Modal Verb Tutorial

Modal Verb Tutorial

Modals are special verbs which behave very irregularly in English. Englishpage.com has created one of the most in-depth modal tutorials in print or online. Study the modal explanations and complete the associated exercises and take another step toward English fluency. If you want to use the Modal Verb Pages as a reference only and do not want to complete the tutorial Click Here.

The tutorial should be completed as follows:

1. Read this introduction page including the section below titled "What are Modal Verbs?"

2. Complete the exercises below. After each exercise, we have listed the modals covered. Just click on the modal link to learn more about its use.

EXERCISESTOPICS COVERED

Modal Exercise 1Can, Could, Have to, Must, Might and Should

Modal Exercise 2Have to and Must

Modal Exercise 3Might, Must and Should. Afterwards, you can repeat the exercise using Could, Have to and Ought to

Modal Exercise 4Couldn't and Might not

Modal Exercise 5Have got to, Had Better, May and Shall

Modal Exercise 6Could, Might, Should and Would

Modal Exercise 7Modal Verbs Forms

Modal Final TestCumulative Modal Test

What are Modal Verbs ?

Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here are some important differences:

1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.

EXAMPLES:He can speak Chinese.She should be here by 9:00.

2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past.

EXAMPLES:

He should not be late.They might not come to the party.

3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.

EXAMPLES:He will can go with us.NOT CORRECTShe musted study very hard. NOT CORRECTCommon Modal Verbs

Can Could May Might MustOught to Shall Should Will Would

IMPORTANT: For the purposes of this tutorial, we have included some expressions which are not modal verbs including had better, have to and have got to. These expressions are closely related to modals in meaning and are often interchanged with them.

CanModal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

can general ability1. I can speak Chinese

2. SHIFTS TO "COULD" I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.

3. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" I will be able to speak Chinese by the time I finish my course.1. I can't speak Swahili.

2. SHIFTS TO "COULD" I couldn't speak Swahili.

3. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" I won't be able to speak Swahili.to be able

can ability during a specific event1. With a burst of adrenaline, people can pick up cars.

2. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he was able to lift the car off the child's leg.

3. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he will be able to lift the car.1. People can't pick up cars.

2. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" Even the weight lifter, couldn't lift the car off the child's leg.

3. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" Even three men working together won't be able to lift the car.to be able

can opportunity1. I have some free time. I can help her now.

2. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" I had some free time yesterday. I was able to help her at that time.

3. I'll have some free time tomorrow. I can help her then.1. I don't have any time. I can't help her now.

2. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" I didn't have time yesterday. I wasn't able to help her at that time.

3. I won't have any time later. I can't help her then.to be able

can permission1. I can drive Susan's car when she is out of town.

2. SHIFTS TO "BE ALLOWED" I was allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week.

3. I can drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.1. I can't drive Susan's car when she is out of town.

2. SHIFTS TO "BE ALLOWED" I wasn't allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week.

3. I can't drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.may

can requestCan I have a glass of water?

Can you give me a lift to school?

(Requests usually refer to the near future.)Can't I have a glass of water?

Can't you give me a lift to school?

(Requests usually refer to the near future.)could may

can possibility / impossibilityAnyone can become rich and famous if they know the right people.

Learning a language can be a real challenge.

(This use is usually a generalization or an supposition.)It can't cost more than a dollar or two.

You can't be 45! I thought you were about 18 years old.

(This use is usually a generalization or an supposition.)could

CouldModal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

could possibility1. John could be the one who stole the money.

2. John could have been the one who stole the money.

3. John could be charged with the crime when the police finish the investigation.1. Mary couldn't be the one who stole the money.

2. Mary couldn't have been the one who stole the money.

3. Mary couldn't possibly be charged with the crime after the police examine the evidence.might, may

could conditional (can, could)1. If I had more time, I could travel around the world.

2. If I had had more time, I could have traveled around the world.

3. If I had more time this winter, I could travel around the world.1. Even if I had more time, I couldn't travel around the world.

2. Even if I had had more time, I couldn't have traveled around the world.

3. Even if I had more time this winter, I could travel around the world.

could suggestion1. NO PRESENT FORM

2. You could have spent your vacation in Hawaii.

3. You could spend your vacation in Hawaii. NO NEGATIVE FORMS

could past abilityI could run ten miles in my twenties.

I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.I couldn't run more than a mile in my twenties.

I couldn't speak Swahili.be able to

could polite requestCould I have something to drink?

Could borrow your stapler?

(Requests usually refer to the near future.)Couldn't he come with us?

Couldn't you help me with this for just a second?

(Requests usually refer to the near future.)can, may, might

Have toModal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

have to certainty1. That has to be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair.

2. That has to have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants on this street.

3. NONE1. SHIFTS TO "MUST" That must not have been Jerry we saw. He was supposed to have red hair.

2. SHIFTS TO "MUST" That must not have been the right restaurant. I guess there is another one around here somewhere.

3. NONEmust, have got to

have to necessity1. She has to read four books for this literature class.

2. She had to finish the first book before the midterm.

3. She will have to finish the other books before the final exam.1. She doesn't have to read "Grapes of Wrath." It's optional reading for extra credit.

2. She didn't have to write a critique of "The Scarlet Letter." She had to give a presentation to her class.

3. She won't have to take any other literature classes. American Literature 101 is the only required course.must

don't have to choice/ no obligation1. I don't have to take any tests. The course is just for fun.

2. I didn't have to take the test. The teacher let me do a report instead.

3. I won't have to take the test. It's going to be for extra credit and I don't need the points.

REMEMBER: "Do not have to" vs. "Must not""Do not have to" suggests that someone is not required to do something. "Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something.

MustModal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

must certainty1. That must be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair.

2. That must have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants on this street.

3. NO FUTURE FORM1. That must not be Jerry. He is supposed to have red hair.

2. That must not have been the right restaurant. I guess there is another one around here somewhere.

3. NO FUTURE FORMhave to

must not prohibitionYou must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles.

You must not forget to take your malaria medication while your are in the tropics.

(Prohibition usually refer to the near future.)

must strong recommendation

(Americans prefer the form "should.")1. You must take some time off and get some rest.

2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You should have taken some time off last week to get some rest.

3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You should take some time off next week to get some rest.1. You mustn't drink so much. It's not good for your health.

2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You shouldn't have drunk so much. That caused the accident.

3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You shouldn't drink at the party. You are going to be the designated driver.should

must necessity

(Americans prefer the form "have to.")1. You must have a permit to enter the national park.

2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We had to have a permit to enter the park.

3. We must get a permit to enter the park next week.1. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We don't have to get a permit to enter the national park.

2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We didn't have to get a permit to enter the national park.

3. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We won't have to get a permit to enter the national park.have

MightModal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

might possibility1. She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems.

2. She might have taken the bus. I'm not sure how she got to work.

3. She might take the bus to get home. I don't think Bill will be able to give her a ride.1. She might not be on the bus. She might be walking home.

2. She might not have taken the bus. She might have walked home.

3. She might not take the bus. She might get a ride from Bill.could, may

might conditional (may, might)1. If I entered the contest, I might actually win.

2. If I had entered the contest, I might actually have won.

3. If I entered the contest tomorrow, I might actually win. Unfortunately, I can't enter it.1. Even if I entered the contest, I might not win.

2. Even if I had entered the contest, I might not have won.

3. Even if I entered the contest tomorrow, I might not win.

might suggestion1. NO PRESENT FORM

2. You might have tried the cheese cake.

3. You might try the cheesecake.1. NO PRESENT FORM

2. PAST FORM UNCOMMON

3. You might not want to eat the cheese cake. It's very calorific.could

might request

(British form)Might I have something to drink?

Might I borrow the stapler?

(Requests usually refer to the near future.)NEGATIVE FORMS UNCOMMONcould, may, can

REMEMBER: "Might not" vs. "Could not" "Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens. "Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen.

ShouldModal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

should recommendation advisability1. People with high cholesterol should eat low fat foods.

2. Frank should have eaten low fat foods. That might have prevented his heart attack.

3. You really should start eating better.1. Sarah shouldn't smoke so much. It's not good for her health.

2. Sarah shouldn't have smoked so much. That's what caused her health problems.

3. Sarah shouldn't smoke when she visits Martha next week. Martha hates when people smoke in her house.ought to

should obligationI should be at work before 9:00.

We should return the video before the video rental store closes.

("Should" can also express something between recommendation and obligation. "Be supposed to" expresses a similar idea and can easily be used in the past or in negative forms.)NO NEGATIVE FORMSbe supposed, to

should assumption/ expectation/ probability1. Susan should be in New York by now.

2. Susan should have arrived in New York last week. Let's call her and see what she is up to.

3. Susan should be in New York by next week. Her new job starts on Monday.1. Susan shouldn't be in New York yet.

2. Susan shouldn't have arrived in New York until yesterday.

3. Susan shouldn't arrive in New York until next week.ought to, be supposed to

Modal Verbs 1

Modals and Related ExpressionsBottom of Formcan could have to must might should

Top of Form

1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ______________be exhausted after such a long flight. He ______________prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.

2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you ______________walk downtown and explore the waterfront.

3. Hiking the trail to the peak ______________be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You ______________research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.

4. When you have a small child in the house, you ______________leave small objects lying around. Such objects ______________be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.

5. A: ______________you hold your breath for more than a minute?B: No, I can't.

6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ______________have cost a fortune.

7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they ______________die.

8. I ______________speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I ______________just say a few things in the language.

9. The book is optional. My professor said we ______________read it if we needed extra credit. But we ______________read it if we don't want to.

10. A: Where is the spatula? It ______________be in this drawer but it's not here.B: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It ______________be in there. That's the only other place it ______________be.

11. You ______________take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it ______________rain later on this afternoon.

12. ______________we pull over at the next rest stop? I really ______________use the bathroom and I don't know if I ______________hold it until we get to Chicago.

13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He ______________have left it here last night.

14. A: ______________I borrow your lighter for a minute?B: Sure, no problem. Actually, you ______________keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.

15. I ______________believe she said that to Megan! She ______________insult her cooking in front of everyone at the party last night. She ______________have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal.

16. Do you ______________chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza.

17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer ______________be someone in this room. It ______________be any one of us!!!

18. A: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.B: It ______________have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.

19. ______________you always say the first thing that pops into your head? ______________you think once in awhile before you speak?

20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It ______________be lying around here somewhere. Where ______________it be?

Bottom of Form

Modals 2

Modals and Related Expressions must have to

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

Top of Form

1. I ______________be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably ______________take a taxi if I want to be on time.

2. You ______________submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. Check that the name, address, and background information are correct. If the form is not accurate and complete, you will be rejected and you will ______________reapply at a later date.

3. A: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent them?B: It ______________have been David. He's the only one who would send you flowers.

4. You ______________forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.

5. You ______________be so rude! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while.

6. If you are over 18 in California, you ______________take a driver training course to get a driver's license. You can have a friend or a family member teach you instead. But remember, you ______________still get your permit before you start practicing.

7. You ______________be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to their name.

8. A: My car broke down in Death Valley last week. I ______________have it towed more than a hundred miles to the nearest mechanic.B: That ______________have cost a fortune!

9. While hiking in Alaska, you ______________keep an eye out for bears. If you see one, you ______________approach it. They are beautiful animals; however, they are wild and unpredictable in nature. You ______________be afraid of them, but educating yourself about the dangers can help keep you safe.

10. I ______________go to work tomorrow because it is Memorial Day. The best thing about a day off from work is that I ______________get up at 6:00; I can sleep in till noon if I want to.

11. Yesterday, I ______________cram all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.

12. A: Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport?B: She ______________still be sitting there waiting for us.

13. Ingrid received a scholarship to Yale University which will cover 100% of the tuition. She ______________worry at all about the increasing cost of education.

14. When I was a child my grandmother was continually correcting our manners. She always used to say, "One ______________eat with one's mouth open." Or, she would correct us by saying, "One ______________rest one's elbows on the table." And every time I wanted to leave the table, she would say, "One ______________ask to be excused."

15. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book ______________be wrong! forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.

Bottom of Form

Ought to

Modal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

ought to recommendation/ advisability1. Margaret ought to exercise more.

2. Margaret ought to have exercised more so she would be better prepared for the marathon.

3. Margaret ought to come to the fitness center with us tonight.1. Margaret ought not exercise too much. It might cause injury.

2. Margaret ought not have run the marathon. She wasn't in good shape.

3. Margaret ought not stay at home in front of the TV. She should go to the fitness center with us. should

ought to assumption/ expectation/ probability1. She ought to have the package by now.

2. She ought to have received the package yesterday.

3. She ought to receive the package tonight."Ought not" is used primarily to express negative recommendation.should

ought not

(Americans prefer "should not".)Margaret ought not exercise too much.

(Notice that there is no "to" in the negative form.)

Modals 3

Modals and Related Expressions Top of Form

Bottom of Form

might should must

Top of Form

1. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you ______________at least get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine.

2. Debbie said she was really busy this week, but I think she ______________show up at the party if she doesn't have to work overtime on Friday.

3. Nina said she would come over right after work, so she ______________be here by 6:00.

4. Oh my God, he's unconscious. Don't move him - he ______________have internal injuries. Somebody call an ambulance.

5. You ______________be kidding! That can't be true.

6. A: Where's the remote control? I want to change the channel. B: I don't know. It ______________be under the couch. Or, perhaps I absent-mindedly took it into the kitchen. I'll check in there.

7. For most people, learning a language is a challenging undertaking. Experts agree that to make the most of your language learning experience, you ______________practice the language regularly and push yourself to maintain old vocabulary while acquiring new words and expressions.

8. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's why I told my father that he ______________start walking once a day.

9. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them in weeks, and they ______________really enjoy a nice day at the beach.

10. A: While I was a student, I spent a year and a half studying pygmy culture in the Central African Republic. My research focused on unique aspects of the their social structure and religion. B: That ______________have been absolutely fascinating!

11. We had better call Tony to see if he's at home before we go over to his house. He ______________be there and we don't want to drive all the way over there for nothing.

12. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he ______________take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position.

13. You ______________worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work.

14. I would love to go on the cruise to Tahiti with Robin and Michelle. But such a luxurious trip ______________cost a fortune. I doubt I could afford something like that.

15. The book recommends adding fresh soil and using plant food to make your garden flowers grow. Since some people might be allergic to chemicals in artificial plant foods, the book says that you ______________use an organic brand to avoid skin irritations.

Bottom of Form

Answers

*9. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them in weeks, and they might really enjoy a nice day at the beach. In this sentence, "might" is preferred because "could" suggests that they have the ability to have a nice day at the beach. Most native speakers will use "might."

*11. We had better call Tony to see if he's at home before we go over to his house. He might not be there and we don't want to drive all the way over there for nothing. In this sentence, "might not" is the only correct answer. "Could not" would suggest that it is impossible that Tony is at home. "Might not" suggests that it is possible that he is there and it is possible that he is not there.

*13. You ought not worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work. "Ought not" is not commonly used in American English.

Modals 4

Modals and Related Expressions couldn't might not

Top of Form

1. Unfortunately, James and Michelle had already made plans, so they ______________come with us to the exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art.

2. They have had several major snow storms in the mountains during the last month. We had better call the highway patrol to check road conditions. The road to Smithsville ______________be passable.

3. We should call Tim before we go over to his house; he ______________be there. I don't want to drive all the way there for nothing.

4. In order to win the pie eating contest, Norman would have to eat sixteen pies in ten minutes. He ______________possibly eat that many pies - he would explode!

5. I know Eve wants to go to the ballet with us , but we'd better call her before we get her ticket. She works Wednesday nights, and she ______________be able to get time off that evening.

6. Susan hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.

7. It ______________be a bad idea to take some snacks along while we're hiking. Last time, we got so hungry we had to come back early without finishing the hike.

8. Jerry might be angry, or he ______________. You never really know with him because he's so temperamental.

9. Jerry ______________be angry at me. I've never done anything to upset him.

10. The lamp ______________be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.

11. When you were a child, you could swim from here to the little island in the middle of the river, ______________you. At least, that's what your father told me.

12. She ______________possibly be the winner of the talent show! The other acts were much better than her's.

13. Frank and Sarah ______________get tickets to the concert. The concert was sold out a little over an hour after tickets went on sale.

14. I heard that band is really popular, and tickets sell out quickly. You ______________get tickets if you wait too long.

15. That concert has been sold out for weeks. You ______________get tickets even if you knew the band personally. It's impossible!

16. It ______________be a bad idea to get a car alarm for your new sports car. New cars tend to attract thieves.

17. That ______________possibly be Mr. Jones. He's lost so much weight that he looks like a completely different person.

18. You ______________do the job if you didn't speak Arabic fluently.

19. Jane and Bill ______________have gotten the invitation to the party. Perhaps, that's why they didn't show up. I doubt they would actually skip your birthday party - they're your best friends!

20. I ______________have left my keys at Simon's house. I wouldn't have been able to drive home if I had done that. They must be somewhere here in the apartment. Let's keep looking.

Bottom of Form

Have Got to

Modal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

have got to necessity1. People have got to be on time if they want to get a seat in the crowded theater.

2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" You had to be on time if you wanted to get a seat in the crowded theater.

3. You have got to be there on time tonight if you want to get a seat in the crowded theater.1. SHIFT TO "DON'T HAVE TO" People don't have to be there on time to get a seat.

2. SHIFT TO "DON'T HAVE TO" You didn't have to be there on time to get a seat.

3. SHIFT TO "DON'T HAVE TO" You won't have to be there on time to get a seat.have to, must

haven't got to future obligationHaven't you got to be there by 7:00?

Haven't you got to finish that project today?

("Haven't got to" is primarily used to ask about future obligations. It can be used in statements, but this is less common.)Don't you, have

Had Better

Modal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

had better recommendation1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" People should unplug toasters before they clean them.

2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" You should have unplugged the toaster before you tried to clean it.

3. You had better unplug the toaster before you try to clean it.1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" People shouldn't clean toasters without unplugging them first.

2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" You shouldn't have cleaned the toaster without unplugging it first.

3. You had better not clean the toaster until you unplug it.should, ought to

had better desperate hope/ warningThe movie had better end soon.

They had better be here before we start dinner.

(Desperate hopes and warnings usually refer to the near future.)They had better not be late.

They had better not forget Tom's birthday gift.

(Desperate hopes and warnings usually refer to the near future.)

"Had better" is often simply pronounced as "better" in spoken English.

May

Modal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

may

possibility1. Jack may be upset. I can't really tell if he is annoyed or tired.

2. Jack may have been upset. I couldn't really tell if he was annoyed or tired.

3. Jack may get upset if you don't tell him the truth.1. Jack may not be upset. Perhaps he is tired.

2. Jack may not have been upset. Perhaps he was tired.

3. Jack may not get upset, even if you tell him the truthmight

may

permission1. You may leave the table now that you're finished with your dinner.

2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO" You were allowed to leave the table after you finished your dinner.

3. You may leave the table when you finish your dinner. 1. You may not leave the table. You're not finished with your dinner yet.

2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" You were not allowed to leave the table because you hadn't finished your dinner.

3. You may not leave the table until you are finished with your dinner. can

may

requestsMay I borrow your eraser.

May I make a phone call.

(Requests usually refer to the near future.)NO NEGATIVE FORMcan, might

Shall

Modal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

shall future action

(British form)The marketing director shall be replaced by someone from the New York office.

Fred shall be there by 8:00.The marketing director shall not be replaced after all.

Fred shall not be there. He has a previous obligation.will

shall volunteering/ promising

(British form)I shall take care of everything for you.

I shall make the travel arrangements. There's no need to worry.I shall never forget you.

I shall never give up the fight for freedom.will

shall inevitability

(British form)Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe.

We shall overcome oppression.Man shall never give up the exploration of the universe.

He shall not be held back.

Modals 5

Modals and Related Expressions mayhad betterhave got toshall

Top of Form

1. I know it's rather rude, but ______________I ask you where you purchased that pocket watch? I have been looking for one like that for my father.

2. You ______________look good for your interview if you want to get the sales job. You wear the the white shirt and the maroon tie. I think that'll look really professional.

3. I ______________be at work tomorrow by 7:00. I ______________give a marketing presentation to one of our clients.

4. It's pretty hot in the desert at this time of year. If we are going to do some hiking, we ______________take at least two or three quarts of water with us. Actually, it ______________be hotter than we expect out there - maybe we should take a gallon or more.

5. You ______________leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself.

6. I can't stand these people - I ______________get out of here. I'm going to take off for awhile while you get rid of them. When I get back, they ______________be gone.

7. I try a little of your Black Forest cake? I looks absolutely delicious - I______________ ______________taste it!

8. You ______________take along some cash. The restaurant ______________not accept credit cards.

9. You ______________take along some cash. The restaurant doesn't accept credit cards.

10. ______________we move into the living room? It's more comfortable in there and there's a beautiful view of the lake.

11. I'm not really sure if Susan is going to go snow boarding with us or not. She ______________decide to stay here and study for her Japanese final. She ______________get a good score on the test if she wants to qualify to study abroad in Tokyo next semester.

12. ______________I have a look at that necklace there in the display case. It's exactly what I've been looking for.

13. We ______________no longer suffer the injustice of oppression. We ______________never give up the struggle for freedom!

14. You ______________be joking! If you think I'm going to give you a tip after you mixed up the meal orders, spilled wine on me and insulted my wife, you get your head examined!!!

15. Ian, Evelyn and Deborah will be attending the conference. I be attending as well.

Bottom of Form

Would

Modal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. FutureNegative FormsYou can also use:

would conditional1. If I were President, I would cut the cost of education.

2. If I had been President, I would have cut the cost of education.

3. If I were elected President next year, I would cut the cost of education.1. If I were President, I would not raise taxes.

2. If I had been President, I would not have raised taxes.

3. If I were President, I would not sign the tax increase next week.

would past of willI said I would help you.

He told me he would be here before 8:00.I said I wouldn't help you.

He told me he would not be here before 8:00.

would repetition in pastWhen I was a kid, I would always go to the beach.

When he was young, he would always do his homework.When I was a kid, I wouldn't go into the water by myself.

When he got older, he would never do his homework.used to

Modals 6

Modals and Related Expressions would could should might

Top of Form

1.Donna: If I won the ten million dollar lottery jackpot, I afford to quit my job and travel the world.

Sam: Where you go if you had that much money?

Donna: I don't know, I choose to spend a year in Paris - or perhaps I go to Kenya.

Sam: How often do you buy lottery tickets?

Donna: Never... I guess if I want to win the lottery, I try buying some tickets.

Sam: That help.

2.Waitress: Hi, my name is Sandy - I'll be your waitress tonight. What can I get for you?

Tony: I haven't decided yet. Is there anything you recommend? Is there anything you think I try?

Waitress: You try the Cajun catfish - or perhaps the Gumbo. They're both delicious.

Tony: That sounds wonderful, but that be a little too spicy for me. Actually, the prawns sound good. I have the barbecued prawns?

Waitress: Sure, you like a salad with that?

3.Jan: What we look for in a candidate when we vote in a presidential election?

Peter: I think citizens vote for a President who has the ability to improve the quality of life in the United States.

Jan: What you do if you were President of the United States?

Peter: I focus on environmental pollution.

Jan: Every candidate always says he's going to do that, but it's a really complicated problem - it's not one which is easily solved. What makes you think you actually stop pollution?

Bottom of Form

Modal 7

Modals and Related Expressions Top of Form

1. I'm not really sure where Beverly is. She __________________ in the living room, or perhaps she's in the backyard.

might sitmight be sittingmight have sat

2. Doug __________________ the video we rented on his way to work. It was on the table, but now it's gone.

must have returnedmust not have returnedmust return

3. You __________________ the air pressure in your tires. You don't want to get a flat tire on your trip.

ought to be checkingought to checkought to checked

4. The computer isn't working. It __________________ during production.

can be damagedshould have been damagedmust have been damaged

5. The package __________________ tomorrow afternoon. It was sent by express mail this morning.

should be deliveredshould have been deliveredshould be delivering

6. You __________________ the tickets for the play in advance - they sell out quickly.

have to bookhas to bookhave to be booked

7. You can't mean that! You __________________.

must jokehave to have jokedhave got to be joking

8. If Debbie hasn't come home yet, she __________________ for us in the coffee shop.

must still waitmust still be waitingmust still have waited

9. Mike decided not to join us for lunch. He __________________ at work to finish the marketing report.

should have been stayinghad to stayshould have stayed

10. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I __________________ on a white sand beach right now.

would be lyingwould liewould have lain

11. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I __________________ come to work this week.

would not mustwould have had towould not have had to

12. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I __________________ scuba diving lessons.

might be takenought to be takingcould have taken

13. Margaret agreed to meet us at the entrance to the theater. She __________________ for us when we get there.

ought to be waiting ought to wait ought to have waited

14. It __________________ Sam who called and didn't leave a message on the answering machine. He said he wanted to get together with us this weekend.

ought to bemight have beenshould have been

15. The machine __________________ on by flipping this switch.

can turncan be turnedcan be turning

16. She __________________. That could have been why her eyes were so red and swollen.

has to be cryingcould be cryingmight have been crying

17. If she was crying, she __________________ very upset.

must have beenshall bewould have been

18. That painting __________________ by Picasso. It could be a forgery.

might be paintingmight not paintmight not have been painted

19. Your diving equipment __________________ regularly if you want to keep it in good condition.

must be cleanedmust have been cleanedmust have been being cleaned

20. If I hadn't taken a taxi, I __________________ for you at the train station for hours.

might have been waitingought to have been waitinghad to have waited

Bottom of Form

Modal Final Test

Modals and Related Expressions Top of Form

1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ________________ be exhausted after such a long flight.

mustcanhad better

2. The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we ________________ read it if we don't want to.

cannotmust notdon't have to

3. Susan ________________ hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.

couldn'tcan'tmight not

4. The television isn't working. It ________________ damaged during the move.

must have beenmustmust be

5. A: ________________ hold your breath for more than a minute?B: No, I can't.

Are you able toMight youCan you

6. You ________________ be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to their name.

can'tdon't have toshouldn't

7. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book ________________ be wrong!

have tomustshould

8. You ________________ do the job if you didn't speak Japanese fluently.

can'twon't be able tocouldn't

9. You ________________ worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work.

shouldn'tdon't have tocan't

10. You ________________ be kidding! That can't be true.

shouldhave toought to

11. You ________________ leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself.

wouldmightmay

12. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ________________ a fortune.

must costmust be costingmust have cost

13. ________________ we move into the living room? It's more comfortable in there and there's a beautiful view of the lake.

ShallMustWill

14. If I had gone white water rafting with my friends, I ________________ down the Colorado River right now.

would have floatwould be floatingwould float

15. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he ________________ take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position.

mustought tohas to

16. You ________________ take along some cash. The restaurant may not accept credit cards.

had betterhas tocan

17. The machine ________________ on by flipping this switch.

may turncould be turningcan be turned

18. I can't stand these people - I ________________ get out of here. I'm going to take off for awhile while you get rid of them.

mighthave got tohad better

19. You ________________ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.

mustn'tdon't have tocouldn't

20. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head. ________________ you think once in a while before you speak?

Can notCan'tDon't can

21. Terry and Frank said they would come over right after work, so they ________________ be here by 6:00.

have tocanshould

22. Yesterday, I ________________ cram all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.

had toshouldmust

23. We ________________ no longer suffer the injustice of oppression! Freedom shall be ours!

wouldmightshall

24. If I had gone to the University of Miami, I ________________ participated in their Spanish immersion program.

couldcould havecould be

25. The lamp ________________ be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.

might notmust notcould not

AnswersBottom of Form

Modal Final Test

Modals and Related Expressions Top of Form

1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ________________ be exhausted after such a long flight.

mustcanhad better

2. The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we ________________ read it if we don't want to.

cannotmust notdon't have to

3. Susan ________________ hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.

couldn'tcan'tmight not

4. The television isn't working. It ________________ damaged during the move.

must have beenmustmust be

5. A: ________________ hold your breath for more than a minute?B: No, I can't.

Are you able toMight youCan you

6. You ________________ be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to their name.

can'tdon't have toshouldn't

7. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book ________________ be wrong!

have tomustshould

8. You ________________ do the job if you didn't speak Japanese fluently.

can'twon't be able tocouldn't

9. You ________________ worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work.

shouldn'tdon't have tocan't

10. You ________________ be kidding! That can't be true.

shouldhave toought to

11. You ________________ leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself.

wouldmightmay

12. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ________________ a fortune.

must costmust be costingmust have cost

13. ________________ we move into the living room? It's more comfortable in there and there's a beautiful view of the lake.

ShallMustWill

14. If I had gone white water rafting with my friends, I ________________ down the Colorado River right now.

would have floatwould be floatingwould float

15. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he ________________ take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position.

mustought tohas to

16. You ________________ take along some cash. The restaurant may not accept credit cards.

had betterhas tocan

17. The machine ________________ on by flipping this switch.

may turncould be turningcan be turned

18. I can't stand these people - I ________________ get out of here. I'm going to take off for awhile while you get rid of them.

mighthave got tohad better

19. You ________________ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.

mustn'tdon't have tocouldn't

20. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head. ________________ you think once in a while before you speak?

Can notCan'tDon't can

21. Terry and Frank said they would come over right after work, so they ________________ be here by 6:00.

have tocanshould

22. Yesterday, I ________________ cram all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.

had toshouldmust

23. We ________________ no longer suffer the injustice of oppression! Freedom shall be ours!

wouldmightshall

24. If I had gone to the University of Miami, I ________________ participated in their Spanish immersion program.

couldcould havecould be

25. The lamp ________________ be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.

might notmust notcould not

Bottom of Form

PAGE 20

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