Mixed-Signal Microwave Training

PN 553-405-xx MRP-xxx

Jan/Feb 2005

Applications Engineering Training for IG-XL 5.00.60_flx

MixedMixed--Signal Microwave TrainingSignal Microwave Training

Student ManualStudent Manual

By Vourdanne Ignegongba

Module 1 - 2PN 553-405-xx MRP Rev xxx

This document may be reproduced by a Teradyne customer under the Software Product Support Agreement solely for internal use by the customer’s employees whose responsibility include Teradyne equipment. Any copy of this document, or portions thereof, must contain copyright and propriety rights notice as stated on the original.

Copyright 2003 Teradyne Inc.Printed in the U.S.A.Teradyne Inc.321 Harrison AvenueBoston, MA 02118

The material contained in this document is subject to change without prior notice. Teradyne, Inc. assumes no responsibility for the completeness or accuracy of this document. This document contains trade secrets and confidential information, and is furnished pursuant to a license from Teradyne, Inc. Use or reproduction of this document is restricted under the terms of the license.

RESTRICTED RIGHTS

Use, duplication or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in paragraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clauses at 252.227-7013.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

FLEX,Catalyst, and Tiger Training Documentation contains references to SUN, UNIX, Sparc and Ultra workstations, SUN O.S. and Solaris Openwin and CDE environments. It also contains references to Windows NT and Windows 2000.

Limited Reproduction Rights Limited Reproduction Rights for Teradyne Customersfor Teradyne Customers


Document Name Part Number Version Description Date

FLEX MW Student Class Manual 553-405-xx IG-XL x.xx Initial Release Month Year

FLEX MW Student Lab Guide 553-405-xx IG-XL x.xx Initial Release Month Year

Printing HistoryPrinting History


Course Revision HistoryCourse Revision History

Date +++ Session +++ Revision+++10/2004 Workshop 01 001

11/2004 Workshop 02 002

Month year Alpha Seminar 000

Month year Beta Class 000


Course OutlineCourse Outline

I. Sourcing and Measuring RF signalsa. FLEX System Overview b. RF Concepts and Terms

c. FLEX Microwave System Architectured. MWSource and MWReceiver Instruments

e. Lab 1.1 Source and Receive Loop-backf. Lab 1.2 MultiSite Testing

II. Typical RF Device Testinga. RF Gainb. Lab 2.1 Measure LNA Gain

c. Lab 2.2 Sweep LNA Gaind. 1dB Compression

e. IMD, IP2, IP3f. Lab 2.3 IP2, Lab 2.4 IP3

g. Noise Figureh. Lab 2.5 Noise Figure

i. Phase Noisej. Lab 2.6 Phase Noise

III. RF Modulation, IQ Mod, IQ Demoda. Analog Modulation

b. Lab 3.1 AM modulated wave (simulator) c. Lab 3.1 Sourcing and Capturing AM signal

d. Quadrature Modulatione. Lab 3.3 Quadrature Modulator

f. Lab 3.4 Quadrature Demodulator

IV. T-Line theory and Sparameters Tests

a. Transmission Line Theoryb. Sparameters Tests

c. Lab 4.1 One-Port Sparameter (S11)


Outline (cont’d)Outline (cont’d)

V. One-Port Sparameters, SystemNF and ENR Calibrations

a. One-Port Sparameters Calibrationb. System Noise Figure Calibrationc. ENR Calibrationd. De-embedding and Calibration Fixture Tool

(CalFixDisp)

VI. RF Probe, RF DIB Design, RFSimulation Tools, Multi-SiteRF test, DSP, Vector Math

a. RF Probeb. RF DIB Designc. RF Simulation Toolsd. Multi-Site RF Teste. DSPf. Vector Math


* Optional exercise, if time permits

Module 1: AGENDA Module 1: AGENDA

ØØ Module ObjectivesModule Objectives

ØØ Assumptions and ConventionsAssumptions and Conventions

ØØ FLEX System Overview and RF ConceptsFLEX System Overview and RF Concepts• System Architecture Overview: IG-XL/Microwave and Source/Receive Instruments• RF Concepts and RF Test Principles: terms and definitions

ØØ FLEX Microwave System ArchitectureFLEX Microwave System Architecture• Basic System Architecture, Test Head Boards and Connections

ØØ Microwave Instruments: MWSource and MWReceiverMicrowave Instruments: MWSource and MWReceiver• Microwave Source (MWSource) Introduction and VBT Programming• Microwave Receiver (MWReceiver) Introduction• Physical Instruments, DIB Interface, Software Connections (Pins, Channels, Configurations …)• VBT Programming (MWReceiver and Loopback Measurement Example)

ØØ Labs (sourceLabs (source--receive)receive)• Simulator Lab 1.1 (Programming MWSource and MWReceiver)• Simulator Lab 1.2 (Sweep MWSource/MWReceiver Frequency)• Tester Lab 1.1 (Validate Loopback Power Measurement)

ØØ Module ReviewModule Review


Module 1: ObjectivesModule 1: Objectives



ØØ FLEX System Overview and RF ConceptsFLEX System Overview and RF Concepts• System Architecture Overview: IG-XL/Microwave and Source/Receive Instruments• RF Concepts and RF Test Principles: terms and definitions






Module 1: ObjectivesModule 1: Objectives

Ø Upon completion of this module the student should be able to:

• Understand basic concepts related to Microwave and RF power measurements.

• Understand the FLEX Microwave System Architecture at a high level.

• Understand functionalities and basic syntax of MWReceiver and MWSource instruments and the Microwave Port Module.

• Develop IG-XL code on the FLEX using VBT code and DSP procedures to perform RF power measurements.

• Debug the test programs using the WaveScope and FLEX debug tools running on the host computer.

• Run the test programs using the MW on-board G4 processor to get pass fail results.


Module 1: Assumptions and ConventionsModule 1: Assumptions and Conventions



ØØ FLEX System Overview and RF Concepts FLEX System Overview and RF Concepts • System Architecture Overview: IG-XL/Microwave and Source/Receive Instruments• RF Concepts and RF Test Principles: terms and definitions






Module 1: Assumptions and ConventionsModule 1: Assumptions and Conventions

Ø Course prerequisite is IG-XL VBT Training.

Ø Recommended: Applied RF Techniques I by Besser Associates or equivalent.

Ø For the purpose of discussing the RF test concepts in this course, the examples presented will assume that the user has a working knowledge for entering information in the Test Flow, Test Instance, and Test Procedure worksheets.

Ø The procedures and coding for setting up the DUT, that generally includes powering-up, initializing, and setting the appropriate conditions for testing will be supplied.


Module 1: FLEX System Overview and RF ConceptsModule 1: FLEX System Overview and RF Concepts



ØØ FLEX System Overview and RF ConceptsFLEX System Overview and RF Concepts

• System Architecture Overview: IG-XL/Microwave and Source/Receive Instruments• RF Concepts and RF Test Principles: terms and definitions







micro

Test Head

SupportCabinet

SupportCabinet

Test Head



Test HeadSupportCabinet



ØØ IGIG--XL Software and Microwave Architecture XL Software and Microwave Architecture

Building on the IG-XL software foundation

Tools

DSP(Support Board)

Worksheets

VBT

MW

Receiver

FLEX Instruments

displays

theHdw.MWSource

theHdw.MWReceiver

MW

Source

MW port module

Mod Source

DUT

MW Instruments

displays

DSP(On-Board Digitizer)

DIB

Microwave instruments

Use the IG-XL software architecture



ØØ IGIG--XL Software and Microwave Integrated Architecture XL Software and Microwave Integrated Architecture

IG-XL - MicrowaveM

W R

eceiver

MW

Source

MW port module

Mod Source

DUT

Test Head

DSP(On-Board Digitizer)

VHFAC BBAC

Receive

Source Source

Receive



ØØ Architecture Overview of MWSource Physical UnitArchitecture Overview of MWSource Physical Unit

6GHz frequency synthesizer


MWSRCCC

MWSRCCC

MWSRCCC

PortModule

Test HeadSupport Cabinet

A

B

A

B

ThirdChannelModule

RF2 RF1

SRC1(A)

SRC2(B)

SRC3(LO)



ØØ Architecture Overview of MWReceiver Physical UnitArchitecture Overview of MWReceiver Physical Unit


PortModule


A

B

ThirdChannelModule

RF1

(A)

(B)

(LO)

G4 DSP

MW Digitizer

LOIF



ØØ Time Domain and Frequency Domain analysisTime Domain and Frequency Domain analysis• Time Domain (discrete sample set)Source Instruments require time domain samplesReceive Instruments capture require time domain samples

• Freq Domain (Spectrum)Analysis done in DSP using spectral information, scaled in dB



ØØ Unit of Measurement: dBUnit of Measurement: dB

• dB is most common unit used in Microwave/RF testing

• dB Denotes ratio:

dB = 20 log10 V2/V1dB = 10 log10 P2/P1

• Logarithmic scale: multiplication transformed to division

• Double power: add 3 dB

• Half power: subtract 3 dB

• 10 dB = factor of 10

• To change dB sign, take reciprocal5.011 (5)7

3.98 (4)610^3 (1000)30

1.995 (2)310^2 (100)20

1.2591.01010

1.1220.510

1.023 (+2%)0.110^-1 (0.1)-10

0.977 (98%,-2%)-0.110 -2 (0.01)-20

0.891-0.510 -3 (0.001)-30

0.794-110 -4-40

0.631-210 -5-50

0.501 (1/2)-310 -6-60

0.398 (2/5)-410 -7-70

0.316 (sqrt 10)-510 -8-80

0.251 (1/4)-610 -9-90

0.199 (1/5)-710 -10-100

0.158-810 -11-110

0.126 (1/8)-910 -12-120

ratiodBratiodB



ØØ Unit of Measurement: dBmUnit of Measurement: dBm

• A variation of the dB unit which is used to quantify microwave signals is the dBm, where:

PowerdBm = 10 log10 (P2/P1) where: P1 = 1.0 mW)PowerdBm = 10 log10 (power in mW)

(dB is normalized to 1mW)



Ø To convert from Volts to dBm in a 50Ω system:

Ø To convert from dBm to Volts in a 50Ω system:

10

1010

10 1010

==

dBmdBm PP

PKV20

10

210

10 1010

=×

=

dBmdBm PP

RMSV

××= 1000

50log10

2RMS

dBmV

P

( )20log10 2 ××= RMSV

q Power is proportional to V2/R• V is voltage• R is characteristic load impedance

q For time-varying signals, average power is V2RMS/R

• Power measured by an “ideal” detector with slow response

q For a sinusoid:

q Peak power = V2PEAK/R

2

PEAKRMS

VV =



( )20log20 ××= RMSdBm VP

Ø To Convert from VRMS to dBm in a 50Ω system:

××= 202

log20 PKV

( )10log20 ××= PKdBm VP

( ) 10log20 +×= PKV

Ø To Convert from VPK to dBm in a 50Ω system



ØØ Unit of Measurement: dBmUnit of Measurement: dBmHere is a conversion table to convert dBm to power to voltage. Note that0.0dBm equals 1mW in a 50 ohm system.

dBm mW mVrms mVpk mVpp30.00 1000.0000 7071.0678 10000.0000 20000.000027.00 501.1872 5005.9326 7079.4578 14158.915724.00 251.1886 3543.9289 5011.8723 10023.744721.00 125.8925 2508.9095 3548.1339 7096.267818.00 63.0957 1776.1719 2511.8864 5023.772915.00 31.6228 1257.4334 1778.2794 3556.558812.00 15.8489 890.1947 1258.9254 2517.8508

9.00 7.9433 630.2096 891.2509 1782.50196.00 3.9811 446.1542 630.9573 1261.91473.00 1.9953 315.8530 446.6836 893.36720.00 1.00E+00 2.24E+02 3.16E+02 6.32E+02

-3.00 5.01E-01 1.58E+02 2.24E+02 4.48E+02-6.00 2.51E-01 1.12E+02 1.58E+02 3.17E+02-9.00 1.26E-01 7.93E+01 1.12E+02 2.24E+02

-12.00 6.31E-02 5.62E+01 7.94E+01 1.59E+02-15.00 3.16E-02 3.98E+01 5.62E+01 1.12E+02-18.00 1.58E-02 2.82E+01 3.98E+01 7.96E+01-21.00 7.94E-03 1.99E+01 2.82E+01 5.64E+01-24.00 3.98E-03 1.41E+01 2.00E+01 3.99E+01-27.00 2.00E-03 9.99E+00 1.41E+01 2.83E+01-30.00 1.00E-03 7.07E+00 1.00E+01 2.00E+01-33.00 5.01E-04 5.01E+00 7.08E+00 1.42E+01-36.00 2.51E-04 3.54E+00 5.01E+00 1.00E+01-39.00 1.26E-04 2.51E+00 3.55E+00 7.10E+00-42.00 6.31E-05 1.78E+00 2.51E+00 5.02E+00-45.00 3.16E-05 1.26E+00 1.78E+00 3.56E+00-48.00 1.58E-05 8.90E-01 1.26E+00 2.52E+00-51.00 7.94E-06 6.30E-01 8.91E-01 1.78E+00-54.00 3.98E-06 4.46E-01 6.31E-01 1.26E+00

dBm mW mVrms mVpk mVpp-54.00 3.98E-06 4.46E-01 6.31E-01 1.26E+00-57.00 2.00E-06 3.16E-01 4.47E-01 8.93E-01-60.00 1.00E-06 2.24E-01 3.16E-01 6.32E-01-63.00 5.01E-07 1.58E-01 2.24E-01 4.48E-01-66.00 2.51E-07 1.12E-01 1.58E-01 3.17E-01-69.00 1.26E-07 7.93E-02 1.12E-01 2.24E-01-72.00 6.31E-08 5.62E-02 7.94E-02 1.59E-01-75.00 3.16E-08 3.98E-02 5.62E-02 1.12E-01-78.00 1.58E-08 2.82E-02 3.98E-02 7.96E-02-81.00 7.94E-09 1.99E-02 2.82E-02 5.64E-02-84.00 3.98E-09 1.41E-02 2.00E-02 3.99E-02-87.00 2.00E-09 9.99E-03 1.41E-02 2.83E-02-90.00 1.00E-09 7.07E-03 1.00E-02 2.00E-02-93.00 5.01E-10 5.01E-03 7.08E-03 1.42E-02-96.00 2.51E-10 3.54E-03 5.01E-03 1.00E-02-99.00 1.26E-10 2.51E-03 3.55E-03 7.10E-03

-102.00 6.31E-11 1.78E-03 2.51E-03 5.02E-03-105.00 3.16E-11 1.26E-03 1.78E-03 3.56E-03-108.00 1.58E-11 8.90E-04 1.26E-03 2.52E-03-111.00 7.94E-12 6.30E-04 8.91E-04 1.78E-03-114.00 3.98E-12 4.46E-04 6.31E-04 1.26E-03-117.00 2.00E-12 3.16E-04 4.47E-04 8.93E-04-120.00 1.00E-12 2.24E-04 3.16E-04 6.32E-04



ØØ Unit of Measurement: dB, dBm, dBcUnit of Measurement: dB, dBm, dBc

• The logarithmic scale is used for all different types of measurements.• When comparing to power levels expressed in “dBm” then a dBc unit is used.• dBc refers to a difference in power level of one signal compared to another signal, usually a Carrier.• Sometimes, dB is used in place of dBc, dBm, etc., but remember dB and dBc are relative, they

are unitless, whereas dBm is an absolute unit, referenced to 1 milliwatt.

+dBm = dB above 1 milliwattdBc = dB relative to carrier power

+50dBc+70dBc

+20dB

2f0 3f0

dBm+10

- 40

- 60

Pfundamental (or Pcarrier) = +10dBm

f0 frequency



• Microwave/RF circuits can have complex behavior compared to low frequency circuits (KVL and KCL laws no longer apply.)

• Higher frequency = shorter wavelength.

• Lumped circuit models assume wavelength is much larger than the circuit elements.

• For Ghz frequencies, “cm” wavelengths are no longer large compared to a circuit elements.

• Lumped element circuits assume all electric fields are in capacitors, magnetic fields are in inductors.

• Microwave (electromagnetic wave) propagation involves both electric and magnetic fields simultaneously:

- At high frequencies, leaded “capacitor” or “resistor” can look like an “inductors” because of lead inductance.

- Propagation along wires is a complicated geometric problem where the geometry can determine circuit parameters.

- Discontinuities (e.g., corners, inconsistent width) of a line can cause the line to exhibit unwanted capacitance and/or inductance.

• Conclusion: wave theory is usually required for analysis of microwave circuits.

ØØ Microwave Circuit BehaviorMicrowave Circuit Behavior



• When dealing with RF and microwave signals, special care must be taken to design signal connections and signal paths using transmission lines since wires and PC traces affect signal integrities at elevated frequencies.

• The transmission line characteristic impedance is most often 50ohms for microwave test equipment.

• The two types of transmission lines often used in ATE are coaxial and microstrip:

• A more thorough discussion of transmission line theory will be presented in Module 4.

Coaxial

Center Conductor = signal

Outer Conductor = ground return

Dielectric material Microstrip

Center Conductor

Ground return

Dielectric material (PCB)

ØØ Microwave Transmission LinesMicrowave Transmission Lines



• When dealing with coaxial connectors and cables, it is important to always make a solid connection at the connector interface by properly tightening connectors using a torque wrench calibrated according to the connector manufacture specification.

• Over tightening connectors can damage the connectors or the launch pads on the circuit board.

• Under tightening can make loose connections that can cause poor signal integrity.

• Connectors must be kept clean. Do not rotate the center pin when connecting or disconnecting.

ØØ Microwave signal integrity:Microwave signal integrity:



ØØ Common RFCommon RF connectorconnector types:types:

• SMA (3.5mm) have threaded ground connector nut (most common cable connector)• K-type is precision 3.5mm size. Avoid using SMA male on K females.• BNC have bayonet ground connection (reduced frequency range)• N-type: large, threaded connector nut; can carry higher power• OSP: spring loaded, no threads: “blind-mate” insertion (DIB interface)• APC: precision hermaphroditic connector: laboratory grade• OSX, OSSP, SMP: miniature types• SMCC: RosenbergerTM surface mount coaxial connector (Opposite-side PCB launch)• A slew of others…

ÜNote: Coaxial adapters are commonly used on bench equipment to protect the instrument connectors from repeated use.


Module 1: FLEX Microwave System ArchitectureModule 1: FLEX Microwave System Architecture

ØØ Module ObjectivesModule ObjectivesØØ Assumptions and ConventionsAssumptions and ConventionsØØ RF Concepts and RF Test Principles: terms and definitionsRF Concepts and RF Test Principles: terms and definitions

ØØ FLEX Microwave System ArchitectureFLEX Microwave System Architecture

• Basic System Architecture, Test Head Boards and Connections

ØØ Microwave Instruments: MWSource and MWReceiverMicrowave Instruments: MWSource and MWReceiver• Microwave Source (MWSource) Introduction and VBT programming• MWReceiver (MWReceiver) Introduction• Physical Instruments , DIB Interface, Software Connections (Pins, Channels, Configurations…)• VBT Programming (MWReceiver and Loopback Measurement Example)


ØØ Module 1 ReviewModule 1 Review



J13

Test Head without DIB

Cables toCabinets

J1 J26

J14

Set 1: Test Head Slots 2 &3




ØØBBasic System asic System Architecture: TestArchitecture: Test HeadHead



(Microwave Instrument Functional Diagram)(Microwave Instrument Functional Diagram)ØBasic System Architecture: Source/Receive signal paths



• The FLEX Microwave system combines multiple hardware resources to source and measure RF signals and also to provide a fully functional high-performance Vector Network Analyzer (VNA):

ü RF Synthesizers in the support cabinet provide high quality sinusoids up to 6 Ghz.

ü A Synthesizer Control Board in the support cabinet card cage controls the synthesizer frequency.

ü The Microwave Instrument consists of two boards (RF1 and RF2) that are located in the test head.

ü Multiple cables (Connections) link the MW system together and distribute signals, data, etc.

ü Microwave Instrument’s software supports IG-XL programming througha. Procedure Test Elements (Graphical “PDE” environment)b. Visual Basic for Test (VBT) preferred

ü DSP Programming in VBT:a. High-speed on-board digitizer and embedded G4 processor on the RF1 board.b. MW DSP Programming code that is identical to the DSP programming for other

FLEX instruments (DSIO, baseband, etc.).

ØØ Basic System Architecture:Basic System Architecture:



• RF1 Board provides:ü Dedicated G4 DSP processor and embedded control.ü “MW Port Module” which controls connections to the DUT load board

interface.ü “MW Measure Module” to down convert RF signals for digitizing.ü “On-Board” digitizer: 100 MHz sample rate, 40 MHz IF bandwidth.

• RF2 Board provides:ü DC power for both RF1 and RF2.ü MW Source level control.

ØØ Microwave Instrument Test Head Boards: RF1 and RF2 Microwave Instrument Test Head Boards: RF1 and RF2



• RF umbilical cord between boards: carries source signals to RF1.

• Power umbilical cord between boards: carries DC power to RF1.

• Digital umbilical cord between boards: carry source control signals to RF2.

• RF cables from cabinet to test head: to RF2 for sources, to RF1 for receiver “local oscillator” (LO).

• Digital LVDS cables from test head to cabinet: send synthesizer commands.

• PC controls for the RF system through the backplane to the RF1 board.

ØØ Microwave Instrument Physical Connections:Microwave Instrument Physical Connections:



• Up to four microwave instrument sets can be installed in a tester.

• Four microwave sets would occupy eight of the 26 FLEX test head slots (2 slots per each set).

• Microwave Instrument boards can be installed in test head slots 2 & 3, 12 & 13, 15 & 16, and 25 & 26.

ØØ Microwave Instrument Boards: Test Head Slot Allocation:Microwave Instrument Boards: Test Head Slot Allocation:


Module 1: Microwave Instruments: MWSource and MWReceiverModule 1: Microwave Instruments: MWSource and MWReceiver

ØØ Module ObjectivesModule ObjectivesØØ Assumptions and ConventionsAssumptions and ConventionsØØ FLEX System Overview and RF ConceptsFLEX System Overview and RF Concepts



ØØ Microwave Instruments: MWSource and MWReceiverMicrowave Instruments: MWSource and MWReceiver

• Microwave Source (MWSource) Introduction and VBT Programming• Microwave Receiver (MWReceiver) Introduction• Physical Instruments, DIB Interface, Software Connections (Pins, Channels, Configurations …)• VBT Programming (MWReceiver and Loopback Measurement Example)





ØØ MW Source hardware paths:MW Source hardware paths:



MWSRCCC

MWSRCCC

MWSRCCC

PortModule


A

B

A

B

ThirdChannelModule

RF2 RF1

SRC1(A)

SRC2(B)

SRC3(LO)



• The Microwave source instrument consists of:

ü A frequency synthesizer in support cabinet sets the desired frequency.ü A Source channel card on RF2 board that sets the RF power level.ü A Port Module on the RF1 board that connects the MW Source to the

DIB OSP interface.ü A Third Channel Module (TCM) on RF1 board that can connect the MW

LO Source synthesizer to the DIB OSP interface.

ØØ MWSource Instrument:MWSource Instrument:




RF2 RF1

SRC

SR

C

SR

C


A B


A B

Port

SRC1(A)

SRC2(B)

SRC3(LO)

TCM

ØØ MWSource hardware paths:MWSource hardware paths:



• Support up to three sources per MW Instrument Board.

• Main Channels:

ü Source 1 to “A” portsü Source 2 to “B” ports

• Main Channel Add paths:

ü Source 1 to “A” port, combines with Source 2ü Source 2 to “B” port, combine with Source 1

• DUT LO Channels (option):

ü Source 3 to the TCM “LO” ports

ØØ MWSource OSP Port Connections:MWSource OSP Port Connections:



Coupler

Coupler

LNA

Receiver

LO

From Main Source 1Synthesizer


From Receiver LOSynthesizer

From Support SourceSynthesizer Coupler

“A” OSP ports

“B” OSP ports

TCM“LO” OSP ports

Noise Source

ØØ Port Module Connections:Port Module Connections:



Coupler

Coupler

LNA

Receiver

LO




From Support SourceSynthesizer

“A” OSP ports

“B” OSP ports


Noise Source

ØØ MWSource Connections:MWSource Connections:



• The Port Module multiplexes MW resources to DIB OSP connections.

• Only one A port, one B port, and 1 LO OSP port may be connected simultaneously.

• Cannot connect a source and use the LNA receive path on the B mux at the same time, however, the directional coupler allows the receiver to be utilized for making S-Parameter measurements.

• Combiners (“Add Paths”) allow source 1 and 2 to be combined to either port A or port B through the MW Port Module for two-tone sourcing.

ØØ Port Module Connections:Port Module Connections:



ØØ MW Port Module Add Paths:MW Port Module Add Paths:

Coupler

Coupler

LNA

Receiver

LO

From Main Source1Synthesizer

From Main Source2Synthesizer



Main RF I/Os

Main RF I/Os

Support RF I/OsTyp. DUT LO’s

Noise Source



– Frequency range: 50MHz to 6000MHz

– Frequency resolution:

• 50MHz to 4000MHz: 2Hz

• 4000MHz to 6000MHz: 4Hz

– Amplitude range:

• Main channel: 50 MHz…3 GHz: +13 dBm to –100dBm

Main channel: 3 GHz…6 GHz: +10 dBm to –100 dBm

• Main channel, Indirect/Add Path: 50 MHz…6 GHz: -7 dBm to –100 dBm

• Support Source channels: 50 MHz…6 GHz: +10 dBm to –30 dBm

– Amplitude resolution: 0.1dB

– Phase Noise at 3000MHz:

• 10kHz offset: -116dBc/Hz

• 10MHz offset: -140dBc/Hz

– Available Modes:• Continuous Wave (CW)• Modulation (Microwave Modulated Source : MWMS)

ØØ MWSource System Specifications: MWSource System Specifications:



ØØ MWSource Level Accuracy: Main PathMWSource Level Accuracy: Main Path

+/- 1.3dB-50dBm...-70dBm3000MHz .. 6000MHz

+/- 0.6dB+10dBm...-50dBm3000MHz .. 6000MHz

+/- 1.5dB-70dBm...-100dBm50MHz .. 6000MHz

+/- 0.7dB-50dBm...-70dBm50MHz .. 3000MHz

+/- 0.5dB+13dBm...-50dBm50MHz .. 3000MHz

AccuracyLevel RangeCarrier Frequency

Signal accuracy is guaranteed by AutoCalibration.No external calibration necessary !

Source 1 to A ports, Source 2 to B ports



• MW Source Syntax:

Dim pinname As String ' could be list of pins

pinname= “RF_in”thehdw.MWSource.pins(pinname).Frequency = 1000000000# ' in Hz, 50 MHz to 6 GHzthehdw.MWSource.pins(pinname).Amplitude = -30 ' in dBm -100 to +13 dBmthehdw.MWSource.pins(pinname).Connect ' makes the source connection

thehdw.MWSource.pins(pinname).Disconnect

‘ readback Debug.Print pinname & " Connection State: " & thehdw.MWSource.pins(pinname).IsConnectedDebug.Print pinname & " Frequency: " & thehdw.MWSource.pins(pinname).Frequency & " Hz"Debug.Print pinname & " Power: “ & thehdw.MWSource.pins(pinname).Amplitude & " dBm“

• Use VBT .pins syntax to reduce repetition, improve execution speed:With thehdw.MWSource.pins(pinname)

.frequency = … ‘ repeating pins() avoids getting out of sync.amplitude = … ‘ when TDE debug display is open

End with

ØØ MWSource VBT programming:MWSource VBT programming:



ØØ MWReceiver hardware paths:MWReceiver hardware paths:


PortModule


A

B

ThirdChannelModule

RF1

(A)

(B)

(LO)

G4 DSP

MW Digitizer

LOIF



• The Microwave Receiver consists of:

ü An RF synthesizer in the support cabinet provides a LO (local oscillator) for the RF down converter (mixer).

ü A Port Module that connects DIB pins to the measure module RF input.

ü A Microwave Measure Module (MWMM) on the RF1 board down converts RF signal to IF.

ü The MWMM IF output provides leveling control for the signal going into the on-board digitizer.

ü An on-Board digitizer captures the IF signal from the MWMM.

ü An embedded G4 processor (“DSP module”) provides DSP operation on the captured signals and eliminates the need to move captured data from capture memory.

ØØ MWReceiver Instrument:MWReceiver Instrument:



Test HeadSupport CabinetRF2 RF1


A B


A B

Port

SRC1(A)

SRC2(B)

SRC3(LO)

TCM

RECV

DSP

DIG

ØØ MWReceiver hardware paths:MWReceiver hardware paths:



ØØ MW Port Module Receiver Connection Paths:MW Port Module Receiver Connection Paths:

Coupler

Coupler

LNA

Receiver

LO





“A” OSP ports

“B” OSP ports


Noise Source



• The MW Port Module (MWPM) multiplexes the test head OSP connectors to the MW receiver.

• The MW Receiver MWPM LNA (low-noise amplifier) path is available on “B” side ports.

• The MW Receiver paths on other ports are through the reflect path of directional coupler.

• The directional coupler has a lower gain and higher noise floor than can be attained through the LNA ports, but they can accommodate higher power levels.

ØØ MW Port Module Receiver Connection Paths:MW Port Module Receiver Connection Paths:



ØØ MWReceiver Instrument Functional Overview:MWReceiver Instrument Functional Overview:

High Speed ADC14 Bit100MS/s 40MHz BW

HW DSP RESAMPLER


SignalFrom DUT Delay Line

Phase Shift

To other digitizers(BBAC, VHFAC)

High Speed Data Bus

Phase Noise Option

ONBOARD DIGITIZER



ØØ MWReceiver Functional Block Diagram:MWReceiver Functional Block Diagram:

RF

LO

IF

Lowpass Filter

Down converter

1MHz 10MHz 40MHz

50kHz to 40MHz

50MHz to 6GHz,

-150dBm to

20dBm

Bandpass Filter

ADC

to BBAC VHFAC MW DIB/Pogo

Pin

bypass3.125 to

100MS/s, sample size 4M

14 bit fixed

sample rate



ØØ Microwave OnMicrowave On--Board Digitizer Capability:Board Digitizer Capability:

On-board Digitizer (Main)

Capture BW Bit Resolution3.125MHz 14 6.25MHz 13.512.5MHz 1325MHz 12.550MHz 12



ØØ Alternative Digitizer Capabilities:Alternative Digitizer Capabilities:

VHFAC Digitizer (Alternate)

Capture BW Bit Resolution32.5MHz 1464.5MHz 12300MHz Analog BW,

w/undersampling 14

BBAC Digitizer (Alternate)

Capture BW Bit Resolution3MHz15MHz



• The MWReceiver is a “compound instrument” consisting of an RF downconverter (MWMM) and the on-board digitizer.

• RF Input Frequency range: 50MHz to 6000MHz

• RF Input Amplitude range: -150dBm to +20dBm

• IF Bandwidth: 50 kHz…40 MHz

• IIP3 (low-distortion, directional coupler path, at power levels not requiring the MWMM RF amplifier)

q 50 MHz…600 MHz: +24 dBm

q 600 MHz…6 GHz: +30 dBm

ØØ MWReceiver System Specifications:MWReceiver System Specifications:



ØØ MWReceiver Level Accuracy:MWReceiver Level Accuracy:

+/- 0.7dB-15dBm .. -70dBm5000MHz .. 6000MHz

+/- 0.7dB+20dBm .. -50dBm5000MHz .. 6000MHz

+/- 0.6dB-15dBm .. -70dBm50MHz .. 5000MHz

+/- 0.6dB+20dBm .. -50dBm50MHz .. 5000MHz

AccuracyLevel RangeRF Frequency

Measurement accuracy is guaranteed by AutoCalibration.No external calibration is necessary !



ØØ RF1 Board Connection Diagram:RF1 Board Connection Diagram:

P2 P1

Connection legend

0.085” Diameter cable0.085” Diameter cable0.120” Diameter cable0.190” Diameter cable

Ribbon connector

Tie-down holes

J 7

J 8

J14J10J15J11

J16

J3J3J4J5

J2J7

J4J5J6

TH

IRD

CH

AN J15

J14

J16

J17

Pogo Pin Connections

Direct HeaderRF Connections

11 cables

RF 1_Flip 1

RF 1_Flip 2

RF 1_Flip 3

OCTOPORT(PORT MODULE)

MEASURE MODULE(RECEIVER)

LA 763

( IF )

J 3( LO )

J 4

J 5

( IN )( IN

)

J12

J1(3)

(1)J1

(2)J2

SMP 1 SMP 2

J12J13

RF1_Aux 3RF1_Aux 4RF1_Aux 1RF1_Aux 2

11 cables



ØØ RF1 Board Block Diagram:RF1 Board Block Diagram:

Primary instrument board

30 inches

16 inches Port ModuleMeasure Module

DIBMicrowaveConnectors

DIBPogoConnectors

DSPModule

ThirdChannel Module

IFDigitizer

RF Sourcefrom RF2

Receiver LO from cabinet



ØØ RF2 Board Connection Diagram:RF2 Board Connection Diagram: Aux RF - to support cabinet

6 x Source Module Ribbon

SMC Ribbon

Flipper Power -to RF1

Flipper Signal -to RF1

0.190” Diameter cable

Tie-down holes

Secondary Aux -to RF1

SCALE 0.750

LA 779

LA 779

LA 779

SOURCE MODULE # 1

SOURCE MODULE # 2

SOURCE MODULE # 3

ININ

IN

OUT

OUT

OUT

RF 2_Aux 1RF 2_Aux 2RF 2_Aux 3RF 2_Aux 4

To RF 1_Flip 1

To RF 1_Flip 2

To RF 1_Flip 3



ØØ RF2 Board Block Diagram:RF2 Board Block Diagram:

Secondary (source) instrument board

Source Module

26 inches

16 inches

Source ModuleSource Module

NoDIBConnectors

RF Sourceto RF1

DC Powerconverters

Source synthsfrom cabinet


ØØ DIB RF Interface to OSP Plane: DIB RF Interface to OSP Plane: (Test Head Top View)(Test Head Top View)

3.osp1

4.osp1

CABLES TO CABINETS




ØØ Microwave Instrument: DIB Pogo Pin and OSP Interface:Microwave Instrument: DIB Pogo Pin and OSP Interface:(Test Head Top View)(Test Head Top View)

A38

3.osp1

4.osp1

CABLES TO CABINETS



Ø Tester configuration example:



ØØ Microwave Instrument Functional Diagram: OSPsMicrowave Instrument Functional Diagram: OSPs



• A microwave instrument set can provide up to twelve OSP connector ports. • The OSP connectors are oriented toward the center of the test head.• OSP connectors are blind mate coaxial connectors.• The OSP block requires two DIB slots, each referenced by it’s own slot number.

ØØ Microwave Instrument: DIB Interface Connections:Microwave Instrument: DIB Interface Connections:

Center of test head

Digital, DC and low frequency signals use pogo pins at DIB slots toward the outer edge of the test head.

Microwave signals use OSP connectors and coaxial cables toward the center of the test head.

.osp1.osp2.osp3.osp4.osp5.osp6

.osp1.osp2.osp3.osp4.osp5N/C

A38 A1Pogo Pins

D38 D1

DIB slot 3

DIB slot 4



ØØ Microwave Instrument: OSP DIB Interface Channel Designations:Microwave Instrument: OSP DIB Interface Channel Designations:

.osp1.osp2.osp3.osp4.osp5.osp6

.osp1.osp2.osp3.osp4.osp5N/C

A38 A1Pogo Pins

D38 D1

DIB slot 3

DIB slot 4

UnusedN/C(4.osp6)

Microwave Port, DUT LO source4.lo34.osp5

Microwave Port, source and measure with LNA4.b44.osp4






Microwave Port, source and measure3.a43.osp4




FunctionSignal NameLocation

2.rf11

2.rf8

2.rf7

2.rf6

2.rf5

2.rf10

2.rf9

2.rf4

2.rf3

2.rf2

2.rf1

TH HW Ref



ØØ Microwave Instrument: DIB Pogo Pin Designations:Microwave Instrument: DIB Pogo Pin Designations:

Microwave DIB slots 2, 24, 29 and 49 use the same 4x38 pin pattern as many other FLEX Instruments. (DIB slots refer to J numbers.)

A38

D38

A1

D1

A38

D38

A1

D1

A38

D38

A1

D1

A38

D38

A1

D1J1

J3J4.

J22J23

J25

J28

J30J31.

J47J48

.

J50

J2

J24

J29

J49

centerof testhead



ØØ Microwave Instrument: DIB Pogo Pin Connections:Microwave Instrument: DIB Pogo Pin Connections:

• A microwave instrument set uses 28 of the 4x38 pogo pins.• Pogo pins can be used to add DC offset to the RF signal paths through internal

bias tees, used for off-board triggers, or used to access nodes inside the MW Receiver.

D36RF_EVENT_TRIGGER

C36DIB_DUT_EVENT_TRIGGER

PinPin Name

Event Triggers

Access to Receiver IF

B3A3User_Digitizer_IF_Input_Access

C8D8User_Receiver_IF_Output_Access

Ground PinSignal Pin

Name

B29A29slot3.osp2

C32D32slot3.osp3

A30B30slot3.osp4

C34D34slot3.osp5

B35A35slot3.osp6

B31A31slot4.osp1

A34B34slot4.osp2

C30D30slot4.osp3

B33A33slot4.osp4

A36B36slot4.osp5

A32B32slot3.osp1

Sense PinForce PinPort

DC Bias Voltage Inputs for Microwave Ports



• When IG-XL is loaded, the software searches for a TesterConfig.txt file when on the tester or a SimulatedConfig.txt file when running off-line.

• IG-XL searches for the config files in the following order:

1. $CWD (current working directory)2. <IG-XL Path>/tester3. <IG-XL Path>/bin

• When IG-XL locates the appropriate config.txt file, two files are created:

1. A hardware configuration and slot map file is generated and saved in:

C:\Program Files\Teradyne\IG-XL\5.00.50_flx\tester\CurrentConfig.txt

2. The TesterChannel/DibChannel/SignalName definitions are also created in:

C:\Program Files\Teradyne\IG-XL\5.00.50_flx\tester\CurrentChannelMap.txt

ØØ System Configuration Files: Output files generated by IGSystem Configuration Files: Output files generated by IG--XLXL



• When on the tester, the user can copy the contents of the following file to the $CWD directory for running on the simulator when working off-line:

C:\Program Files\Teradyne\IG-XL\5.00.50_flx\tester\CurrentConfig.txt

• Before starting IG-XL on the simulator, rename the CurrentConfig.txt file saved in the $CWD directory that was copied from the <IG-XL>/tester directory to:

<$CWD>\SimulatedConfig.txt

ØØ System Configuration Files: Input files to IGSystem Configuration Files: Input files to IG--XL softwareXL software



• Alternatively, when running on the simulator off-line, the user can copy the contents of one of the sample TesterConfig.txt files from the <IG-XL\bin directory to the $CWD.

• Before starting IG-XL on the simulator, rename the TesterConfig.txt file saved in the $CWD directory that was copied from the <IG-XL>\bin directory to:

<$CWD>\SimulatedConfig.txt

ØØ System Configuration Files: Input files used by IGSystem Configuration Files: Input files used by IG--XLXL



ØØ System configuration Files: examplesSystem configuration Files: examples

CurrentChannelMap.txt CurrentConfig.txt



ØØ Assigning RF Pins in the IGAssigning RF Pins in the IG--XL Pinmap WorksheetXL Pinmap Worksheet ::



ØØ Microwave Instrument Functional Diagram: Link to IGMicrowave Instrument Functional Diagram: Link to IG--XLXL



ØØ Assigning RF Ports in the IGAssigning RF Ports in the IG--XL Channel Map Worksheet:XL Channel Map Worksheet:

Channel Map Sheet in IG-XL maps to CurrentChannelMap.txt file:

(DibChannel and Signal Name)



• MWReceiver.AmplitudeExpected VBT syntax controls the MW receiver gain. This will be discussed later in the class. However, please NOTE:

ü CAUTION: DAMAGE MAY OCCUR to the MWPM LNA and or MWMM RF amplifier if the power at the input is more than 10 dB above the programmed “expected” level!!!

ü LNA Paths (MWPM LNA and MWMM RF AMP) can be damaged by powers > -10 dBm. Users must program expected received power levels accurately and consider the total power within the 6 GHz MW Receiver bandwidth.

ü There is NO protection provided at the LNA input.

ØØ MWReceiver Level Ranging:MWReceiver Level Ranging:



Dim pinname As String ' could be a list of pins

thehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).AmplitudeExpected = -30 ' in dBm -150 to +20 (check .min, .max)thehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).CenterFrequency = 1000000000# ' in Hz, 50 MHz to 6 GHzthehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).IFFrequency = 20000000# ' in Hz, 50kHz to 40 MHz (check .Min, .max)thehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).IFFilter = 40000000# ' in Hz, 1 MHz, 10 MHz and 40 MHz are relevantthehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).Capture.SampleRate = 100000000# ' 3.125 MHz to 100 MHzthehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).Capture.SampleSize = 10000 ' max 4 Msamples

thehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).GainSetup = tlMWGainSetupNormal‘ also can choose tlMWGainSetupLowDistortion or tlMWGainSetupLowNoise

thehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).Connect' Note: Multiplexer can only connect one pin' and the receiver can only connect to one mux.' If the program has multiple sites sharing the same port module,' then the connections and triggers must be serialized.

ØØ MWReceiver VBT Programming:MWReceiver VBT Programming:


Module 1: Microwave Instruments Module 1: Microwave Instruments -- MWSource and MWReceiverMWSource and MWReceiver

ØØ MWReceiver VBT Programming: SetMWReceiver VBT Programming: Set--up and Capture exampleup and Capture example

With TheHdw.MWReceiver.Pins(receiverpin). ‘ setup MWReceiver .AmplitudeExpected = receiverRFpower.CenterFrequency = receiverRFfreq.IFFrequency = receiverIFfreq.IFFilter = iffilter_freq.capture.SampleRate = sample_rate.capture.SampleSize = num_samps. GainSetup = tlMWGainSetupNormal ‘default.Connect

‘ Add DSPWave to store capture.Waveforms.Add (“DSPwave_capture”)

‘ Readback the MW Receiver calfactor : consider doing this on first-rundB_RXGain =.CalibrateSystemGain(receiverRFfreq)

‘ Start the capture.Waveforms.Trigger (“DSPwave_capture”)

End With



• Normal Mode (DEFAULT setting): Port Module LNA switched at lower programmed power levels, compromise between noise and distortion.

thehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).GainSetup = tlMWGainSetupNormal

• Low Distortion: Preference for directional coupler paths, fewer amplifiers are switched in, lowest distortion with a higher noise floor.

thehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).GainSetup = tlMWGainSetupLowDistortion

• Low Noise Mode: Preference for LNA, lowest noise with higher distortion at high power levels.

thehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).GainSetup = tlMWGainSetupLowNoise

ØØ MWReceiver Gain Mode Setup:MWReceiver Gain Mode Setup:



• The MWMM RF AMP switching is based on the power level at the MWMM input, not the instrument input.

• As a result, the exact power level at which the MWMM RF Amp is turned on and will vary from system to system depending on the gain of the receive path preceding the MWMM.

• Typically, the MWMM input power will be about 26dB less than the instrument “expected” input power level when the Port Module LNA is on.

• In “Normal” mode, the MWMM RF Amp can be expected to switch on for expected power levels:

– below about +4dBm (-22dBm + 26dB) with the MWPM LNA off.– below about -31.5dBm (-22dBm + -9.5dB) with the MWPM LNA on.– These values will vary by a few dB from system to system and also

over frequency.

ØØ MWReceiver Gain Mode Setup:MWReceiver Gain Mode Setup:



ØØ MWReceiver Ranging and Gain Setup Modes MWReceiver Ranging and Gain Setup Modes vs. Expected Input Power Level Programmedvs. Expected Input Power Level Programmed

-35dBm +2.2dBm +9.8dBm +20dBm

+20dBm-22.8dBm -15.2dBm-40dBm-58dBm -55dBm

-33dBm -30dBm -15dBm

PM LNA ONMM AMP ON

PM LNA ONMM AMP ON

PM LNA ONMM AMP ON

PM LNA ONMM AMP OFF

PM LNA ONMM AMP OFF

PM LNA OFFMM AMP ON

PM LNA OFFMM AMP OFF



PM LNA OFFMM AMP ON

PM LNA OFFMM AMP ON

NORMAL

LOW DISTORTION

LOW NOISE

0dBm

+2.2dBm +9.8dBm +20dBm

MODE

• MW Port Module (PM) • MW Measure Module (MM)



• Use VBT readback command to get the receiver gain:

‘ single frequencyDim gain As Doublegain = thehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).CalibrateSystemGain(rffreq)

• Call CalibrateSystemGain with the same setup as the capture:ü The system performs an internal calibration using the MWSource and an

internal loopback path to the MW Receiver.ü On most runs, the system will use cached values when the instruments are

set-up.ü The CalibrateSystemGain for all frequency points and power levels used in

the test program can be done once on “first run” or as needed by the user.

ØØ MWReceiver Gain Readback:MWReceiver Gain Readback:



• DSPWaves contain the digitizer data holding the captured data:

ü Associate a label with each capture with an arbitrary, unique “string”.ü The label is used to associate the trigger event with the DSPWave

object that holds the data.ü Trigger the MWReceiver using the .Trigger command.

thehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).Waveforms.Add ("my_capture") ‘ create a labelthehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).Waveforms.Trigger ("my_capture") ‘ make the capture

ü Assign the capture to a DSPWave.

' capwave is assigned to the DSP procedure for processing on the G4.Dim capwave as DSPWave

Set capwave =thehdw.MWReceiver.pins(pinname).Waveforms("my_capture").DSPWave.pin(pinname).Value(site)

ØØ MWReceiver VBT: Handling WaveformsMWReceiver VBT: Handling Waveforms



• For multi-site (in addition to setting up IG-XL appropriately ...)

Public Function MwMultiSiteTest(ByVal pin As String, ByVal caplabel As String, _ ByVal settle_msec As Double, _ Byval DSPWaveName As String)

' serially connect and trigger the microwave receiver.' connect MWSource OR VHFAC source serially as well'Dim Status As tlLoopStatus, site As LongDim captime As Double, result As LongDim overall_result As LongDim first_site As Long

overall_result = TL_SUCCESSWith thehdw.MWReceiver.Pins(pin)captime = .capture.SampleSize.value / .capture.SampleRate.value

End With

ØØ MWReceiver VBT: Handling WaveformsMWReceiver VBT: Handling Waveforms


Module 1: Microwave Instruments Module 1: Microwave Instruments -- MWSource and MWSource and MWReceiverMWReceiver

Status = theexec.Sites.SelectFirstfirst_site = theexec.Sites.SelectedSite

While Status <> loopDonesite = theexec.Sites.SelectedSite

SETUP MWSource OR VHFAC SRC thehdw.MWReceiver.Pins(pin).Connect (SETUP MWReceiver + ReadBack System Gain)

thehdw.Wait settle_msec / 1000#thehdw.SettleWait 0.1

thehdw.MWReceiver.Pins(pin).Waveforms.Trigger caplabel' the next line not needed if MWReceiverDSPWave test element connected the capture label to' the procedure DSPWave variable

thevars(DSPWaveName, site) =thehdw.MWReceiver(pin).Waveforms(caplabel).DSPWave.pin(pin).value(site)

result = wait_capture_complete(pin, captime * 1000# * 3#)

Status = theexec.Sites.SelectNext(Status)

Wenddisconnect MWSource OR VHFAC SRC and MWReceiver site

End Function

ØØ MWReceiver VBT: MultiSite (Microwave serial triggering)MWReceiver VBT: MultiSite (Microwave serial triggering)



• DSPWave data is initially stored in the DSP module on the RF1 board.

• A DspProcedure call from the Test Procedure is used to make the measurement using the FLEX DSP VBT code.

• The captured DSPWave is normally (by default) operated on to calculate the necessary measurement(s) using the on-board G4 processor for maximum throughput.

• Captured data can be moved from the G4 to the host computer where the FLEX DSP VBT code can be executed on the host. This capability will be discussed in more detail later in this module.

ØØ MWReceiver: DSP FunctionsMWReceiver: DSP Functions



• When running a DspProcedure on the G4, the system hardware and control is not visible in the on-board DSP environment. (call such astheHdw.MWSource … is not allowed)

• When running on the G4, all DIB hardware, tester hardware, set-ups or instrument control must be done either before or after the DspProcedure runs. (control goes back and forth between Host computer and Embedded System processor).

ØØ MWReceiver: DSP FunctionsMWReceiver: DSP Functions



Ø DspProcedure example code segment: Calculate the RF power from a captured DSPWave.

‘ get the resolution bandwidth (Fres)‘ Fres = CDbl(sample_rate / num_samps) ‘ Fs and N must match the capture

Fres = DSPwave_capture.FrequencyResolution ‘ or use this to read it from the‘ DSPWave.

' get the bin number where Fc will show up:‘ Fc will be at the receiver IF frequency assuming Fc is what you want to measurebin = receiverIFfreq / Fres

Z = 50# ‘ assume a 50 ohm system

amp = DSPwave_capture.CalcAmplitudeFromSpectrum(bin)

‘ since there is no Log10 operator in VB, we need to convert from LognPower_out = (10# / Log(10#)) * Log(1000# * amp * amp / (2 * Z)) - dB_RxGain

‘ plot the captured wave on the WaveScopeDSPwave_capture.plot (“Captured Wave”) ‘ For debug on host



Ø LOG10 conversion in VBT:

Z = 50 ' ohms

amp = DSPwave_capture.CalcAmplitudeFromSpectrum(bin) ' return volts peak

Power_out = (10# / Log(10#)) * Log(1000# * amp * amp / (2 * Z)) - dB_RxGain

‘ factor 1000 is to convert watts to milliwatts‘ 2 in denominator is to convert Vpk2 to Vrms2

‘ Z in ohms converts Vrms2 to power in watts ( E2/R)‘ Since there is no log10( ) function in VB we can use:‘ 10/Log(10) prefactor that produces 10 log10(power in milliwatts) = dBm‘ dB_RxGain is the MW receiver cal factor read in the MW receiver set-up and‘ capture function.


From Math:

)ln()xln(

)x(log10

101010 =( ) 1303210

3032 10

×=

=

.ln

)x(log.)xln(

In VB log(x) is ln (x) so:

)xln()ln( 10

10)xlog(

)log( 1010


Ø There is no Log10 operator in VB so we need to do a ln conversion:

Hence the VBT code is derived to compute PdBm:

PdBm = (10# / Log(10#)) * Log( power in milliwatts )


Module 1: Microwave Instruments Module 1: Microwave Instruments -- Debug DisplaysDebug Displays

Ø Microwave Logical Instruments Debug DisplaysMicrowave Logical Instruments Debug DisplaysMWSource, MWReceiver, MWModulated Source connections diagrams and

parameters settings


Module 1: Microwave Instruments Module 1: Microwave Instruments -- Debug DisplaysDebug Displays

Ø Microwave Physical Board Level DisplayMicrowave Physical Board Level DisplayPort Module connections diagrams and parameters settings, bias tees …



ØIG-XL MW Source and Receiver Measurements:

• RF testing in IG-XL using the FLEX microwave instruments follow the same construct of the concepts presented in the FLEX Basic Programming course. (See the FLEX MW Class Assumptions at the beginning of this module.)

• To add a test, the DUT pins and channel assignments must be defined in:

q Pinmap Worksheetq Channel Map Worksheet

• Items must also be added to the appropriate Excel Worksheets in:

q Flow Table Worksheetq Test Instances Worksheetq Test Procedures Worksheet



Ø IG-XL MW Source and Receiver Measurements :

• At the time of this publication, Test Procedures are required since DspProcedure calls must be made from the Procedure Development Environment.

• For RF tests that require Test Procedures (i.e. DspProcedures), a minimum of 3 test elements are often used:

q VBT Elementq DSP Elementq Limits Element.



Ø Basic IG-XL RF Source and Power Measurement:

• Assuming that the DUT is powered-up and operating, the primary steps for sourcing and measuring an RF signal are:

Step 1: Set-up and connect the MW source to the DUT input port.Set-up and connect the MW receiver to the DUT output port.Readback the MWReceiver cal factor.Capture the DUT (LNA) output signal in a DSPWave.

Step 2: Run a DSP procedure to extract and calculate the DUT output powerfrom the DSPWave captured in Step 2 considering the receiver cal factor.

Step 3: Compare the measured output power to acceptable limits where:


• Enter the function call to the MW source, MW receiver, and capture VBT Function.

• Input the appropriate variable names.

Ø Step 1: Set-up and connect the MW source to the DUT input port:

• Use a single VBT Function to:ü Set-up and control

the DUT, DIB, etc.ü Set the MW Sourceü Set-up and Capture

the signal.



Function MWSrcReceiveTest(ByVal sample_rate As Long, ByVal capsize As Long, _ByVal Receive_Pin As String, ByVal RF_Frequency As Double, _ByVal Input_Power As Double, ByVal Receiver_Level As Double, _ByVal IF_Frequency As Double, ByVal IF_Filter As Double, _ByVal Source_Pin As String, ByRef RecvGain As Double, _ ByRef capturename As String) As Long

Dim PLD As IPinListDataDim thisSite As Long

' Setup MW Sourcethehdw.MWSource.Pins(Source_Pin).Frequency = RF_Frequencythehdw.MWSource.Pins(Source_Pin).Amplitude = Input_Powerthehdw.MWSource.Pins(Source_Pin).Connect

' Setup MW receiverWith thehdw.MWReceiver.Pins(Receive_Pin)

.AmplitudeExpected = Receiver_Level

.CenterFrequency = RF_Frequency

.IFFrequency = IF_Frequency

.IFFilter = IF_Filter

.capture.SampleRate = sample_rate

.capture.SampleSize = capsize

.Connect

.Waveforms.Add ("src-recv")

.Waveforms.Trigger ("src-recv")End With

Ø Step 1: VBT Source and Capture Function:



Set PLD = thehdw.MWReceiver.Pins(Receive_Pin).Waveforms.Item("src-recv").DSPWave

'Get receiver system gainCall readback_receiver_gain(Receive_Pin, RF_Frequency, RecvGain)

For thisSite = 0 To theexec.Sites.ExistingCount - 1If theexec.Sites.site(thisSite).Active = True Then

thevars(capturename, Site) = PLD.Pins(Receive_Pin).value(Site)End If

Next thisSite

'Disconnect MWSource, MWReceiverthehdw.MWSource.Pins(Source_Pin).Disconnectthehdw.MWReceiver(Receive_Pin).Disconnect

End Function

Ø Step 1: (Continued) Source and Capture Function:



Public Function mw_power(ByVal capture As DSPWave, _ByVal IFFreq As Double, _ByVal recv_gain As Double, _ByRef power_dBm As Double) As Long

Dim bin As Long, fres As Double, ampl As Double

fres = capture.FrequencyResolutionbin = IFFreq / fres

ampl = capture.Spectrum.CalcAmplitudeFromSpectrum(bin)power_dBm = (10# / Log(10#)) * Log(1000# * ampl * ampl / (2 * 50)) - recv_gaincapture.Plot "MW Capture Signal“ ‘For debug when running on host computer

mw_power = 0 ' TL_SUCCESS

End Function

Ø STEP 2: Add a DspProcedure in VBT to calculate the RF power from the captured DSPWave:



• Insert a DspProcedure Test Element in TDE.

• Enter the function call to the DspProcedure.

• Input the appropriate variable names.

Ø STEP 2: Add a DspProcedure in VBT to calculate the RF power from the captured DSPWave:



Ø Step 2: (Continued) Steps for using the DSP Procedure Element:

• After creating the DspProcedure Function in VBT and inserting the DspProcedure Element in TDE, enter the appropriate information using the TDE Element Editor. Select options, etc. as follows:

qSelect the DSP Procedure Name from the drop-down list.qSet the Run Mode:

ü Automatic - Runs the procedure on the on-board G4 processor. Usually used for production.

o Host-Thread - Discussed in the FLEX Instrumentation Manual.

ü Host-Debug - Moves the data from the G4 to the host computer and runs the DSP procedure on the host computer. Used for debug to step through the DSP code and plot the DSPWaves using the WaveScope.

qType in the appropriate variable names and values.



q Add a Limits Element in TDE.

q Enter the appropriate Test Limits, TNames, measurement variables, etc. in the Limits Element.

Ø Compare the measured output power to acceptable limits:



Ø Compare the measured output power to acceptable limits

• Insert a Limits Element in TDE.

• Input the appropriate variable names and valuse.



Ø Useful VBT Syntax:

Dim outWave As DSPWaveoutWave.FileExport (".\captured_data.wav")

Dim inWave As DSPWaveCall inWave.FileImport(".\captured_data.wav")

If (theexec.TesterMode <> testModeOffline) ThenEnd If




ØØ Access to MWReceiver IF:Access to MWReceiver IF:

B3A3User_Digitizer_IF_Input_Access

C8D8User_Receiver_IF_Output_Access

Ground PinSignal PinName

‘~~ Connect Pin uWrecvPin with MW Receiver~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~thehdw.MWReceiver.Pins(uWrecvPin).Disconnectthehdw.MWReceiver.Pins(uWrecvPin).Connect

‘~~ Disconnect MW digitizer from downconverter and connect to DCpath~~~~~~ thehdw.Raw.MWdig.Chans(uWrecvPin).InputChannel = tl_MWdigInputChannelDC

‘~~ Connect DCpath with DIB pogo pins~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~thehdw.Raw.MWdig.Chans(uWrecvPin).DCpath = tl_MWdigDCpathPogoIn

‘~~ Connect downconverter with secondary path to DIB~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~thehdw.Raw.MWMM.Pins(uWrecvPin).OutputPath = tl_MWMMOutputPathSecondary

'~~ Connect BBAC capture: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~thehdw.BBACCapture.Pins("IF_bbac_pos").Disconnect tlBBACCaptureFromPOSthehdw.BBACCapture.Pins("IF_bbac_pos").Connect tlBBACCaptureFromPOSthehdw.BBACCapture.Pins("IF_bbac_neg").Disconnect tlBBACCaptureFromNEGthehdw.BBACCapture.Pins("IF_bbac_neg").Connect tlBBACCaptureFromNEG

Physical BoardPhysical Board--Level Debug DisplayLevel Debug Display


Module 1: LabsModule 1: Labs

ØØ Module ObjectivesModule ObjectivesØØ Assumptions and ConventionsAssumptions and ConventionsØØ RF Concepts and RF Test Principles: terms and definitionsRF Concepts and RF Test Principles: terms and definitions




ØØ LabsLabs

• Simulator Lab 1.1 (Programming MWSource and MWReceiver)• Simulator Lab 1.2 (MultiSite Programming using serial microwave triggering)• Tester Lab 1.1 (Loopback power measurement)• Tester Lab 1.2 (MultiSite Testing)




• Instructions: refer to Lab guide, Lab Solutions and Student Lab skeleton

path to class materials: \\Wk05-03 WorkShop FRANCE\LAB GUIDES\Lab1_1 Instructions for Src-Recv.doc

• Summary:

Using the MW Lab 1.1.xls as a starting point, write a VBT routine to connect the MWSource to an OSP port, through a cable to a second OSP port. Capture and measure the signal using the MWReceiver.

– Measure the power in dBm using the provided routines, and verify that you measure the same power that the MWSource is producing.

– Lab 1.1.1 Estimated time: 45 minutes– Lab 1.1.2 Estimated time: 20 minutes– Lab 1.1.3 Estimated time: 20 minutes

ØØ Lab 1.1: Source and Receive LoopLab 1.1: Source and Receive Loop--backback

ØØ Optional Lab 1.1.1: “IGOptional Lab 1.1.1: “IG--XL Program and VBT code examinationXL Program and VBT code examinationØØ Simulator Lab 1.1.2 “Programming MWSource and MWReceiverSimulator Lab 1.1.2 “Programming MWSource and MWReceiverØØ Tester Lab 1.1.3 “LoopTester Lab 1.1.3 “Loop--back power measurement”back power measurement”



• Instructions: (refer to Lab guide, Lab Solutions and Student Lab skeleton)

path to class materials: \\Wk05-03 WorkShop FRANCE\LAB GUIDES\Lab1_1 Instructions for Src-Recv.doc

Summary:

Building off of Lab 1.1 and using the materials taught in the slides on Microwave MultiSite Testing modify your program to exercise multisite testing by writing a serial loop around the MWSource and the MWReceiver to test 2 loop-back sites. Site 0 should connect 3.osp2 to 4.osp2 and Site 1 should connect 3.osp3 to 4.osp4. Refer to Lab 1.1 instructions in the LAB GUIDES folder for further details

- Estimated time: 60 minutes

ØØ Lab 1.1: MultiSite TestingLab 1.1: MultiSite Testing

ØØ section 1.3.4section 1.3.4


Module 1: ReviewModule 1: Review

ØØ Module ObjectivesModule ObjectivesØØ Assumptions and ConventionsAssumptions and ConventionsØØ RF Concepts and RF Test Principles: terms and definitionsRF Concepts and RF Test Principles: terms and definitionsØØ FLEX Microwave System ArchitectureFLEX Microwave System Architecture

• Basic System Architecture, Test Head Boards and Connections• DIB Interface• Instrument Board functions

ØØ Microwave Instruments: MWSource, MWReceiver, MW Port ModuleMicrowave Instruments: MWSource, MWReceiver, MW Port Module• Microwave Source (MWSource)• Microwave Receiver (MWReceiver)• Microwave Port Module

ØØ LabsLabs• Simulator Lab 1.1 (Programming MWSource and MWReceiver)• Tester Lab 1.1 (Loopback power measurement)



Module 1 ReviewModule 1 Review

Ø Upon completion of this module the student should be able to:

ü Understand basic concepts related to Microwave and RF power measurements.

ü Understand the FLEX Microwave System Architecture at a high level.

ü Understand functionalities and basic syntax of MWReceiver and MWSource instruments and the Microwave Port Module.

ü Develop IG-XL code on the FLEX using procedure elements, VBT code, interpose functions and DSP procedures to perform RF power measurements.

ü Debug the test programs using the WaveScope and FLEX debug tools running on the host computer.

ü Run the test programs using the MW on-board G4 processor to get pass fail results.

Documents

Mixed-Signal Microwave Training