 2005, JGR 2006, ACP 2007
Bilan O3P - Mai 2009 25
Ozone meridional gradient with min. at the latitude of the ITCZ (7°N)What are the relative contributions
- of the photochemical production of ozone and of the transport ? - of the surface sources and of the source of NO from Lightning ?
=> 2D study in the latitude-altitude reference to assess the role of Lightning
Ozone (ppbv)
HR (%)
V(m/s)
Latitude
100
50
0
80
0 10 20 30-10
0
4
-4
Ozone distribution in the upper troposphere
Sauvage et al., GRL 2007
Seasonal mean JJA over the period 1997-2004
MOZAIC measurements over West Africa (9-12 km)
Meridional Distribution : Analysis with the meso scale model Meso-NH
• Chemical Production = maximun where NOx maximum
• Convection = source of O3 poor air in the UT => minimum
• LNOX => keep high P(O3) in the branches => gradient
Saunois et al, JGR 2008
sources of O3 (ppb/hour):
without LNOx with LNOx
Large ozone variability in the upper troposphere, observed at all seasons. Variability of sources, convective transport, large-scale transport pathways
Three years of daily transects (50°N-20°S) in the UT over Africa
Africa: continent of large ozone variability !!
Sept. - Oct. - Nov.
Cammas et al., in preparation
Long-range transport of biomass burning plumes over Windhoek (Namibia)
Biomass Burning Plume
MOZAIC vertical profile over Windhoek, 05/09/2006
Retroplume of air parcels sampled inside the biomass burning plume over Windhoek (see MOZAIC vertical profile on left figure) within the lower troposphere (0-3 km altitude) and during the period August 29-23, 2006. Grey circles: biomass fires detected by MODIS during the period of interest.
Cammas et al., in preparation
Influence of South American firesIn the UT over austral Africa
Regions of interest not (well) sampled before
II-) China
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
A
Y Axis
Title
X axis title-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
LAT
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
LAT
LIMA
SAN FRANCISCO
LOS ANGELESNEW ORLEANS
MEXICO
DALLAS
BOSTON
HOUSTON
CINCINNATI
MIAMI
CHICAGO
ANTIGUASAN DOMINGO
ATLANTA
CARACAS
SANTIAGO
MONTREAL
PLATA PUERTOPUERTO RICO
QUAYAQUIL
TORONTO
QUITO
WASHINGTON
BOGOTA
NEW YORK
SAINT MARTINPOINTE A PITRE
CAYENNE
BUENOS AIRES
MONTEVIDEO
DAKAR
SAO PAULO RIO
RECIFE
BANJOUL
ABIDJAN
LONDON
COTONOU
BRUXELLES
PARIS
LAGOS
AMSTERDAM
FRANKFURT
VIENNA
LIBREVILLE
DOUALAYAOUNDE
LUANDABRAZZAVILLE
WINDHOEK
ATHENES
HERAKLION
JOHANNESBURG
ISTANBUL
ANTALYA
KIGALIENTEBBE
ANKARA
TEL AVIV
NAIROBI
ANTANANARIVO
TEHERAN
DUBAI
MUMBAI
MALE
DELHI
COLOMBO
MADRASBANGKOK
HANOI
SINGAPORE
JAKARTA
SAIGON
BEIJING
SHANGAI
SEOUL
OSAKANAGOYA
TOKYO
Tropospheric ozone climatology over Beijing
Comparisons of mean profiles O3 profiles in the lower troposphere over Beijing 1995-1999 and 2000-2005. The solid
lines are annual mean values, and the dashed lines on the right hand side represent the data collected in summer
afternoons at local times 15h-16h in May-June-July
Ding et al., ACP, 2008
No similar « trend » overParis, New York or Tokyo !Effect of emissions regulations ?
5 to 20 ppbv more in the PBLprobably due to the increase ofprecursors emmisions in the city ofBeijing:
Example : ~3 times more cars in 10 years !
Ding et al., ACP, 2008
Collaboration established to further study data over Hong Kong and Shangai
CO vertical profiles over Beijing and Tokyo (compared to Frankfurt)
~2000 ppb
1000900800
700
600
500
400
300
200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Seasonal vertical profile (JJA)
CO in ppbv
Pre
ssur
e in
hP
a
FRANKFURT TOKYO BEIJING
1000900800
700
600
500
400
300
200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Seasonal vertical profile (DJF)
CO in ppbv
Pre
ssur
e in
hP
a
FRANKFURT TOKYO BEIJING
~1000 ppb
-Very high CO up to 4-6 km altitude over Beijing.- Tokyo, quite similar to Frankfurt
- Still High CO in China- High CO in the UT over Tokyo :Export from continental Asia (boreal fires ?)
Focus on UTLS, longer term variabililty and trends
• Already published manuscripts :– Bortz et al., JGR 2007 (Upper Tropical Troposphere: O3
increase of ~1 ppb/yr)– Thouret et al., ACP 2006 (UTLS North Atlantic, O3)– Koumoutsaris et al., JGR 2008 (Geos-Chem CTM)– Schnadt et al., ACP 2009 (GASP, MOZAIC and sondes,
better see following talk by Johannes Staehelin)
• An update with CO and O3 recent MOZAIC data
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
/07
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
v
Europe
Characteristics of the first 10 years of MOZAIC measurementsIn both UT&LS : The 1998-1999 anomaly
Thouret et al., ACP 2006 SU19
95
SU1996
SU1997
SU1998
SU1999
SU2000
SU2001
SU2002
SU2003
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Season
UT LS
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
/07
30
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70
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90
100
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
v
SU1995
SU1996
SU1997
SU1998
SU1999
SU2000
SU2001
SU2002
SU2003
-8-6-4-202468
10121416
Ozo
ne
seas
on
al A
no
mal
y
Season
1.00 +/- 0.99 %/yr 1.99 +/- 1.21 %/yr
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
/07
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
vEastern US
SU1995
SU1996
SU1997
SU1998
SU1999
SU2000
SU2001
SU2002
SU2003
-8-6-4-202468
10121416
Ozo
ne
Sea
son
al A
no
mal
y (p
pb
v)
Season
SU1995
SU1996
SU1997
SU1998
SU1999
SU2000
SU2001
SU2002
SU2003
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Ozo
ne
seas
on
al a
no
mal
ies
in p
pb
v
Season
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
/07
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
Ozo
ne in
ppb
v
Thouret et al., ACP 2006
0.99 +/- 0.82 %/yr 0.80 +/- 1.06 %/yr
UT LS
Same behaviour over the eastern US in both UT&LS : The 1998-1999 anomaly
-1,2 -1,0 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0,0 0,2 0,458
60
62
64
66
68EASTERN US
2003
20022001
2000
1999
1998
1995
1997
1996R = 0.82
Ozo
ne
(pp
bv)
in t
he
UT
NAO index (annual mean)
Thouret et al., ACP 2006
Transport and circulation anomalies in 1998-1999 ?Correlations with NAO in the UT and NAM in the LS :
Strong interannual variability partly linked to the variability of the troposphericand stratospheric circulation, same anomalies strong coupling between UT and LS
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
2001/022001/03 2000/12
2000/11
1999/03
1998/01
1996/12
1996/11
1996/02
2000/01
1997/04
1997/03
1997/02
2000/021995/03
R=-0.78O
zon
e an
om
alie
s in
th
e L
S (
mo
nth
ly m
ean
)
NAM index at 150 hPa (monthly mean)
EUaLS2 Linear Fit of NAM1_EUaLS2
O3 increase of about 1%/year in both the UT and the LS :Causes : global anthropogenic pollution and large scale modes of atmospheric variability.
Koumoutsaris et al., JGR 2008
The 1998-1999 anomaly as seen by GEOS-Chemover the period 1987-2005
A non negligeable influence of the extreme El Nino event in 1997 through :-STEs-Asian pollution export and transport toward Europe because of a change in convective activity in East Asia and a strenghtening of the subtropical jet stream
GEOS chem over US East
Regions quite well documented to assess the interannual variabilities and first decennal trends of O3 (1995-2009) & CO (2002-2009)
O3 (CO)
5 472 (1 596)100°E – 140°E40°N – 65°N6- East Asia9 323 (3 097)25°E – 55°E35°N – 45°N5- Black Sea6 298 (2 657)5°W – 15°E35°N – 45°N4- West. Medit.
22 935 (8 216)15°W – 15°E45°N – 55°N3- EU west10 703 (3 300)50°W – 20°W50°N – 60°N2 North Atlantic14 412 (5 203)90°W - 60°W35°N - 50°N1- US east
Number of flightsLongitude rangeLatitude range
O3 (CO)
Work in progress …
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
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2004
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2005
/07
2006
/07
2007
/07
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Ozo
ne in
ppb
v
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
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2003
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2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
2007
/07
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Ozo
ne in
ppb
v
USA East
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
/07
2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
2007
/07
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
v
EU west
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
/07
2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
2007
/07
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
UT
LS
consistentwith Mace Headtime series…. !!!By chance or does itMean something ? 2 periods : 1995-2000 (O3 increase) and 2001-2009 (levelling off)
In both regions, in both UT & LS
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
/07
2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
2007
/07
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Ozo
ne in
ppb
v
East Asia
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
/07
2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
v
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
/07
2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
2007
/07
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Ozo
ne in
ppb
v
Black sea
1995
/07
1996
/07
1997
/07
1998
/07
1999
/07
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
2000
/07
2001
/07
2002
/07
2003
/07
2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
2007
/07
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Ozo
ne
in p
pb
v
UT
LS
Not consistentwith caucasian site…. Comparable ?
Different behaviour : O3 increase in the UT almost no trend in the LSMax of O3 increase in the UT over Asia since 2001Still 1998-1999 anomaly in the LS (global NH feature)
2002
/07
2003
/07
2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
2007
/07
80
100
120
140
160
180
CO
in p
pbv
USA EastCO in the UT
2002
/07
2003
/07
2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
2007
/07
80
100
120
140
160
180
CO
in p
pbv
EU west
2002
/07
2003
/07
2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
2007
/07
80
100
120
140
160
180
CO
in p
pbv
2002
/07
2003
/07
2004
/07
2005
/07
2006
/07
80
100
120
140
160
180
CO
in p
pbv
East AsiaBlack sea
CO from 2002 : general decrease in the UT, even over Asia (not significantMore the effect of spring-summer 2003). Largest decrease over the US. Overall min over Black Sea and max over Asia.
Thouret et al., ACP 2006
- 2.13 +/- 0.66- 1.14 +/- 1.58 *0.83 +/- 0.71 *0.99 +/- 0.61 *East Asia
- 0.09 +/- 0.82 *- 1.09 +/- 0.86 *0.11 +/- 0.76 *1.63 +/- 0.59Black Sea
2.77 +/- 1.751.65 +/- 1.46 *0.13 +/- 0.86 *1.38 +/- 0.68Med west
0.35 +/- 0.61 *- 1.11 +/- 0.69 *0.28 +/- 0.650.77 +/- 0.44EU west
0.43 +/- 0.73 *- 0.76 +/- 0.91 *0.30 +/- 0.65 *0.39 +/- 0.51 *North Atlantic
1.14 +/- 0.86 *- 1.56 +/- 0.790.36 +/- 0.67 *0.61 +/- 0.48 *US east
LSUTLSUT
COO3
Summary : Linear Fit (%/year) :
* Are not statistically significant
Thouret et al., EGU 2009
1994-2003 :
1994-2007 :
Interannual variabilities and first decennal trends over selected regions
• O3 – General increase in the UT : ~0.7 to 1.6 %/yr (dep. on the lenghth of the time series and
regions)• Largest and linear increase over the Western Medit., Black Sea and East Asia
• Levelling off over EU west and US east after 2001
– No significant signal in the LS (zonal homogeneity)– before or after 2000-2001 ?
– 1998-1999 anomalies still characterize the time series (influence of the strong El-Nino in 1997 at hemispheric scale ?) in both UT and LS
• CO in the UT– General decrease (even over Asia) : ~ -1%/yr : how come ?
– Largest decrease over USA East
– Positive anomalies: 2002 (global, biomass burning), over Asia in 2003 and over Med West in 2007
• How to go further and attribute (quantify) causes ?
Conclusion
• MOZAIC (1993-2009) has demonstrated :– High quality data of regular measurements– Case studies and Statistical analysis– Complementarity to other networks of in situ data
(sondes, research aircraft campaigns, surfaces sites)– Validation of Models and Satellites– Long term feasability and « low cost » data base (~500
€/flight including 2 profiles)• MOZAIC will become IAGOS from 2010 on… !
– New measurements (Cloud droplets, NOx, CO2, CH4, Aerosols), more aircraft (20), NRT transmission of data
– Longer time scale (20 years), new sampled regions (Pacific with China Airline and Cathay Pacific involved)
H2O, O3
H2O, O3,CO, NOy
H2O, O3, CO, CO2 NOy, NOx, aerosol, cloud particles
MOZAIC publications
1993 2001 20122005
MOZAIC IAGOS
CARIBIC
www.iagos.org
In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System European Research Infrastructure
IAGOS will form a cornerstone of IGACO/GEOSS and of the European GMES initiative
Thanks for your attention …
thov @ aero.obs-mip.frhttp ://mozaic.aero.obs-mip.frhttp://www.iagos.org
Scientific Value• Changes in the Tropopause
region (O3 and H2O trends)– Spatial and temporal resolution– Higher resolution than satellites
(UTLS)– Higher frequency than Ozone-
sondes• Validation of Climate Models
and Satellite Retrievals– Tropospheric profiles of
CO, CO2, NOx, aerosol, ..• Global Air Quality
– Profiles of NOx, Aerosols– Influence of developing regions
• International Transfer Standard– Same systems everywhere– Regular Quality Assurance
• Cost effective – 500 €/flight including 2 profiles
• Equip 10-20 longhaul aircraft with scientific instruments for:
–chemical composition (H2O, O3, CO, CO2, NOx, NOy),
–aerosol and cloud particles• Longterm deployment• Global coverage (same
instrument)• Open data policy• Near-realtime data provision to
GMES-GAS and Met Services
Objectives
IAGOS instrumentation
IAGOSINLETS
Package 1 (72 kg)Basic & mandatory system
O3
CO Relative humidityCloud droplets and ice crystals Meteorological parametersData acquisition and transmission
Package 2 (50 kg)Optional extra
2a : NOy 2b : (NOx = NO + NO2)2c : Aerosol (>2012 ?)2d : CO2 + CH4 (>2012 ?)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130
20
40
60
80
100
900 mb mozaic sonde
Ozone in p
pb
months
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130
20
40
60
80
100
700 mb mozaic sonde
Ozone in p
pb
months
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130
20
40
60
80
100 500 mb mozaic
sonde
Ozone in p
pb
months
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130
50
100
150
200
250
300 mb mozaic sonde
Ozone in p
pb
months
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130
100
200
300
400
500
600
200 mb mozaic sonde
Ozone in p
pb
months
Seasonal variations of ozone monthly averages for the Hohenpeissenberg sounding station [1980-93] compared with MOZAIC data over Frankfurt [Sept 1994-Aug 1996] at 5 standard pressure levels. Standard deviations are plotted as error bars with large cap for MOZAIC and small cap for Hohenpeissenberg.
MOZAIC is 3-13 % higher than sondes data
Thouret et al., JGR, 1998
Ozone Instrument validation: MOZAIC + ozone sounding
at Hohenpeissenberg (48°N, 11°E)
MOZAIC O3 instrument: improved version of commercial dual-beam UV absorption instrument (Thermo-Electron, model 49-103),
Accuracy 2 ppbv / precision 2% / response time 4 sec
-Sensor replacement & pre- and post-calibration in laboratory every 6-10 months, with NIST
-Automatic calibration in flight (zero Ozone generator)
To make sure there is no derive !
Marenco et al., JGR, 1998
CO INSTRUMENT FOR MOZAIC :
-OPERATION ON COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT-FULLY AUTOMATIC, NO CALIBRATION GAS, NO MAINTENANCE
PRINCIPLE CHOICE : EXISTING IR ANALYSER TEI MODEL48CTL
LESS SENSITIVE THAN OTHER TECHNIQUES, BUT STABLE IN TIME
IMPROVEMENTS : (30 SEC) : ±5% , ±5 ppbv
-IR DETECTOR MORE SENSITIVE, TEMP. REGULATED-INTERFERENCE ELIMINATION : H2O-PERIODICAL ZERO MEASUREMENT (20 min.)-OPERATION TO CABIN PRESSURE VIA EXTERNAL PUMP-CELL PRESSURISATION TO 2.5 BAR-ELECTRICAL GROUNDING OPTIMISATION (LOW SIGNALS)-CALIBRATION WITH NIST CO BOTTLES (1%)-……..
Nedelec P., J.-P. Cammas, V. Thouret, G. Athier, J.-M. Cousin, C. Legrand, C. Abonnel, F. Lecoeur, G. Cayez, and C. Marizy An improved infrared carbon monoxide analyser for routine measurements aboard commercial airbus aircraft: Technical validation and
first scientific results of the MOZAIC III programme , Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1551-1564, 2003
