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Mixed Reality Benefits For Design Perception
Phillip S. Dunston, Ph.D. and Xiangyu WangConstruction Engineering and Management
School of Civil Engineering
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Co-Authors: Mark Billinghurst, Ph. D. (Human Interface Technology Laboratory of New Zealand) and Ben Hampson (McKinstry Co., Seattle)
19th ISARCGaithersburg, MDSeptember 2002
Outline
Introduction AR CAD system Issues in Spatial Cognition Experimental Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion and Future Directions
Introduction Mixed Reality
Mixed Reality (MR): an environment where real world and virtual world objects are presented together on a single display (Milgram & Kishino 1994; Milgram and Colquhoun 1999).
Mixed Reality (MR)
AugmentedReality (AR)
AugmentedVirtuality (AV)
Reality-Virtuality (RV) Continuum
RealEnvironment
(RE)
VirtualEnvironment
(VE)
Introduction Industrial AR Applications
(Azuma et al. 2001 by courtesy of Siemens Corporate Research)
AR Viewing of Underground Utilities (Roberts et al. 2002)
Introduction
Planning Phase
Design Phase
Construction Phase
Maintenance Phase
Conceptual Design
Construction Documents
(Plans and Specs)
As-built Plans
We are here right now
Information Interfaces Involved in the Project Life Cycle
Introduction
Mixed Reality
Augmented Reality
AR CAD System
Focus on mechanical detailing
AR CAD System Hardware
The AR CAD system consists of the following components • Modeling computer: Running AutoCAD or other modeling
software. • AR computer: Running the Augmented Reality viewing
software.• Video Camera: Logitech QuickCam Pro 3000.
Components of AR CAD Prototype
AR CAD System Tracking Technology
The Process of Video-Based Marker Detection and Overlay of Virtual Objects
AR CAD System Tracking Technology
User View of Virtual Objects in Augmented Reality (AR) Scene
AR CAD System Tracking Technology
User View of Virtual Objects in Augmented Reality (AR) Scene
Issues in Spatial Cognition
Spatial cognition is the internalized reflection and reconstruction of space in thought (Hart and Moore, 1973).
Why explore spatial cognition?• To understand the structure (coding) of the mental
models and the process of utilizing those mental models (decoding).
• To most efficiently present and effect spatial information via the human-computer interface.
Issues in Spatial Cognition Main Process
Main Processes of Human Spatial Cognition
• Extracting process: obtaining spatial information from physical space.
• Storage or encoding process: building a memory representation from visual perception.
• Decoding process: retrieving information from memory for decision making.
Issues in Spatial Cognition Cognition Cost
Cognition CostIndication of the effort required by different mental transformations associated with changes and factors involved in switching viewing perspectives.
Issues in Spatial Cognition Viewpoint Comparison
Viewpoint Comparison between AR and AutoCAD
Experimental Methodology Objective
Primary Objective:
To determine whether standard AutoCAD or AR CAD (AutoCAD + AR view) is more effective in the task of conflict detection with respect to the cognition cost associated with scene/perspective changes.
Experimental Methodology Interference Detection
Wire Frame Representation of Object Interferences
Results Discussion
)()(ˆ
gn TMY
)()()()()()( )( kkijgn GGSPTMY
)()( gn TMY
= Estimated time value Y
Results Discussion
)()(ˆ
gn TMY
Combination Mean Value(sec) Median Value(sec)
AutoCAD®+P1 196.75 134.50
AR CAD+P1 50.75 49.50
AutoCAD®+P2 74.75 65.50
AR CAD+P2 28.50 27.00
Mean and Median Value of Each Combination
Conclusion and Future Directions
Conclusion• AR CAD can be a worthwhile viewer assistant for
identifying interferences without increasing a detailer’s overall time due to the cognition cost associated with perspective switching.
Future Directions• Continued exploration of human interface issues, e.g., spatial
cognition• Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
Conclusion and Future Directions
Collaborative work Concept by Andrei State at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
