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Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS: In-sights from the Past and Present into the Future Herman G. J. Smit ( [email protected] ) Forschungszentrum Juelich (ICG-2). Past and Present: MOZAIC. Humidity Sampling. Quality Assurance & Synergy of Data. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
1
Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:
In-sights from the Past and Present into the Future
Herman G. J. Smit ([email protected])Forschungszentrum Juelich (ICG-2)
H 2 O -S e n s o r
AIRCRAFTSKIN
SENSORSRH: HUMICAP-HT : PT100
DEICINGHEATER
BOUNDARY LAYERSCONTROL HOLES
RIGHT ANGLEPRODUCESPARTICLE
SEPARATION
Past and Present: MOZAIC
HumiditySampling
Quality Assurance & Synergy of Data
Future:IAGOS
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
babi
lity
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]
40N-60N
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
babi
lity
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
babi
lity
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]
40N-60N
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
MOZAIC
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
babi
lity
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]
40N-60N
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
babi
lity
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
babi
lity
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]
40N-60N
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]
0
5 0
10 0
15 0
20 0
25 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
MOZAIC
-60 -40 -20 0 20S ta tic A ir T e m p er a tu r e
0
2
4
6
8
10
Abs
.Err
or o
f R
el.H
umi.
[% R
H]
1 2 9 6 3 0
A ltitu d e [k m ]
A ll D a ta 1 9 9 9 /2 0 0 0
In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998
-60 -40 -20 0 20S ta tic A ir T e m p er a tu r e
0
2
4
6
8
10
Abs
.Err
or o
f R
el.H
umi.
[% R
H]
1 2 9 6 3 0
A ltitu d e [k m ]
A ll D a ta 1 9 9 9 /2 0 0 0
In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998
-60 -40 -20 0 20S ta tic A ir T e m p er a tu r e
0
2
4
6
8
10
Abs
.Err
or o
f R
el.H
umi.
[% R
H]
1 2 9 6 3 0
A ltitu d e [k m ]
A ll D a ta 1 9 9 9 /2 0 0 0
In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
2
Doubling CO2-concentration: 2-5oC Temperature increase 1/3-part: direct via CO2 2/3-part: via positive feedback of water vapor+clouds
Wat
erVa
por
Mas
s(re
lativ
e to
pr
e-in
dust
rial
valu
e)
Change in Global Mean Water Vapor (NOAA/GDFL-GCM Scenario Run)
P 200 hPa
P 900 hPaW
ater
Vapo
rM
ass
(rela
tive
to
pre
-indu
stria
lva
lue
)
Change in Global Mean Water Vapor (NOAA/GDFL-GCM Scenario Run)
P 200 hPa
P 900 hPa
(WV
) W
ate
r V
ap
or
(C)
Clo
ud
(LR
) L
ap
seR
ate
WV
+L
R
(A)
Alb
ed
o
AL
L
FeedbackType
Fe
ed
ba
ck
Str
en
gth
(W m
-2K
-1
-1
0
1
2
(WV
) W
ate
r V
ap
or
(C)
Clo
ud
(LR
) L
ap
seR
ate
WV
+L
R
(A)
Alb
ed
o
AL
L
FeedbackType
(C)
Clo
ud
(LR
) L
ap
seR
ate
WV
+L
R
(A)
Alb
ed
o
AL
L
FeedbackType
FeedbackType
Fe
ed
ba
ck
Str
en
gth
(W m
-2K
-1
-1
0
1
2
Fe
ed
ba
ck
Str
en
gth
(W m
-2K
-1
-1
0
1
2
Most Prominent Climate Feedbacks
(WV
) W
ate
r V
ap
or
(C)
Clo
ud
(LR
) L
ap
seR
ate
WV
+L
R
(A)
Alb
ed
o
AL
L
FeedbackType
Fe
ed
ba
ck
Str
en
gth
(W m
-2K
-1
-1
0
1
2
(WV
) W
ate
r V
ap
or
(C)
Clo
ud
(LR
) L
ap
seR
ate
WV
+L
R
(A)
Alb
ed
o
AL
L
FeedbackType
(C)
Clo
ud
(LR
) L
ap
seR
ate
WV
+L
R
(A)
Alb
ed
o
AL
L
FeedbackType
FeedbackType
Fe
ed
ba
ck
Str
en
gth
(W m
-2K
-1
-1
0
1
2
Fe
ed
ba
ck
Str
en
gth
(W m
-2K
-1
-1
0
1
2
Most Prominent Climate Feedbacks
Upper troposphere most sensitive region in climate change
Why Monitoring Humidity in Upper Troposphere ??
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
3
Routine Aircraft Measurements in the Global Observing System: The Link Between Surface and Space
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
4
MOZAIC: Humidity Sampling
H 2 O -S e n s o r
AIRCRAFTSKIN
SENSORSRH: HUMICAP-HT : PT100
DEICINGHEATER
BOUNDARY LAYERSCONTROL HOLES
RIGHT ANGLEPRODUCESPARTICLE
SEPARATION
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
5
SAT
T A T
0
5
10
15
Adi
abat
ic F
acto
r R
HS
/RH
D
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
A ltitude [km ]
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
RHS/RHD
MOZAIC: Humidity Sensor in Rosemount Air Inlet System
H 2 O -S e n s o r
AIRCRAFTSKIN
SENSORSRH: HUMICAP-HT : PT100
DEICINGHEATER
BOUNDARY LAYERSCONTROL HOLES
RIGHT ANGLEPRODUCESPARTICLE
SEPARATION
TAT, RHD
SAT
RHS
Rosemount HousingTotal TemperatureModel 102 BX
In inlet speed reduction (Mach0.8 to 0) with adiabatic conversion: ► Heating (SAT to TAT) : in UT 30oC
► Compression (PS to PD): in UT Factor 1.6
RH at detector (RHD) << RH sampled air (RHS) ► At cruise altitude RHS 13 x RHD
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
6
MOZAIC-Humidity Device: Pre-&Post Flight Calibration
Regular calibration (every 500 flight hours) In environmental simulation chamber Against Lyman()-fluorescence hygrometer Under realistic flight conditions of humidity,
temperature and pressure
Evaluation of two year record of pre- and post-flight calibrations
Results agree well with in-flight intercomparisons [Helten et al. Geophys.Res.1998, 1999]
-60 -40 -20 0 20S ta tic A ir T e m p er a tu r e
0
2
4
6
8
10
Abs
.Err
or o
f R
el.H
umi.
[% R
H]
1 2 9 6 3 0
A lt itu d e [k m ]
A ll D a ta 1 9 9 9 /2 0 0 0
In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
7
MOZAIC Relative Humidity in Upper Troposphere (UT) over Atlantic
• MOZAIC provided the first
climatology of humidity in the UT • Large variability in time and
space
-20
0
20
40
60
La
titu
de
5102030405060708090100
Jan
95
Jan
96
Jan
97
Jan
98
Jan
99
Jan
00
• More than 30% of UTH-data
are Ice Super Saturated (ISS)• But less than 0.5-1% of data
are Saturated to Liquid
%
Control of Humidity in UT?? Long Term Changes ??
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab i
li ty
[ %]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]
40N-60N
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
8
Critical aspects on inlet system
Ice Super Saturation over North Atlantic: More than 35% of UTH ice super saturated But less than 1% of observations are saturated to liquid
Separation solid / gas phase Particle enhancement Evaporation droplets & crystals Wall memory effects Well defined P & T (cq. SH & RH)-conditions
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
babi
lity
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]
40N-60N
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
babi
lity
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]
40N-60N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
babi
lity
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]
40N-60N
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity
[% I
ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0
AB
A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation
MOZAIC
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
9
Performance MOZAIC Humidity Device in Clouds Evaporation of Ice Crystals ???????
• Clouds are clearly detected as „RHI-burst“ to 200% by the Lyman ()-Total H2O
• In clouds the MOZAIC-Humidity Device not exceeding 100% RHI
13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30
Time / U TC
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
Re
l. H
um
idit
y o
ve
r Ic
e /
%
0
2
4
6
8
10
Po
ten
tia
l Vo
rtic
ity
/ p
vu
MOZAIC-Device
Lyman ( HygrometerPotential VorticityAltitudeAir Temperature
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
Alt
itu
de
/ m
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
Am
bie
nt
Air
Te
mp
era
ture
/ °C
SPURT 4, 22-08-2002Flight 2, Monastir (Algeria) - Hohn (Germany)
MOZAIC-Method
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
10
• Small scale phenomenon(X < 200 km, Z < 1-2 km)
• Difficult to see by satellites • Importance:
contrail & cirrus formation; radiative balance; OH formation
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022
Fre
quency
ISS horizontal extent [km]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um idity [% , Ice]
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
pabi
lity
[%
]
ECMW F
MOZAIC
40N-60N
• 30% of the UT shows ice super saturation (ISS)
• Global models do not reproduce ISS
• ISS relates with sub-visible cirrus
Horizontal extent of ISS regions
MOZAIC: Ice Super Saturation (ISS) in the UT
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
11
-100 100-50 0AIRS - MOZAIC RH (liq.%)
50
RH (liq.%)
MOZAIC
0
AIRS
20 40 60 80 100 120
MOZAIC- UTH: Comparison with AIRS-Satellite over 2003 (Work by Co PI: Andrew Gettelman, NCAR, Boulder, USA)
Development of proper „matching“ citeria of coincidence in space and time: A priori estimation of contribution of natural variability Direct comparison at (x,y,z,t) Indirect by optimizing statistics of coincidence by using backward trajectories
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
12
-3 -2 .5 -2 -1 .5 -1 -0 .5 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3T em p era tu re D iffe ren ce A irc ra ft m in u s M O Z A IC (K )
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
Rel
ativ
e O
ccur
ence
(B
in=
0.1
K)
in %
Involvment Temperature Measurements Using TAT-Housings: Comparison Temperature Aircraft versus MOZAIC
Temp.
Spec.Hum.
Rel.Hum.
In addition, important aspect at low temperatures:
Which H2O-saturation pressure Es(T)-table has been applied ???
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
13
Development of Automatic In-flight Calibration (IFC)
Based on the technology and experience obtained during 8 years of MOZAIC-operation.
Long-term zero drift of MOZAIC-device, particularly at low temperatures, is the critical and accuracy determining parameter
On-line determination of long term zero drift during dry stratospheric episodes (5ppmv water vapor) as a function of temperature.
On-Line correction of zero drift of RH-measurements
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
14
MOZAIC In-Flight Calibration (IFC): Validation
15:00 16:00 17:00
Time / UTC
0
10
20
30
RH
I /
%
0
1
2
3
Po
ten
tial
Vo
rtic
ity
/ p
vu
CASHAICLym an-AlphaPV
-60
-55
-50
Te
mp
era
ture
/ °
C
-8 -4 0 4 8R H (A IC ) - R H (M O Z A IC ) [% R H ]
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
Alt
itud
e [
km]
Comparison with MOZAIC In-flight comparison during SPURTwith Ly()-Hygrometer (FISH)
RH(IFC) – RH (MOZAIC) [%RH]
IFC
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
15
US-NWS has installed on 25 UPS aircraft since 2005 , now in evaluation phase but with plans to extend to large number
Poor documentation on evaluation of performance
FZJ has evaluated in the laboratory in 2005
DWD has installed on three A320 of Lufthansa since 2007
In the loop: plans to install on a MOZAIC/IAGOS A340 of Lufthansa ?
Can new airborne WVSS-II measure humidity in UT and LS?:State of the Art
Diode laser (2f-detection)
Compact( 2.5 kg)
Designed for automatic on-line sampling ofhumidity from aircraft for weather forecasting
AMDAR
Goal NWS: Reduce radiosounding network and replace by AMDAR
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
16
MOZAIC WVSS-II Open Path TDL SAW-Frostpoint FLASH
Weight 2 kg 3 kg 10 2 kg 2 kg
Internal Box Size
14x12x7 cm 23x13x8 cm ~25x25x15 cm ~15x15x10 cm ~20x8x8 cm
Price (kEuro) ~20 ~20 ~50 (estimated) ~20 (estimated) ~20 (estimated)
PrincipleCapacitive (Humicap)
Spectroscopic (Tunable Diode
Laser)
Spectroscopic (Tunable Diode
Laser)
Frostpoint (Surface acoustic wave
chip)
Lyman(α) Fluorescence
Inlet system- Wall effects
Rosemount- No wall effects
Wall plate in AC skin
- Not known
External mounting of optical cell
Rosemount- Not known
Rosemount (??)-Not known
Calibration frequency
every 6 months Not proven Not proven Not proven Not proven
Altitude Range 0-12 km 0-6 km 0-12 km 0-12 km 6-12 km
Accuracy5-10% of Rel.
Hum.5-10% of Mix.
Ratio5-10% of Mix.
RatioNot known
5-10% of Mix. Ratio
Detection Limit 5% Rel. Hum. 70 ppmv 1 ppmv Not known 0.5 ppmv
Time response5s (0km), 60s
(12km)2s 1s 1s 4 s
Long term stability
Proven (12 yrs MOZAIC)
Not proven Not Known Not Known Not known
MaintenanceProven, every ½
yearNot Proven Not Known Not Known Not known
Documentation of performance
Peer reviewed literature
Only internal reports
???Under investigation
(IAGOS)Only internal
reports
Compact Sensors for Measuring Humidity on In-Service Aircraft
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
17
Reports:• Aircraft Identification• Date • Time (UTC)• Position• Altitude (Pressure)• Temperature • Windspeed• Wind Direction
• Planned: Water Vapor Mass Mixing Ratio
AMDAR = Aircraft Meteorological DAta Relay
Aboard Commercial Aircraft For Weather Forecasting
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
18
190 210 230 250 270 290 310Frostpo in t Tem pera ture R eference H ygrom eter [K ]
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Re
l. D
evi
atio
n W
VS
S f
rom
Re
f. [
(WV
SS
-Re
f.)/R
ef.]
(W
VS
S a
nd
Re
f. in
vol
um
e m
ixin
g ra
tio)
190
210
230
250
270
290
310F
rost
poi
nt
Te
mp
era
ture
WV
SS
II [
K]
190 210 230 250 270 290 310Frostpo in t Tem pera ture R eference H ygrom eter [K ]
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Re
l. D
evi
atio
n W
VS
S f
rom
Re
f. [
(WV
SS
-Re
f.)/R
ef.]
(W
VS
S a
nd
Re
f. in
vol
um
e m
ixin
g ra
tio)
190
210
230
250
270
290
310F
rost
poi
nt
Te
mp
era
ture
WV
SS
II [
K]
Frost P o in t Tem peratureR el.D evia tion W VSS from R ef.
Can new airborne WVSS-II measure humidity in UT and LS???:Performance tests at Environmental Simulation Facility at Jülich, Germany
WVSS at Frostpoint Temperatures:Above ~290 K: No reliable signal225 K – 290 K: Good performance: Accuracy ±(5-10)%215 K – 225 K: Rapid declining sensitivity, Limited accuracy: <±(10-15)% Below ~ 215 K: Below detection limit (80 ppmv)
Poor performance in UT/LS
Diode laser (2f-detection)
Compact( 2.5 kg)
Designed for automatic on-line sampling ofhumidity from aircraft for weather forecasting
AMDAR
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
19
Pre-and Post flight calibration every 500 flight hours) [Helten et al. 1998]
In-flight comparisons (In-service & Research) [Helten et al., 1999]
Evaluation in SPARC-water vapor assessment 2000 report
Development in-flight calibration (IFC) method [Smit et al., 2008]
Evaluation of detection of ice superation saturation [in-preparation]
Assessment of performance of 12 years of MOZAIC-flight operation [in
preparation]
12 year Climatology of MOZAIC-H2O/T data available in MOZAIC-data
base at Toulouse
Participating in COST-action WaVaCS (Watewr Vapor in the Climate System)
Participating in new, second SPARC water vapor assessment
New instruments are under investigations.
MOZAIC/IAGOS: Summary QA-H2O/T Performance
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
20
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
21
Extra Material
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
22
Tompkins, Gierens, Rädel, Quart.J.Roy.Met.Soc, 2007
ECMWF Model Now With Ice Super-Saturation
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
23
-3 -2 .5 -2 -1 .5 -1 -0 .5 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3T em p era tu re D iffe ren ce A irc ra ft m in u s M O Z A IC (K )
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
Rel
ativ
e O
ccur
ence
(B
in=
0.1
K)
in %
MOZAIC: Comparison Temperature Aircraft versus MOZAIC]
2
V
VP Mc2
cc1SATTAT
Both measured with Rosemount TAT Assumption full adiabatic conversion:
Measurement of TAT (σ=±0.25K) Determination M from TAP (σ=±0.25hPa)
& SAP (σ=±0.35hPa) Determination SAT (σ=±0.50K)
Practice: TAT-recovery only 99.5-99.7% Correction tables based on wind duct
measurements (made in 1960/1970‘s)
Dependece on angle of attack Dependence on location at aircraft skin Remaining sources of uncertainties
TAT = Total Air TemperatureSAT = Static Air TemperatureTAP = Total Air PressureSAT = Static Air Pressure
=0.2
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
24
Rosemount-TAT inlet systems: No indication of evaporation of ice crystals Evaporation of liquid droplets
Large temperature sensitivity of H2O-saturation: Review of water vapor saturation tables at low temperatures Temperature measurement needs more attention:
- Adiabatic recovery factor - Location at aircraft- Comparison with other in-situ temperature sensing technics
Scale analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of ISS
Climate impact of ISS
Outstanding Issues UTH-ISS Observations
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
25
MOZAIC Humidity Device: Performance and Quality Assurance
Evaluation of two year record of pre- and post-flight calibrations Results agree well with in-flight inter comparisons [Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res.1999]
Calibration procedure:
1. Pre-flight calibration: a1(Ti) & b1(Ti)
- Installation in A340 - 500 h of flight operation - Exchange of MHD
2. Post-flight calibration: a2(Ti) & b2(Ti)
- Cleaning RH- & T-sensor3. Pre-flight calibration - Etc. etc.
RHCAL (Ti) =a (Ti)+b (Ti) x RHUNCAL (Ti)
Uncertainty of RH is derived from:• Difference between pre-and post flight calibration of RH• Uncertainty Temperature
-60 -40 -20 0 20S ta tic A ir T e m p er a tu r e
0
2
4
6
8
10
Abs
.Err
or o
f R
el.H
umi.
[% R
H]
1 2 9 6 3 0
A ltitu d e [k m ]
A ll D a ta 1 9 9 9 /2 0 0 0
In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
26
-1 3 -1 2 -11 -1 0 -9 -8 -7L o n g itu d e
7 0
8 0
9 0
1 0 0
11 0
1 2 0
H2O
Mix
ing
Rat
io [
ppm
v]
P O L IN A TM O Z A IC
S ec tio n AS ec tio n B S ec tio n C
POLINAT
MOZA IC
MOZAIC-Humidity: In-Flight Comparison with Frost Point Hygrometer (Ovarlaz) on Falcon (DLR/Nov.1997)
[Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res.1999]
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
27
MOZAIC-UTH: Comparison with POEM III Satellite
POEM III= Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III satellite operational since April 1998 Good agreement POEM with MOZAIC (Slope=0.98)
Large variations due to Atmospheric variability & Limited resolution of POEM (X=250 km)
Source: Nedoluha et al., POAM III measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower most stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 2002
Coincidence criterion: 2.5º x 2.5º x 1 km x 6 hTotal: 200 Coincidences April 1998-Feb.2000
Slope = 0.98 (r=0.70)Offset= 3.6 ppmv
0 200100 300 400
200
100
300
400
POEM-UTH (ppmv)
MO
ZA
IC-U
TH
(pp
mv)
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
28
MOZAIC-UTH: Comparison with MLS/UARS Satellite
MLS observe no ice super saturation (retrieval and/or limited horizontal resolution) MLS lower than MOZAIC (Slope=0.64)
Large variations due to Atmospheric variability & Limited resolution of POEM (Z=4-5 km)
Source: Read et al., UARS Microwave Limb Sounder upper tropospheric humidity measurement: Method and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 2001
Coincidence criterion: 1º x 1º x 1 km x 3 hTotal: 384 Coincidences Aug.1994-Dec.1997
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
29
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pro
ba
bili
ty [%
]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um idity [% ]
00N-20N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pro
babi
lity
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um id ity [% ]
20N-30N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
babi
lity
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um id ity [% ]
30N-40N
Ice
Liquid
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pro
bab
ility
[%]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um id ity [% ]
40N-60N
MOZAIC: Distribution Relative Humidity in UT over AtlanticZ = 9-12 km, PV 2.0pvu, 10oW-70oW, Aug 1994 - June 2000
38% ISS
15% ISS15% ISS
22% ISS
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
30
Performance MOZAIC Humidity Device & ISS:Artifacts due to Evaporation of Ice Crystals ???????
10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70Tem pera ture Am bien t A ir [oC ]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60P
erce
nta
ge
of
Me
asur
em
ent
s W
ith S
upe
r S
atu
ratio
n [%
]
SS to 100% RH to Liquid
SS to 100% RH to Ice(Corrected for Liquid Fraction)
SS to 100% RH to Liquid & Ice
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
31
MOZAIC-IFC: In-Flight Correction of Zero Drift of RH-measurements
2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0 2 6 0 2 7 0 2 8 0S en so r T em p era tu re , T D [K ]
-0 .2 5
0
0 .2 5
0 .5
0 .7 5
Sen
sor
Sig
nal V
olta
ge U
D [
V]
D0
D0
UD,LS
0
0 .2 5S
enso
r V
olta
ge
UD
,LS [
V]
2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0 2 6 0 2 7 0 2 8 0S en so r T em p era tu re , T D [K ]
-0 .2 5
0
0 .2 5
0 .5
0 .7 5
Sen
sor
Sig
nal V
olta
ge U
D [
V]
D0
D0
UD,LS
2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0 2 6 0 2 7 0 2 8 0S en so r T em p era tu re , T D [K ]
-0 .2 5
0
0 .2 5
0 .5
0 .7 5
Sen
sor
Sig
nal V
olta
ge U
D [
V]
D0D0
D0D0
UD,LS
0
0 .2 5S
enso
r V
olta
ge
UD
,LS [
V]
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
32
Every 6 months cleaning sensor at airport: rins with destilled water (1 min) rins with alcohol ( 1min)
heat out (1 min @ ~90oC)
Every 2 year overal check at service company: exchange humidity device and send to service
company overall check of device (new sensors, calibration etc.).
Outlook: automatic cleaning procedure at airport collaborations with companies for instrumental and QA
support (e.g.Vaisala)
Operational Aspects of MOZAIC-Humidity Device From Board Commercial Aircraft
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
33
• 4/2008 IAGOS Design Study completed, - Prototypes available, - Partner airlines committed
• 2008 First aircraft equipped and commissioned:
O3, CO, H2O, Cloud Droplet Probe, NOy
• 2009 Certification for CO2 and aerosol
• 2016 20 aircraft equipped and commissioned
• 2028 20 years of data available ~ 150 000 flights
http://www.fz-juelich.de/icg/icg-ii/iagosCoordinator: Dr. Andreas Volz-Thomas E-mail: [email protected]
IAGOS-ERI: Time Table
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008
34
Candidates for Automatic Monitoring Humidity by Commercial Aircraft
WVSS-II
H 2 O -S e n s o r
AIRCRAFTSKIN
SENSORSRH: HUMICAP-HT : PT100
DEICINGHEATER
BOUNDARY LAYERSCONTROL HOLES
RIGHT ANGLEPRODUCESPARTICLE
SEPARATION