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Universal interaction tasks
– Navigation• Travel – motor component• Wayfinding – cognitive component
– Selection– Manipulation– System control
• Selection & Manipulation– Selection: specifying one or more objects from
a set– Manipulation: modifying object properties
(position, orientation, scale, shape, color, texture, behavior, etc.)
• Selection performance– Variables affecting user performance
• Object distance from user• Object size• Density of objects in area• Occluders
• Manipulation enhancements– Constraints– 2-handed manipulation– Haptic feedback– Multi-modal manipulation
• Travel– the motor component of navigation– movement between 2 locations, setting the
position (and orientation) of the user’s viewpoint
– the most basic and common VE interaction technique, used in almost any large-scale VE
• You can travel techniques which do not address wayfinding, but the best travel techniques will integrate aids to wayfinding.
• Travel tasks– Exploration: thoughtless travel techniques– Search
• Naïve• Primed
– Maneuvering: short and precise movement, usually explicit travel techniques.
“Natural” travel metaphors
• “Natural” travel metaphors: useful for training– Walking techniques– Treadmills– Bicycles– Other physical motion
• VMC / Magic carpet• Disney’s river raft ride• Simulation of flying
Travel Techniques
• Steering metaphor: continuous specification of direction of motion– gaze-directed– pointing– physical device (steering wheel, flight stick)
Travel Techniques
• Target-based metaphor– discrete specification of goal– point at object– choose from list– enter coordinates
• Map-based travel technique (a type of Target-based metaphor)– User represented by icon on
2D map– Drag icon with stylus to new
location on map– When released, viewpoint
animated smoothly to new location
Travel Techniques
• Route-planning metaphor– one-time specification of path– place markers in world– move icon on map
Travel Techniques
Travel Techniques
• Steering metaphor
• Target-based metaphor
• Route-planning metaphor
Steering metaphor Target-based metaphorRoute-planning metaphor
the relative amount of control by the user increases
the relative amount of control by the system increases
• Design guidelines– Make simple travel tasks simple (target-based
techniques for motion to an object, steering techniques for search).
• Provide multiple travel techniques to support different travel tasks in the same application.
Travel Techniques