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The RF/Microwave Signal Chain
May 25, 2016
PageAgenda
– Transmit/Receive Elements
– RF/Microwave Design Challenges
– RF/Microwave Testing
2
Page
Elements of Transmit/Receive
Receive
3
De-
Modulation
Down-
Conversion
Low-Noise
Amp
Rx Antenna
Data
Transmit
Modulation Up-
ConversionPower AmpData
Tx Antenna
Baseband
Baseband
RF/MW
RF/MW
Page
Analog Modulation
4
DAC
Filter
Carrier, fc
Transmit
Pow
er
Frequency
Baseband Data
Pow
er
Pow
er
Frequency0Hz
Modulated Waveform
fc
Page
Analog Demodulation
5
IF Filter
Carrier, fc
ADC / DSPRF
Baseband Data
Pow
er
Modulated Waveform
Pow
er
Pow
er
Frequency0Hz
Frequency fc
Page
Modulation / Demodulation (Digital)
6
90°
fc
+
90°
fc
LPF
LPF
I
Q
I
Q
Transmit
Receive
Frequency
0Hz
Pow
er
Pow
er
Frequency
Modulated Waveform
fc
Page
Up / Down-ConversionTransmit
7
fs (GHz)
DAC
Receive
fc
LO
LO
fs (GHz)fc
fs (GHz) fc
PageAgenda
– Transmit/Receive Elements
– RF/Microwave Design Challenges
– RF/Microwave Testing
8
Page
From Mobile Communications….
9
Testing Digital Transmitters and Receivers
1011001110001010001 1011001110001010001
Page
…to Aerospace/Defense
– Imagery should be radar/EW centric
10
Testing Digital Transmitters and Receivers
Page
Transmit/Receive Design Challenges
11
- Output Power
- Operating Frequency
- Environment/Interference
- Noise
Pow
er
Frequency
- Sensitivity
- Adjacent Channel
Selectivity
- Operating Frequency
- Environment/Interference
- Noise
- Dynamic Range
TRANSMIT RECEIVE
PageAgenda
– Transmit/Receive Elements
– RF/Microwave Design Challenges
– RF/Microwave Testing
12
Page
What Types of Devices are Tested?
Device type ActivePassive
Inte
gra
tio
nH
igh
Lo
w
Antennas
Switches
Multiplexers
Mixers
Samplers
Multipliers
Diodes
Duplexers
Diplexers
Filters
Couplers
Bridges
Splitters, dividers
Combiners
Isolators
Circulators
Attenuators
Adapters
Opens, shorts, loads
Delay lines
Cables
Transmission lines
Resonators
Dielectrics
R, L, C's
RFICs
MMICs
T/R modules
Transceivers
Receivers
Tuners
Converters
VCAs
Amplifiers
VTFs
Modulators
VCAtten’s
Transistors
13
Page
Device Test Measurement Model
NF
Stimulus type ComplexSimple
Co
mp
lex
Resp
on
se t
oo
lS
imp
le
DC CW Swept Swept Noise 2-tone Multi-tone Complex Pulsed- Protocolfreq power modulation RF
Det/Scope
Param. An.
NF Mtr.
Imped. An.
Power Mtr.
SNA
VNA
SA
VSA
RFIC Testers
TG/SA
Ded. Testers
I-V
Absol.
Power
LCR/Z
Harm. Dist.
LO stability
Image Rej.
Gain/flat.
Phase/GD
Isolation
Rtn loss
Impedance
S-parameters
Compr'n
AM-PM
Mixers
Balance
d
RFIC test
Full call
sequence
Pulsed S-parm.
Pulse profiling
BER
EVM
ACP
Regrowth
Constell.
Eye
Intermodulation
DistortionNF
Measurement plane
14
Page 15RF Back to Basics
Network Analysis
Gain compressionSweeps both frequency and
input power level at PxdB
Harmonic DistortionPerforms real-time harmonics test
over frequency or input power
Efficiency (PAE)Calculate power-added
efficiency (PAE)
Swept IMDPerforms IMD analysis over an
entire range of frequencies
High-power testPerforms accurate tests with
high-power input / output of DUT
Pulsed-RFCharacterize pulsed
performance of devices
Stability (K-factor)Calculates stability (K-factor)
from all S-parameters with
equation editor
f1 f2 f3f1
15
Page
–Frequency, power,
modulation, distortion, and
noise
• Spectrum monitoring
• Spurious emissions
• Scalar network analysis
• Noise figure & phase noise
• Harmonic & intermodulation
distortion
• Analog, digital, burst, &
pulsed RF modulation
• Wide bandwidth vector
analysis
• Electromagnetic interference
–Measurement range: -172 dBm
to +30 dBm
–Frequency range: 3 Hz to 1.1
THz
16
Spectrum Analysis
Modulation Noise
Spur Search ACP
Page 17
Signal Generation
Page 18
Concept Design Simulation to R&D to Manufacturing
Page
Elements of Transmit/Receive
Receive
19
De-
Modulation
Down-
Conversion
Low-Noise
Amp
Rx Antenna
Data
Transmit
Modulation Up-
ConversionPower AmpData
Tx Antenna
Baseband
Baseband
RF/MW
RF/MW
Page
www.keysight.com
20
