ModalsModalsandand

Semi Modals Semi Modals

(Modal Verbs)(Modal Verbs)

What are They ?What are They ?

can

could

may might

must

shouldwill

shall

would

ought tohave to have got to

We use Modal verbs to talk about an ability/a duty/ a need /a necessity/wanting

פעלים אלו מבטאים רצון,חובה, צורך, הכרח, יכולת...

ModalsModals

What is special about them? What is special about them?

Modal verbs behave very differently from normal verbs. Here are some important differences:

פעלים אלו "מתנהגים" באופן שונה מפעלים אחרים.

בהמשך יוצגו מספר הבדלים חשובים:

HowHow??

1. Modal verbs are always followed by a verb in its base formbase form.

EXAMPLES:He can speakspeak Chinese.

Compare: I speak Chinese.He speaksspeaks Chinese

You may taketake the book to school. She may taketake the book to school.

Compare: You taketake the books to school.She takes takes the books to

school.לאחר פעלים אלה, יופיע תמיד פועל בצורת המקור שלו.

2 .Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person in the present simple.

EXAMPLES:• He speaksspeaks Chinese.• He can  speakspeak Chinese. (NOT- He cans

speak…)

• She eatseats a sandwich at 9:30• She may eat eat a sandwich at 9:30.

לאחר פעלים אלה, יופיע תמיד פועל בצורת המקור שלו.

בגוף שלישי יחיד.Sלשניהם, לא תתווסף

HowHow??

3. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past. (We don’t use the helping verb “do”)

EXAMPLES:He should not bebe late.They might not comecome to the party.Compare: I don’t like to be late.I cannot eateat any more cakes.I don’t eateat carrot cakes.

כדי ליצור את צורת השלילה של פעלים אלה, .do ללא פועל העזר notנשתמש ב-

HowHow??

4 .Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.

EXAMPLES:

He will can go with us.  WRONG

She must studied very hard. WRONG

ברוב הפעלים האלה, לא ניתן להשתמש בעבר או בעתיד.

HowHow??

• Many modal verbs cannot be used in all of the English tenses. That's why we need to know their meaning and the substitute for these modal verbs.

Modal Verbs and their Modal Verbs and their substitutessubstitutes

כיוון שחלק מפעלים אלה אינם ניתנים לשימוש בכל הזמנים, עלינו להבין במה צריך/אפשר

להחליף אותם.

will- will not - won’twill- will not - won’t

We use this modal to speak about future actions that we are sure/ convinced about.

משתמשים בפעלים אלה כדי לדבר על פעולות שאנו בטוחים/משוכנעים שתתרחשנה בעתיד.

Today is Tuesday. Tomorrow will bewill be Wednesday.= I know it because this is a known fact.

We will not bewill not be in the office tomorrow. = I know it because he is going on vacation.

will- will not(=won’t)will- will not(=won’t)

Can – Could –Be able toCan – Could –Be able to

We use these modals to express:• General ability/ disability• possibility / impossibility • opportunity • Permission• request

משתמשים בפעלים אלה לבטא:יכולת/ חוסר יכולת•הזדמנות •רשות / בקשת רשות•

CanCan

I cancan walk.= I have the general ability to dothe action of walking.

I can’tcan’t hear you, it is too noisy.=I don’t have the ability to hear what you are saying because of the noise.

CanCanI have some free time. I cancan help her now. =I have the opportunity to help her.

I can'tcan't help her  now because I don't have any time. =I don’t have the opportunity to help her.

Can Can CouldCould

In the past, can changes to could.

He couldcould speak only Hebrew whenhe was a kid. He couldn’tcouldn’t speak tohis neighbor who speaks only English.

(General ability)

Practice time-can/could

maymay

=future possibility/get permission

משתמשים בפועל זה לבטא:סיכוי•יכולת עתידית•בקשת רשות•

• I maymay choose to wear the red dress to the party. =I have two dresses. There is a chance that I will

choose to wear the red dress and not the blue one.

• Today, he maymay come on time. =Although usually he comes late,

There is a possibility that today he will come on time.

סיכוייכולת עתידית

maymay

• MayMay I come to visit you at 5 o’clock? =I want to come to you but I’m not sure that you

want me to come/that you will be at home/that you will let me enter .

• You maymay take only one candy. =Although there are more candies, I permit you

to take only one of them!

בקשת רשות / מתן רשות

maymay

mightmight=possibility

משתמשים בפועל זה לבטא:

אפשרות )בדרך כלל למשהו שלילי(

• We may may come on time, but if you miss the bus, we mightmight be late. =I plan to come on time and this is why I I want

to catch the 7:15 bus.If I catch the 7:30 bus, I can come on time or not,

I’m not sure.

• If you advertise on the Internet you mightmight get a lot of spam to your e-mail box.=Although you don’t want to get spam, there’s a

risk that you will get it.

mightmight

shouldshould= advice or a strong suggestion.

משתמשים בפועל זה כדי לתת עצה, לעיתים "המלצה שאי אפשר לסרב לה"

• If you want to be a champion you shouldshould practice every day.=You don’t have to practice but then, you will

not get better.

• When you make a cheese cake, you shouldshould first check that you have cheese. -or else, it will not be a cheese cake

must - mustn’tmust - mustn’tMust – very strong advice/ obligationMustn't – things you're not allowed to

do.אסור

משתמשים בפעלים אלה כדי:לתת עצה או "המלצה שאי אפשר לסרב לה"•

לבטא חובה •

• She is sick. She has high fever. She mustmust take a pill.= very strong advice/ obligation

• You mustn’tmustn’t ride your bike without a helmet!= you're not allowed to do.(אסור)

Semi modalsSemi modals

have to - has to have to - has to had to – will have tohad to – will have to

= it is necessary=shows obligation and giving advice.

have to/has to –in the present/near future

had to –in the past

will have to –in the future

• I have tohave to clean my room. (My mother forces me to do it.)

• She has tohas to finish the test before the bell rings. (After the bell rings, you can’t go on answering the questions.)

• Gail Devers had tohad to take radiation therapy for her decease.(…to get well.)

• At the end of the 8th grade we will will have to have to leave our school.(…and go to high school.)

don’t have to don’t have to doesn’t have to doesn’t have to

Don't have to / Doesn't have to = it isn't necessary

Practice time-have/has to

Ought to – be supposed to – Ought to – be supposed to – be allowed tobe allowed to

• Ought to =חייב

• be supposed to= we expect him/her to

• be allowed to = permission someone will let/permit him do it.

• That’s a great movie. You oughtought to see it! (or You mustmust see it.)

• The teacher is supposed tois supposed to base the grades on the tests and assignments.

• On Friday, the students in our school don’t have tohave to wear the school uniform. They are allowed toallowed to wear any color they want. (They are permitted toare permitted to / They cancan even wear a pink shirt with yellow stripes.)

((bebe ) )able toable tobe able to show an ability.-I don’t know when I will be ready. I will be able towill be able to give you an answer later.-Is he able toable to do it? Yes, he knows how to do it and has time to do it.(=CanCan he do it?)

negative contractions negative contractions (short form)(short form)

http://www.english-zone.com/spelling/cont-02.html

• Many modal verbs cannot be used in all of the English tenses. That's why we need to know their meaning and the substitute for these modal verbs.

Modal Verbs and their Modal Verbs and their substitutessubstitutes

כיוון שחלק מפעלים אלה אינם ניתנים לשימוש בכל הזמנים, עלינו להבין במה צריך/אפשר

להחליף אותם.

Practice timePractice time

• Exercise on modal verbs and their substitutes

• Exercise - modal verb or substitute

• Exercise on 'must not' and 'need not' (for soccer fans)

• http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-

1/exercise-english-476.php

• http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-

1/exercise-english-443.php

• http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/auxiliary-

verbs/exercises

• http://www.agendaweb.org/verb/modals.html