MISSION STATEMENT - SEA Knowledge Bankseaknowledgebank.net/sites/default/files/coastal-land-and-sea-use-zoning-plan-of-the...6. Zones Compatibility Matrix 7. Guidelines for the Coastal

MISSION STATEMENT

The Global Environment Facility/United Nations Development Programme/International Maritime Organization Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) aims to promote a shared vision for the Seas of East Asia:

“The resource systems of the Seas of East Asia are a natural heritage, safeguarding sustainable and healthy food supplies, livelihood, properties and investments, and social, cultural and ecological values for the people of the region, while contributing to economic prosperity and global markets through safe and efficient maritime trade, thereby promoting a peaceful and harmonious co-existence for present and future generations.”

PEMSEA focuses on building intergovernmental, interagency and intersectoral partnerships to strengthen environmental management capabilities at the local, national and regional levels, and develop the collective capacity to implement appropriate strategies and environmental action programs on self-reliant basis. Specifically, PEMSEA will carry out the following:

• build national and regional capacity to implement integrated coastal management programs; • promote multi-country initiatives in addressing priority transboundary environment issues in sub-regional sea areas and pollution hotspots; • reinforce and establish a range of functional networks to support environmental management; • identify environmental investment and financing opportunities and promote mechanisms, such as public-private partnerships, environmental projects for financing and other forms of developmental assistance;

• advance scientific and technical inputs to support decision-making; • develop integrated information management systems linking selected sites into a regional network for data sharing and technical support; • establish the enabling environment to reinforce delivery capabilities and advance the concerns of nongovernmental and community-based organizations, environmental journalists, religious groups and other stakeholders; •strengthen national capacities for developing integrated coastal and marine policies as part of state policies for sustainable socioeconomic development; and • promote regional commitment for implementing international conventions, and strengthening regional and sub-regional cooperation and collaboration using a sustainable regional mechanism.

The 12 participating countries are: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, People’s Republic of China, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The collective efforts of these countries in implementing the strategies and activities will result in effective policy and management interventions, and in cumulative global environmental benefits, thereby contributing towards the achievement of the ultimate goal of protecting and sustaining the life-support systems in the coastal and international waters over the long term.

Dr. Chua Thia-EngRegional Programme Director

PEMSEA

Mission Statement (GEF/UNDP/IMO PEMSEA) ………………………………… IFCList of Tables ……………………………………………………………………... iiList of Figures ……………………………………………………………………. iiList of Maps …………………………………………………………………….... iiList of Boxes …………………………………………………………………….... iiiList of Acronyms …………………………………………………………………. iv

Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………... viii

Message ................................................................................................. ix

Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolutions ........................................................ xi

Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………………………………..... 1 1.1 The Coastal Zone 1.2 Overview 1.3 Rationale for the Plan 1.4 Objectives of the Plan 1.5 Scope of the Plan 1.6 Approach and Methodology

Chapter 2: Existing Situation ……………………………………………........ 11

2.1 Physical Characteristics 2.2 Bio-Physical Characteristics 2.3 Socio-Economic Characteristics 2.4 Existing Policies and Institutional Arrangements 2.5 Major Environmental Problems and Multiple-Use Conflicts Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones …………………………....... 27 3.1 Classification of Zones 3.2 CLSUZP Regulatory System Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans ……………………………… 71

4.1 Policy Framework, Options, and Approaches for the Various Zones 4.2 Action Programs to Address Major Issues and Problems

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations …………………………...... 83 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendations

Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc. (BCCF) IBC

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i

LIST OF TABLES

1. Total Population per City/Municipality2. Land Area, Population Density, and Income Class3. Socio-economic Characteristics of Households in the Phils., 20004. Policy Concerns Across Sectors5. Functional Uses and Suitability Criteria for Zone Identification6. Zones Compatibility Matrix7. Guidelines for the Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zones8. Zone Location9. Coastal Use Zones by City/Municipality

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Parts of the Coastal Area2. Enhanced W-Growth Corridor of Central Luzon3. The Global Gateways Infrastructure4. Slope Map5. Multiple-Use Conflicts6. Seismicity of Bataan and vicinity7. The Proposed Bataan Sustainable Development Coordinating Council

LIST OF MAPS

1. Provinces and Coastal Waters Within the Manila Bay Area2. Proposed Municipal Water Boundaries3. Coastal Habitats and Resources4. Existing Zones and Uses of Bataan5. Coastal Issues and Problems Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zones

6. Agricultural Zone7. Built-up Area Zone8. Industrial Zone9. Tourism Zone10. Mangrove Zone11. Sanctuary Zone12. Coral Reef Zone13. Seagrass Zone14. Traditional Fishing Zone15. Aquaculture Zone16. Municipal Fishing Zone17. Shipping and Navigation Zone18. Coastal-Use Zones of Bataan

Table of Contents

ii

Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones, per Municipality/City

19. Abucay20. Bagac21. Balanga City22. Hermosa23. Limay24. Mariveles25. Morong26. Orani27. Orion28. Pilar29. Samal

Integrated Maps

30. Land-Use Map of Bataan31. Integrated Land- and Coastal-Use Zones of Bataan

LIST OF BOX/ES

1. The Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy

Table of Contents

iii

LIST OF ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS

BFAR – Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

BCCFI – Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc.

BSDS – Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy

BICMP-PMO – Bataan Integrated Coastal Management Program - Program Management Office

BNP – Bataan Natural Park

CBFMA - Community-Based Forest Management Agreement

CITES - Convention on Trade in Endanged Species

CLUP - Comprehensive Land-Use Plan

CSEZ – Clark Special Economic Zone

CPUE – catch per unit effort

CWTS – Civic Welfare Training Service

DAR – Department of Agrarian Reform

DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DENR-CENRO - Department of Enrivonment and Natural Resources-Community Environment and Natural Resource Office

DENR-PAWB – Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Protected Area and Wildlife Bureau

DENR-PENRO – Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office

Dep Ed – Department of Education

DILG – Department of Interior and Local Government

DOH – Department of Health

DOST – Department of Science and Technology

DOT – Department of Tourism

DTI – Department of Trade and Industry

EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment

EMB – Environmental Management Bureau

Table of Contents

iv

EMS – Environmental Management SystemEO - Executive Order

FARMC – Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council

FUND – International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage

FSP-DA – Fisheries Sector Program-Department of Agriculture

GDP – Gross Domestic Product

GEF – Global Environment Facility

GPA - Global Programme of Action For The Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities

ICM – Integrated Coastal Management

IEC – Information, Education, Communication

IEIA – Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment

IEMP – Integrated Environmental Monitoring Program

IIMS – Integrated Information Management System

IMO – International Maritime Organization

IPM – Integrated Pest Management

ISO – International Organization for Standardization

LGU – Local Government Unit

MAAP – Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific

MARINA - Maritime Industry Authority

MAO – Municipal Agriculture Office

MBEMP – Manila Bay Environmental Management Project

MDCC - Municipal Disaster Coordinating Committee

MPDC - Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator

MPDO – Municipal Planning and Development Office

MSY – maximum sustainable yield

NAMRIA – National Mapping Research and Information Authority

Table of Contents

v

NCR – National Capital Region

NEDA – National Economic Development Authority

NFA – National Food Authority

NGOs – Non-Government Organizations

NIA – National Irrigation Authority

NIPAS – National Integrated Protected Area System

NSO – National Statistics Office

NSTP – National Service Training Program

NWRB - National Water Resources Board

OPA – Office of the Provincial Agriculturist

PCG - Philippine Coast Guard

PDCC - Provincial Disaster Coordinating Committee

PEMSEA – GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia

PEO – Provincial Engineer’s Office

PFI – Petron Foundation, Inc.

PG-ENRO – Provincial Government-Environment and Natural Resources Office

PIA – Philippine Information Agency

PMO – Project Management Office

PNP – Philippine National Police

PNOC-PDC – Philippine National Oil Company –Alternative Fuels Corporation

PO – People’s Organization

PPA - Philippine Ports Authority

PPDO – Provincial Planning and Development Office

PPFP - Provincial Physical Framework Plan

PRII – Philippine Resins Industries, Inc.

PRRM – Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement

Table of Contents

vi

PTO – Provincial Tourism Office

RA - Republic Act

RAMSAR – Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

RNP – Roosevelt National Park

SALT – Sloping Agricultural Land Technology

SBMA – Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority

SCTEP - Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway

SIFMA – Socialized Industrial Forest Management Agreement

TESDA – Technical Education and Skills Development Agency

UN – United Nations

UNCLOS – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNDP – United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

Table of Contents

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

There are so many people and groups/organizations that have significantly contributed to the realization of the Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zoning Plan (CLSUZP) of Bataan. After a series of consultation meetings, capacity-building seminars/workshops and numerous reviews, and revisions, it is finally finished. Sincerest thanks and gratitude goes to the following:

The Honorable Enrique T. Garcia, Jr., Governor of Bataan, for his active support and commitment to the integrated coastal management program in Bataan. He created the core team of the Technical Working Group (TWG) headed by the Project Management Office. Diligent members of the TWG include Engr. Godofredo O. de Guzman and Ms. Rodora M. Cuaresma of the Provincial Government-Environment and Natural Resources Office (PG-ENRO); Ms. Ludivina G. Banzon, Ms. Soledad G. Reyes and Mr. Joel S. Custodio of the Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO); Ms. Imelda D. Inieto, Mr. Danilo C. Abrera, Mr. Diego L. Resubal, Jr., and Mr. Alvin R. Rodrigo of the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist (OPA); Mr. Ceasar V. Cuayson and Ms. Christina B. Banzon of the Provincial Tourism Office (PTO); and Engr. Enrico T. Yuzon and Arch. Manuel S. Lim, Jr. of the Provincial Engineer’s Office (PEO).

The Honorable Antonio L. Raymundo, Jr., Municipal Mayor of Orion, who has been championing the Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) program since day one. To all the City/Municipal Mayors, City/ Municipal Planning and Development Coordinators, especially to En.Ps Rodelito R. Calara (Samal) and Eugenia C. Galvez (Bagac), and City/Municipal Agriculturists of Bataan for their continuous cooperation for the sustainable management of Bataan’s coastal and marine environment.

For the unwavering guidance of the active members of the Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc., especially to Ms. Marilou G. Erni and Mr. Allan S. Victorino of Petron Foundation, Inc.; Ms. Concepcion I. Tanglao and Ms. Remedios G. Herrera of the Philippine Resins Industries, Inc., Ms. Malou Espina of Total (Phils.) Corporation, Ms. Helen Cervantes of PNOC-Alternative Fuels Corp. (PNOC-AFC), and Dr. Angelica M. Baylon of the Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific (MAAP).

For the invaluable support, advice, and inspiration provided by PEMSEA, especially to Dr. Chua Thia-Eng, Regional Programme Director; Mr. S. Adrian Ross, Senior Programme Officer and Technical Coordinator; and Dr. Huming Yu, Senior Programme Officer. To Ms. Stella Regina Bernad and Ms. Ma. Teresita Lecerna, PEMSEA Policy and Legal Officers, for their advice on institutional arrangements and the proposed ordinances. To Ms. Maria Corazon Ebarvia-Bautista, Site Officer for Manila Bay and Bataan and Technical Officer for Environmental Investments; and Ms. Bresilda Gervacio, Technical Officer for IIMS for their guidance all throughout the project.

Mr. Robert de Leon of DENR-MIS, Rudolph Espada of DENR-NCR, Mr. Luis Rongavilla of NWRB, Mr. Jaime Mallare of NAMRIA, and Mr. Enrique Macaspac of NAMRIA for their assistance in producing the zoning maps.

To U.P. Planning and Development Research Foundation, Inc. (U.P. Planades) for the workshops conducted towards the development of this plan

To Mr. Daniel M. Pagaduan, Jr. and Mr. Oscar A. Macanan, Jr. for the design and layout, and Visual Color, Inc. for the printing of the CLSUZP.

Lastly, to the hardworking men and women of the coastal communities and concerned agencies for their dedication and involvement in making the Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zoning Plan a reality for the people of Bataan today and next generations.

Table of Contents

viii

B a t a a n i s a p ro v i n ce whose geography provides us with many blessings. It juts out of the mouth of Manila Bay, the gateway to the Ph i l ipp ines ’ political, social and e c o n o m i c c e n t e r. Bataan serves as the industrial heartland of Central Luzon because of the presence of

anchor industries within the province. It is likewise seen as a prime business hub that serves as a major transshipment point in the region. Bataan also boasts of a thriving commercial and industrial fishery industry plus a robust agriculture and aquaculture sector. Beach resorts and a natural park along with various historical and cultural landmarks dot our landscape and provide venues for a healthy investment in tourism.

At the same time, Bataan shares the bounty of the seas with over 20 million people who live in the Manila Bay area, and is affected as well by their actions in this body of water. The value of our precious land and marine resources to the people of Bataan and the communities that surround us, as well as the inherent and constant threats to these resources, constitute a need to institute strategic and long-term responses.

The Ba taan In teg ra ted Coas ta l Management Program gives us the opportunity to create new and better ways of managing our coastal and marine environment consistent with our utilization of land-based resources, so that critical areas are preserved, and those sufficiently abundant are given their proper use. In the end, we are able to strike a harmonious balance between promoting development while sustaining our environment.

The Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Plan of Bataan provides us with clear-cut directions towards this reality. This work describes comprehensively the resources that we have, the socio-economic activities affecting them, the problems and opportunities attendant to these activities, and the rational allocation of these resources towards a more sustainable development of the province. This plan will also serve as a tool for providing solutions to issues and conflicts regarding the use of land, coastal and marine resources, thus contributing to more effective governance.

Work on the Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Plan of Bataan was a long and tedious task that fell on the shoulders of dedicated men and women, whose contributions need to be acknowledged:

* the members of the intergovernmental and multisectoral Technical Working Group who, together with the Bataan ICM Program Project Management Office, labored endlessly to conduct stakeholder meetings and discussions, site visits and field studies, undergo trainings and workshops, and develop the plan itself;

* the GEF-UNDP-IMO PEMSEA, which funded this project and provided the critical technical assistance and advice;

* the Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, which has supervised the conduct of this project from start to finish, sharing vital insights and information into the development process and providing venues and resources crucial to the completion of this Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Plan.

* I would also like to acknowledge the Manila Bay Environmental Management Project for their significant role in providing the maps essential to this document.

I believe that the Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Plan of Bataan will be a decisive instrument in achieving our vision as enshrined in our Sustainable Development Strategy: a well developed community with abundant natural resources, clean environment and responsible citizenry empowered and committed to care for nature and its bounty. Equally important, this publication complements the efforts to restore Manila Bay and contribute concretely to the execution of the Manila Bay strategy.

I enjoin everyone to let this Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Plan be our guide to sustainably utilizing our resources and enable us to craft a better future not only for the people of Bataan but for the residents in the Manila Bay and the nations in the Seas of East Asia.

ENRIQUE T. GARCIA, JR.Governor

Province of Bataan

MESSAGE

ix

x

SANGGUNIANG PANLALAWIGAN RESOLUTIONS

xi

Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolutions

xii

Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolutions

xiii

Chapter 1:INTRODUCTION

1.1. THE COASTAL ZONE

The coastal zone is defined as the strip of land and its adjacent space (i.e., the water and submerged land) in which the terrestrial ecosystem use directly affects the river and marine ecosystem, and vice versa (SDMS-IEMSD, 1997). The coastal zone is the place where the waters of the seas meet the land.

The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 or Republic Act 8550 defines the coastal area/zone as, “a band of dry land and adjacent ocean space (water and submerged land) in which terrestrial processes and uses directly affect oceanic extent may include areas within a landmark limit of one (1) kilometer from the shoreline at high tide to include mangrove swamps, brackish water ponds, nipa swamps, estuarine rivers, sandy beaches and other areas within a seaward limit of 200 meters isobath to include coral reefs, algal flats, seagrass beds and other soft-bottom areas.”

Furthermore, RA 8550 describes the municipal waters to include “not only streams, lakes, inland bodies of water and tidal waters within the municipality which are not included within the protected areas as defined under Republic Act No. 7586 (The NIPAS Law), public forest, timber lands, forest reserves or fishery reserves, but also marine waters included between two (2) lines drawn perpendicular to the general coastline from points where the boundary lines of the municipality touch the sea at low tide and a third line parallel with the general coastline including offshore islands and fifteen (15) kilometers from such coastline.” Where two (2) municipalities are so situated on opposite shores that there is less than thirty (30) kilometers of marine waters between them, the third line shall be equally distant from opposite shore of the respective municipality.

Coastal use planning refers to the process of comprehensively studying resources, economic activities and societal needs, including problems and opportunities in specific coastal planning areas, or coastal zones, and proposing actions for their future development. It also involves rational allocation of dry land, wetland and marine components of the coastal area for various uses. It is a basic activity which seeks to rationalize and enhance the development of the coastal areas. It also identifies, examines and provides solutions to major issues and conflicts in coastal resource allocation and utilization.

Coastal use zoning is a process of delineating the coastal areas into land- and sea-use zones, designating permitted, prohibited and conditional uses. It provides efficient mechanisms for allocating coastal space for appropriate uses based on the suitability with environmental, social and economic conditions, and compatibility with sustainable development objectives and principles, and with policies and legal requirements. It also presents a framework for resolving multiple-use conflicts. Coastal-use zoning likewise provides a regulatory framework for permitting and prohibiting human activities according to the designated use of coastal space.

The Coastal Land- and Sea-use Zoning Plan (CLSUZP) is considered as a tool to improve the use of coastal resources. It incorporates the context within which it operates; the mechanism required to assess, evaluate and monitor the outcomes; and process through which these could be attained. It is based on certain principles which promote its effectiveness, responsiveness and acceptability to key stakeholders and which guide the integration and/or modification of existing land use plans for the sustainable development of the coastal area as well as the adjacent watersheds and marine areas.

1

1.2. OVERVIEW The province of Bataan is a peninsula composed of 11 municipalities and one city covering a land area of 137,296 hectares or 1,373 square kilometers. Its lone city and ten municipalities consist the coastal areas.

With the formulation of the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, there was a compelling need to develop a provincial strategy for Bataan’s coastal areas. The Manila Bay Coastal Strategy covers Manila Bay and the surrounding watershed areas. Seven (7) major rivers, draining 26 catchment basins, intersect the 190-km. coastline. Impacts of land-based human activities in the coastal and inland regions are addressed under the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, as well as sea-based activities.

Manila Bay, a semi-enclosed estuary facing the South China Sea, is one of the best natural harbors in the world. It is bordered by coastal cities and municipalities of the National Capital Region or NCR (Manila, Pasay, Parañaque, Las Piñas, and Navotas), and the coastal provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan in Region 3, and

Chapter 1: Introduction

Figure 1. Parts of the coastal area (as defined by R.A. 8550).

Cavite in Region 4. Also within the watershed of Manila Bay are the non-coastal cities and municipalities of the NCR (Quezon City, Caloocan City, Makati, Pasig, Marikina, Mandaluyong, Muntinlupa, Valenzuela, Malabon, San Juan, Pateros, and Taguig), provinces of Nueva Ecija and Tarlac in Region 3, Rizal and Laguna in Region 4. Map 1 shows the provinces and waters within the boundaries of the Manila Bay Area.

The Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (MBCS).

2

1.0 km.


Bataan, being one of the coastal provinces of Manila Bay, also prepared for the implementation of its own coastal strategy, which is in line with the strategy of Manila Bay. As this province is a peninsula, the use and development of Bataan’s coastal and marine resources were defined, considering land-based resources complementary to the coastal resources, and substantially provide the province of Bataan with a sustained economic development.

The Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy, or BSDS, embodies the shared vision of the people of Bataan. The province is endowed

The Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy (BSDS)

with economic opportunities, recreational areas, rich cultural and historical heritage and abundant natural resources. The BSDS provides a comprehensive framework which helps determine directions in achieving targeted outcomes and formulating a series of specific actions and programs involving the participation of government and non-government sectors. The BSDS covers a broad area covering land and water on the seaward side of the coastal areas including the upland watersheds of the 11 municipalities and one city, and the sea and seabed area within the maximum 15-km. municipal waters limit based on the Philippines Fishery Code of 1998 (RA 8550). The BSDS addresses activities with impacts on the coastal and marine environment at present and in the future. Box 1 presents the Bataan stakeholders’ shared vision and mission, and the key strategies.

Development of the CLSUZP is an integral element of the Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy and will complement the existing comprehensive land-use plan of the province and in harmony with the provincial integrated coastal management program.

3

Bataan has rich coastal and marine resources.

Map 1. Provinces and Coastal Waters within the Manila Bay Area


Source: Manila Bay Area Environmental Atlas (2007)

4


1.3. RATIONALE FOR THE PLAN

The coastal zone and municipal waters are the most productive areas in Bataan. Their coastal resources and ecosystem play an important role in the health and living condition of the people of Bataan. The resources like fisheries, shellfishes, coral reefs, seagrasses/seaweeds and mangroves provide direct and indirect benefits to the coastal communities of the province. Unfortunately, poor planning coupled with uncontrolled human and economic activities have put pressure and resulted in significant degradation of the integrity and condition of the coastal and marine ecosystem and environment of Bataan. Absence of transboundary lines of municipal waters and unclear distinctions of productive and functional zones culminate inappropriate to overlapping and multiple utilization of the area. As these practices continue, there is a risk of scarcity and depletion of resources. To remedy the aggravating issues and problem in the coastal and marine environment of the province, the formulation of the Bataan Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zoning Plan is necessary.

The CLSUZP is part of the implementation of the Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy, which is designed to move towards the attainment of the stakeholders’ shared vision, and address the conflicting uses, major issues and problems that contribute to the continued degradation of the coastal and marine environment of Bataan. The plan also states the specific objectives and actions, which directly focus on the problem areas of the Bataan coastal zones. Its aim is toward the attainment of the Bataan stakeholders’ shared vision, mission, and goals in managing, protecting, and conserving the rich natural resources, environment, and historical and cultural heritage for future generations (Box 1).

The CLSUZP provides a well-defined distinction among different zones, which has been classified according to their existing and proposed level of development, resource utilization, and resource abundance or scarcity. A thorough review of the existing resources and environmental quality also supports the intention to formulate required laws and ordinances, regulate activities

and expected development. The CLSUZP will also serve to protect the designated use of coastal zones and reduce adverse environmental impacts of certain coastal activities. The Manila Bay area is one of the Philippines’ major avenues that cater to a lot of economic activities for continuous growth and development ranging from shipping, industrial, commercial, fishing, aquaculture to tourism activities. With the various developments taking place along the bay, the natural environment of the area is facing various threats from different factors: over-population, pollution from land- and sea-based sources, over and illegal fishing, uncontrolled development, loss of habitats, and decreasing resources. The effects of these problems result in the significant degradation of the ecosystem and biodiversity thereby affecting the needs of all living things along the bay. There are also impacts on human health, the economy, and social conditions of the people. The complete zoning scheme for Manila Bay is therefore necessary to resolve the multiple-use conflicts and address the various issues and problems that continue to build up. Bataan is the pilot area for the coastal use zoning of Manila Bay.

Bataan plays a major role in the Central Luzon “W”-Growth Corridor, serving as the region’s industrial heartland owing to the presence of several industries in the province, as well as tourism area due to its natural resources and historical sites (Figure 2). The province also lies within the national growth triad of the Subic Bay Metropolitan Area (SBMA), Clark Special Economic Zone, and Metro Manila. The province was identified as one of the country’s investment destinations. Moreover, the inclusion of Bataan in the Global Gateways, which is the centerpiece of development of the national government, will certainly spur the economic growth of the province (Figure 3). It promises to be the country’s next economic hub when the Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway Project (SCTEP) is finally put into place. This expressway will pass through Hermosa and Dinalupihan. It is complemented by the development of Subic Seaport and the Diosdado Macapagal Airport in Clark, Pampanga. These developments, plus the

5


MISSION

The people of Bataan aim… “To clean the environment, develop it sustainably and make it safe from harmful human activities for us to live peacefully, blissfully and honorably amidst nature’s bounty through active participation in integrated resource management efforts.”

The shared vision of Bataenos reflects the strong desire to become active stewards of the living resources and values innate to Bataan. It is how the people of Bataan see the province in the next 25 years or more. This shows the deep sense of commitment among the citizenry and all the leaders in the province to preserve and protect the natural heritage for the present and future generations. Meanwhile, the mission statement declares the immediate aim of the Bataan Coastal Strategy arising from the commitment of the stakeholders to the shared vision.

The work ahead requires a partnership among stakeholders. The specific call to action of having a clean environment safe from harmful human activities affirms the aims and functions of the stakeholders in their desire to achieve the shared vision. It centers mainly on the environmental, economic and social well being of the stakeholders as they move towards future goals as embodied within the coastal strategy.

The STRATEGIES

In order to realize the vision and mission for the coastal and marine environment of Bataan, the Bataan Coastal Strategy mandates all stakeholders to:

INFORM the stakeholders of their rights and responsibilities and make them highly aware of the issues and problems concerning the coastal environment of Bataan, for them to be mobilized towards a sustainable and active participation in environmental management programs. MITIGATE the impacts of damaging human activities, which will lead to integrated approaches and measures to sustain the range of values supported by Bataan’s coastal environment. PROTECT and PRESERVE the significant values and features of Bataan’s coastal and marine environment for the present and future generations through integrated planning and management. DEVELOP areas and opportunities within Bataan’s coastal environment, as well as provide directions for the future uses of its resources that shall maintain the range of values and benefits the community derive from the coastal environment.

Box 1: Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy

construction of Anvaya Cove by Ayala Land, Inc. as a resort-leisure tourist facility in Morong and the operation of San Miguel Feed Mill in Mariveles, will also open up a host of opportunities and heighten the economic growth of the province.

A peninsular province, Bataan is bounded by the South China Sea on the West and by Manila

VISION

The people of Bataan envision…”A well developed community with abundant natural resources, clean environment and responsible citizenry empowered and committed to care for nature and its bounty.”

Bay on the East and its strategic location brings in opportunities for the province to utilize its waterways as another gate for development. The use of waterways by passenger ferries at the Port of Orion via Manila lessens travel time and makes Bataan as one of the provinces nearest to Metro Manila.

The waterways of Manila Bay also serves

6

1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN

The objectives of this plan are to:

• Protect habitats, eco-systems and ecological processes; • Protect natural and/or cultural sites while allowing a spectrum of reasonable uses; • Mitigate pollution from land- and sea- based sources; • Resolve conflicting human activities/uses; • Delineate suitable areas for particular human uses, while minimizing the impacts of these uses; • Preserve critical areas in their natural state and undisturbed except for purposes of scientific research and education; • Protect human welfare; and, • Better manage the coastal areas.


Figure 2. Enhanced W-Growth Corridor of Central Luzon Figure 3. The Global Gateways Infrastructure

as the navigational lane of cargo ships and support large-scale industries, such as: oil refineries and depots, power plants, petrochemical plants, and economic zones, as well as tourism activities, which extend huge contributions to the national economy.

The implementation of the CLSUZP will open up the different avenues of sustainable development of the coastal areas of the province. This will serve as one of the mechanisms for the realization of the BSDS.

1.5. SCOPE OF THE PLAN

The scope of the CLSUZP includes the 10 coastal municipalities and 1 coastal city of Bataan (Map 2). The 12th and only land-locked municipality, which is Dinalupihan, was also considered in the plan because its river system which is affected by siltation and sedimentation due to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, is connected to the municipalities of Hermosa and Orani.

The seaward boundary of Bataan’s coastal areas is 15 kilometers from the shoreline, as stated in RA 8550 or the Fisheries Code of 1998. One (1) kilometer landward from the shoreline is also considered as part of the coastal land area.

Thus, the geographic extent of this coastal-use zoning plan covers areas within one (1) kilometer from the shoreline at high tide to include mangrove swamps, brackish water ponds, nipa swamps, estuarine rivers, mudflats, sandy beaches, as well as other areas within a seaward limit of 200 meters isobath to include coral reefs, algal flats, seagrass beds and other soft-bottom areas (RA 8550).

The Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs) of each municipality and the Provincial Physical Framework Plan (PPFP) are linked and harmonized with this coastal use zoning plan to provide a more comprehensive Integrated Land- and Sea-Use Plan for the province.

7


Map 2. Proposed Municipal Water Boundaries

1.6. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

In the formulation of the CLSUZP, the delineation of each zone is based on its potential utilization and uses as identified during the workshop deliberation and consultations attended by various sectors of the community and stakeholders. The zoning system, once in place, will pave the way and openup more opportunities to every sector of the community that primarily depend on the coastal and marine resources for their means of livelihood.

In 2002, representatives from the Project Management Office (PMO) and the Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO) attended a six-day intensive Regional Training Workshop on the Development and Implementation of Coastal Use Zoning Plan and Institutional Framework conducted by GEF/UNDP/IMO Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA). This training provided the participants with insights and knowledge on the basic concepts and approaches for applying zoning scheme to coastal areas and developing institutional arrangements for its implementation

under the framework of integrated coastal management.

From 2003 – 2004, the PMO and PPDO worked together with the Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc. (BCCFI), Office of the Provincial Agriculturist (OPA), DENR-Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO), DENR-Community Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) in conducting ten (10) municipal and one (1) city consultations and capacity-building trainings/workshops. These workshops enabled the participants to understand the rationale, scope, and expected outputs of the coastal-use zoning project and process of developing the CLSUZP. It also increased awareness of the participants, particularly the Local Government Units (LGUs) on the importance of the province-wide coastal and sea-use plan, which is to be integrated into their Comprehensive Land-Use Plans. (See results of consultations in Appendix B) In 2005, technical officers from the PEMSEA conducted a two-day inception workshop in Balanga City. Various stakeholders from the national and provincial agencies, private sector,

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

� ��

�

Source: NAMRIA

8


Part of the capacity-building workshop is an on-site field visit and transect walk in Brgy. Tortugas in Balanga City.

Discussions and deliberations were conducted to identify the existing uses and proposed zones in Bataan.

Mapping and delineation of zones was an integral part of the plan.

civil society groups, fisherfolk associations and LGUs participated in this workshop.

The Provincial Government of Bataan also issued an executive order in 2005 forming and activating a Technical Working Group (TWG) to develop the CLSUZP. The TWG is a multi-sectoral team of specialists who have experiences in land use planning, socio-economic planning, environmental planning and other development planning. They have in-depth knowledge on the habitat and ecosystem of Bataan’s coastal area and the legislations and regulations on environment and resources management. The members of the TWG underwent a series of capacity-building seminars and workshops to equip themselves with the skills of handling several activities useful in the collection, verification, and final analysis of pertinent data and other skills for the full development of the CLSUZP. The members who come from the different national government agencies, local government units, private sector, and non-govenment organizations provided information on existing sectoral plans, information, and relevant data and ideas which contributed to the plan. Together with the core TWG from the provincial government were their partners in the municipal level. Workshops were also conducted and facilitated by a team from the University of the Philippines Planning and Development Research Foundation, Inc. or UP Planades.

In the development of the CLSUZP, the support from the local government was necessary to enable the stakeholders to identify uses and zones and prepare the plan. It was a must that the project is sincerely adhered to by the local government officials to get an equally honest attempt by different stakeholders to complete the CLSUZP and jointly support its implementation. The stakeholders played the key tasks of providing salient information to contribute to the completion of the plan, as these people have the innate desire to protect and utilize resources logically.

9

Chapter 2:EXISTING SITUATION

2.1. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Location

Bataan is located in the southwestern part of the Central Luzon Region. It lies approximately at coordinates 120o 15’ to 120o 40’ latitude and 14o 20’ to 14o 50’ longitude. It is bounded on the north by the provinces of Zambales, on the northeast by Pampanga, on the west by South China Sea, and on the east by Manila Bay.

Climate

The climate in Bataan is categorized under Type I. There are two distinct seasons: the rainy season and dry season. The rainy season starts on the month of May and ends up around the month of October. The rest of the year is dry with occasional rains dispersed widely throughout the province. Occasional typhoons visit the area especially during the months of June to September.

Topography

Bataan is a mountainous land mass, dominated largely by uplands, hills, and mountains,

covering 80.9 percent of its whole area (Figure 4). The lowlands and plains, which comprise 19.1 percent of the land area of the province, are generally flat, gently rising towards the hills. These areas comprise most of the agricultural portion of Bataan, found along the northern and eastern coasts facing Manila Bay.

Hydrology

The province is drained by numerous rivers and small streams with very few meanders radiating and sloping from the mountain groups down to the sea draining the whole area efficiently. There are more than one hundred rivers in the province which are very important not only for irrigation but also for purposes of navigation and fishing.

Geomorphology

The whole province of Bataan can be classified broadly with one volcanic terrain. Most of the highest elevations are considered parts of the collapsed caldera forming a ring-like structure with the suspected mouths, Mount Natib and Mariveles. Other high peaks are most likely the satellite vents of major volcanic craters presently occurring and dikes along the upper and mid-slopes of the volcano. Bordering these morpho-landforms are

Undulating mountains serve as scenic background to the plains of the province..

Figure 4. Slope Map

11

Chapter 2: Existing Situation

lava fields and flow plains with deep incision, steep cliffs, occasional gorges, and minor cascades.

Coastal areas are classified by typical marine land forms such as beaches, ridges, swales, and foreshore sand bars.

Geology

Basically, Bataan is tectonically sitting directly on top of an active subduction zone, which centers along the Manila trench. It is believed that this zone was responsible for the Early Pliocene to Early Holocene period of volcanic activities giving rise to varied depositions of volcanic rocks in the whole peninsula.

There are three (3) rock strategic units exposed in the area, namely: quaternary pyroclastics (QP), quaternary plug (Qp) and quaternary alluvium (Qal).

Quaternary pyroclastics occupy the rolling to hilly ground with infrequent deep incision in several sections of creeks and rivers. It is composed of volcanic breccias, tuff and tuff breccias, and lahars.

Quaternary plug is made wholly of alticandesites rock.

Quaternary alluvium occupies the low-lying areas which include the beaches and plains. These deposits are derived from weathering and erosion of older volcanic rocks that were later transported and deposited along stream channels.

Volcanoes

The presence of a chain of volcanoes in the Zambales – Bataan region, including the currently active Mt. Pinatubo, may put the province under threat of volcanic eruption. Mt. Pinatubo, some 40 kms. to the north, deposited a relatively thin but widespread ash cover over the Olongapo – Subic – North Bataan area during its last eruption. Similarly, the smaller, dormant volcanoes are Mt. Sta. Rita and Mt. Malasimbo.

In the eastern flank of the Bataan peninsula lays two large volcanic edifices, Mt. Natib on the north and Mt. Mariveles on the south.

Faults and Earthquake-prone Areas

An analysis of seismic tectonic elements proximate to Bataan indicates the following:

• The East Zambales Fault, a recently active tectonic lineament closely related to Mt. Pinatubo is about 60 km. east of the municipality of Samal;

• The Manila Trench, an active subduction zone, is 120 km. west of Luzon in the South China Sea;

• The seismically active Lubang Island – Mindoro Fault is about 100 km. to the south;

• The Digdig Fault (100 km. to the northeast) is the epicenter of the 7.8 magnitude North Luzon earthquake in July 1990; and,

• The rest of the Philippine Fault is farther to the eastern side of Luzon.

Figure 5. Seismicity of Bataan and vicinity

12


13

Map 3. Coastal Habitats and Resources


These tectonic elements are probable earthquake generators that would trigger ground-shaking and ground displacement. Bautista, et.al. (1992) have conducted probabilistic estimate of peak ground acceleration. For the Bataan area, a ground acceleration value of 0.1 g (1 times the force of gravity) within a 50-year return period was estimated. In the same study, Bautista, et.al. suggested that the risk of tsunami along the coastal areas of Bataan cannot be discounted since tectonic features around Bataan are capable of generating tsunamegenic earthquakes. Historically, the occurrence of a tsunami in Bataan that has been last recorded was on December 7, 1677.

Based on the distribution of earthquake epicenters in the whole archipelago, the strongest is, in fact, the eastern section, i.e. Eastern Mindanao, Samar, and Leyte. However, other relative active parts are the vicinities of Lubang Island – Mindoro, the East Luzon Trench, Casiguran Fault, Digdig Fault, and the northern segment of the Philippine Fault Zone, all of which are within the 150-km. radius of the province (Figure 5).

Water Quality

Coastal marine waters support a dynamic ecosystem and contain valuable natural resources that are important to the coastal community. The inseparable relationship between land use and water quality are major issues in the coastal zone.

The Bataan coastal area is receiving drainage from immediate watersheds through

Thick mangrove areas exist along the shorelines of Bataan.Fine sandy beaches can be found in Bagac.

tributaries and major river systems. Large amounts of waste drain into the coastal waters from domestic discharges.

With rapid increase in population and industrialization within the coastal area, water quality is expected to deteriorate. Contamination of the Bataan coastal and marine waters will continue to increase with the inevitable population and economic growth. The sources of contamination that eventually lead to marine pollution are domestic and industrial wastes, agro-chemical loading, siltation/sedimentation, toxic and hazardous wastes, and oil pollution.

2.2. BIO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Muddy tide flats along with alluvial sand bars characterize the coastline along Manila Bay. Mangrove areas can be observed from Orani to Orion, along with seaweed areas and seagrass patches from portions of Samal, Balanga, and Pilar down to Mariveles. The deeper portions are the coastal areas of Orion to Mariveles. Poor coral reef patches mixed with sandy rocky bottom can be found in the Mariveles area, where the coastline begin to take on a rocky character, looping from the mouth of Manila Bay to the western side of the province. The South China Sea coastline is interspersed with pristine beaches with rocky portions and fringes of coral reef in good condition from Bagac to Morong. These are havens for marine turtles and other marine animals.

14

Source: National Statistics Office Handbook and PPDO - Socio-economic Profile 2004

Table 2. Land Area, Population Density and Income Class


Table 1: Population Trend and Growth Rate

2.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

Demography

Bataan’s population annually increases at the rate of 2.74%. This rate was recorded as the highest in Region III and was higher than the national average of 2.2%. As of 2006, the projected population was computed at 657,119. The municipalities of Mariveles and Dinalupihan with population of 99,187 and 93,060 respectively,

have the highest recorded population. The least populated towns are Morong and Bagac, with population of 25,048 and 24,355, respectively. Table 1 presents the population trend.

The province has 87 coastal barangays distributed in 10 coastal municipalities and one coastal city. The population in coastal barangays is approximately 220,032 or 34.45% of the projected population of the province for CY 2005. Pilar and Dinalupihan have the highest population density in the province (Table 2).

City/Municipality

1980 1990 1995 2000 2006 (projected)Growth Rate(1995-2000)

Abucay 22,692 26,708 29,270 31,801 35,373 1.79

Bagac 13,109 18,241 20,906 22,353 24,355 1.44

Balanga City 39,132 51,512 60,912 71,088 86,729 3.37

Dinalupihan 41,415 58,172 65,159 76,145 93,060 3.40

Hermosa 25,672 34,633 38,764 46,254 58,055 3.86

Limay 24,281 32,629 40,092 46,620 56,614 3.79

Mariveles 48,594 60,761 76,626 85,779 99,187 2.45

Morong 10,637 17,155 18,731 21,273 25,048 2.78

Orani 33,083 43,494 48,695 52,501 57,849 1.63

Orion 28,049 35,263 39,537 44,067 50,657 2.35

Pilar 18,549 25,244 28,207 32,368 38,627 2.99

Samal 18,041 21,991 24,560 27,410 31,565 2.38

BATAAN 323,254 425,803 491,459 557,659 657,119 2.74

City/Municipality

Land Area(Hectares)

Pop’n.Density(sq. km)

Income Class

Abucay 7,970 444 Fourth

Bagac 23,120 105 Fourth

Balanga 16,560 777 2nd Class City

Dinalupihan 4,460 1,006 Third

Hermosa 15,730 370 Fourth

Limay 10,300 546 First

Mariveles 15,390 644 Second

Morong 21,920 114 Fifth

Orani 5,916 891 Third

Orion 6,540 774 Fourth

Pilar 3,760 1,027 Fifth

Samal 5,630 561 Fourth

BATAAN 137,296 First

Source: PPDO-Socioeconomic profile 2004

15

Fishing is the most practiced activity along the coastal areas of Bataan.


In terms of the number of households, there was an increase from 98,499 in 1995 to 113,674 in 2000. In 2006, the number of household is estimated to be 133,847. The average household size is 4.90 persons per household.

In Bataan, 61.6% of the total population comprises the working age group (15 to 64 years old). Individuals aged 0 to 14 years old constitute 34.9%, and those aged 65 and above comprise 3.5% of the 2006 population. Dependency ratio in 2000 was 62. This means that for every 100 persons in the working age group (15 to 64 years), there were 62 dependents, that is 57 young dependents (0 to 14 years old) and 5 old dependents (65 years old and above).

Economic Activities

The coastal areas of Bataan are being utilized for fisheries and shellfish culture, shipping and navigation, industries, tourism and recreation, and built-up areas.

Fisheries and Aquaculture Bataan has a total of 84 coastal barangays in 10 coastal municipalities, and 1 coastal city. Fishing is the most practiced activity along the coastal and sea areas of Bataan. Around 220,032 or 34.45 % of the population is mainly dependent on this activity as their source of livelihood. There are two forms of fishing in the area; brackish water aquaculture and capture fisheries. Capture fisheries are for municipal and commercial fishing activities. Brackish Aquaculture

Brackish fishponds are present in the municipalities of Hermosa, Orani, Samal, Abucay, Pilar, Orion, and City of Balanga, where different forms of fishes, mudcrabs, and prawns are being cultured. One can also find along these areas the stretches of mangroves and mudflats that serve as breeding ground of fish, buffer zone, and protection of the fishponds and coastal communities during tidal inundation. One of the major areas of concern is the illegal expansion of fishponds, which encroach on the mangroves, as well as mudflat areas.

About 4.30 hectares are utilized as brackish water fishponds, which harvest 7 metric tons per hectare and 143.70 hectares for freshwater fishpond with a production of 5.5 metric tons per hectare. Production ranges from 2.8 to 5.5 metric tons or 2.80 to 5.50 kg of milkfish, prawn, and tilapia per hectare.

Municipal Fisheries

With the application of the 15-km. limit under RA 8550 and RA 7160 (Local Government Code), the whole stretch of Manila Bay generally fall under municipal waters of the different LGUs along the bay except for a small area of the center of the bay. This serves as the rights of municipal fishermen to utilize the bay for their own activities, particularly in Bataan where traditional and marginalized fishermen mostly depend for their livelihood.

As of 2002, there were 6,715 registered motorized bancas and 3,405 non-motorized bancas for the municipal fishing activities for the whole province. There are about 18 fishing vessels with 18 operators for commercial fishing. (Source: PPDO – MTDP 2002)

Transboundary issue among LGUs along the bay is a common problem because the application of 15-km. limit results in overlapping jurisdictions. Equity sharing among the LGUs is one of the recommended solutions in this CLSUZP (see Map 2).

16


Marine turtles at the Pawikan Conservation Center in Morong.

On the western side of the province, the application of the 15-km. municipal waters limit is a problem of Morong with the Province of Zambales and the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA). Municipal and traditional fishermen also experience conflicting uses due to the presence of beaches and other tourism and recreational activities in the area. The presence of nesting sites of marine turtles along the beaches of Bagac and Morong should likewise be considered in the tourism, industrial, and real estate development.

Commercial Fisheries

Several commercial fishing vessels that weigh greater than three (3) gross tonnages (GT) operate within Manila Bay. Others operate outside of Manila Bay as far as South China Sea. RA 8550 authorizes or permits small-scale (3.1 – 20 GT) commercial fishing and medium-scale (20.1 – 150 GT) commercial fishing vessels to operate within the 10.1 to 15-km. area from the shoreline of the municipal waters on the condition that there are permits from the city/municipal government, and acting pursuant to an appropriate ordinance. This has created problems, such as over-fishing and resulted in conflicts within the municipal waters, especially the competition between traditional and municipal fishing and commercial fishing. Such conflicts are prevalent in the municipalities of Limay, Mariveles, and Morong. Bagac is the only LGU in Bataan that passed an ordinance allowing small- and medium-scale commercial fishing vessels to operate within its municipal waters.

Large-scale commercial fishing is defined as utilizing active gears and vessels of more than 150 GT.

Shipping and Navigation

Manila Bay is one of the important avenues of development of the country which rely on shipping and navigational activities. This can be seen on the coastal side of Bataan where heavy industries are complemented with shipping and navigational system. This is mainly concentrated in the municipalities of Limay and Mariveles. In addition, the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) was able to establish three (3) national ports: Port

of Lamao, Port of Mariveles, and Port of Orion. The ports of Lamao and Mariveles are utilized for cargo vessels and chemical and oil tankers. Custom duties are derived from them. Port of Orion was established for roll on – roll off (RORO) and passenger ferries. All ships and ferries are bound for Manila and other domestic and international destinations.

There is also the Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific (MAAP), which makes use of the bay as their training ground for their students.

The Ports of Lamao and Mariveles are among the high-risk areas for oil spills in Manila Bay (Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan).

It is therefore necessary to set up permanent shipping and navigational lanes and aids to avoid accidents that may arise along the bay due to multiple resource uses.

17


Residential area along the coast in Brgy. Lamao, Limay, Bataan

A fishing village in Brgy. Palihan, Orani, Bataan

Industrial Activities along Coastal Areas

Medium and heavy industries such as petrochemical estate, oil refineries and depot, power generating plants, grains terminal and economic zones are concentrated along the coastal areas of Limay and Mariveles. These industries are the frequent users of the bay. Other than their extensive facilities and structures that are positioned on the significant portion of the shoreline, some of these large industrial establishments have constructed and maintained their own ports, piers, and berthing facilities in support of their activities.

Tourism and Recreational Activities There are only a few areas along the

Manila Bay which are being utilized for tourism and recreation. These areas are found in Balanga City, Limay, and Mariveles. The primary areas intended for this purpose are located in the western side of Bataan along South China Sea. These are the coastal municipalities of Bagac and Morong, wherein numerous pristine beaches and potential areas for tourism development are present. There is also an established Pawikan Conservation Project in Nagbalayong, Morong and proposed to be replicated in other areas of Bagac.

Built-up Areas

Built-up areas consist of residential, institutional, commercial, and small-scale enterprises. Aside from being a peninsular

province, the open and free access to fishing and other sources of fresh food items has become a strong attraction to the people of Bataan and nearby provinces to locate in the coastal areas. Most of the municipalities in Bataan along Manila Bay are experiencing the pressure of increasing settlement in their respective coastal areas. The threat on other resources, such as mangroves and mudflats continues to crop up due to continuous reclamation and encroachment of people for their settlement and other purposes.

Existing Zones/Uses

The existing zones and uses as on Map 4 shows many overlapping and conflicting uses of coastal and municipal waters in the 10 coastal municipalities and 1 coastal city of Bataan. Concerned LGUs as mandated by RA 7160 find a hard time to manage their territorial jurisdiction over coastal and municipal waters due to absence of clear demarcation of water boundaries.

Multiple resource-use conflicts also continue to proliferate resulting in over-utilization and depletion of coastal and marine resources. Incompatible uses of existing zones hamper the development of full potential and sustainability of each zone.

The aggravating problems will be resolved with the full cooperation of LGUs and other stakeholders concerned in proper coastal management and implementation of this zoning plan.

18


Map 4. Existing Zones and Uses of Bataan

19


Socio-economic Condition of Fisherfolks

A comparison of income and social standing of fishers’ households indicates that the poverty situation remains unchanged. After the first major fishery sector project (1990-1994), it is noted that 80% of the fishers’ households were still below the poverty threshold despite major interventions, ranging from full investment packages for fishing boats and equipment, to community-based coastal resources management.

The latest family income and expenditure survey (NSO, 2001) indicated that economic and social parameters for fishers’ households reinforced this observation. The data showed that in 2000 (Socio-economic characteristics of households in the Philippines, 2000 – NSO, 2001), households whose heads were fishers had significantly higher poverty incidence than any other household in general. Furthermore, the average annual income of fisher’s household and those who work in the fishing industry was about P70,000.00, less than half of the average annual income of households in general which is approximately P144,000.00. This translates to an average daily income of around P192.00 or roughly, the retail value of 2-kg. of fish. Low income can be attributed to declining fish catch, estimated to be about 2-kg. per day at present, down from 20-kg. per day, which was the average catch during the 1970s.

Because of low-income levels, a greater portion of the income of fishers’ households is spent on food expenditures and a much lesser share is used for other items, compared to the income of households in general. It is interesting to note that fisher’s household has a relatively higher rate of spending on vices, like alcohol and tobacco, than in any other household in general.

Based on the National Statistics Office’s (NSO’s) 2001 data, households of fishers have head of families with relatively low education levels, compared to other households in general. More than two-thirds of fishing households have head of families that are elementary undergraduates. In contrast, about half of households in general have heads who hve attained higher education level. Fishers’ households have lower access rates

to basic necessities like safe water, sanitary toilets, and electricity than other households and are more likely to live in makeshift houses or are informal settlers. Also, the size of households of fishers and of those in the fishing industry is greater than the national average.

2.4. EXISTING POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

The policy review discusses the legal framework for the management and conservation of the coastal and marine ecosystem and resources of the Province of Bataan. It involves only key process of legislation at the national level including Philippine Constitution, Presidential Decrees and Republic Acts and Policy Directives emanating from national government agencies. Resolutions and ordinances and explicit policy directives articulated in the different land-use plan documents affecting the coastal environment originating from Provincial and Municipal/City Government are likewise discussed. The nature of the national-provincial-city/municipal policy framework for the coastal environment is complex, primarily because of the sheer number and overlaps of a multitude of legal and policy measures and the institutions tasked to implement them. Given this, a number of policy options and choices will need to be studied and considered carefully by the provincial government and city and municipalities of Bataan in order to be more effective in managing the coastal/marine environment and resources.

Table 4 shows the key international conventions and national and local policies and legislations. The Review of Policies and Institutional Arrangements is in Appendix A.

At the International and National Level

As far as international laws or policies are concerned, Bataan’s effort to zone on a provincial level should continue to follow, if not improve on the pronouncement already found in existing plans at the provincial and city/municipal levels. This is because the various documents from the local development plans to Bataan Sustainable

20


Table 3. Socio-economic characteristics of households in the Phils., 2000 (NSO, 2001)

* Proportion of families whose per capita income cannot meet the minimum food and non-food require. (Source: NSO 2001. Family Income and Expenditures Survey)

Household Characteristic% of households whose heads are

All Households (%)Fishers

In the fishing industry

Poverty Incidence*61.9 59.9

33.7

Distribution of households b educational attainment of the head

No grade completed 6.5 4.3 4.1

Elementary undergraduate 76.4 77.9 53.3

Elementary graduate 12.3 12.7 20.3

1st - 3rd year high school 3.4 3.6 10.6

High school graduate 0.3 0.3 1.2

College undergraduate 0.2 0.1 0.7

At least college graduate 0.9 1.2 9.8

Access to safe drinking water 61.8 65.8 78.5

Access to sanitary toilet facility 51.5 54.2 82.5

Access to electricity 51.2 55.5 75.4

Proportion living in makeshift houses 2.8 2.8 2

Proportion who are squatting 5.9 6.1 3.1

Mean family size (number) 5.6 5.6 5.1

Mean income70,244 72,959 144,039

Mean expenditure62,445 64,297 118,002

Exependiture pattern

Total household expenditure 100.0 100.0 100.0

Food59.3 58.5 43.6

Alcoholic beverages 1.2 1.3 0.7

Tobacco2.4 2.4 1.1

Fuel, light and water 5.9 6 6.3

Transportation & communication3.2 3.4 6.8

Household operations 18.4 18.4 23.2

Personal care & effects 3.5 3.5 3.6

Clothing, footwear & others 2.4 2.4 2.7

Education2.3 2.3 4.2

Recreation 0.2 0.3 0.5

Medical care 1.2 1.3 1.9

Non-durable furnishings 0.3 0.3 0.2

Durable furniture & equipment 1.4 1.5 2.5

Taxes0.4 0.4 2.1

House rent 7.9 7.8 14.2

House maintenance & minor repairs

0.9 0.9 0.9

Special family occasions 1.7 2 2.4

Gifts & contribution to others 0.9 0.8 0.9

Other expenditures 2.9 2.9 2.9

21

Development Strategy are at least in written, principle. Consistent with national laws, these are attuned to international treaties, conventions, and agreements. An example of the linkage of environmental principles are the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention), and Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES), Biodiversity Convention, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, which all contain stipulations on conservation of living resources, particularly migratory and endangered species, which in turn are consistent with the commitment to sustainable development in Rio Declaration and the United Nations Agenda 21. Going down the line, many resources and environmental laws of the Philippines in the last decade (e.g. NIPAS Act, Agriculture and Fishery Modernization Act, Clean Air Act, etc.) explicitly stress sustainable development as a guiding principle. Hence, implementation of such laws would presumably be in accordance with international treaties, thereby translating abstract commitment into material local mandate. Moreover, recent Philippine environmental laws (e.g., Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, Clean Water Act, etc.) are simultaneously compliant with United Nation Seventh Millennium Development Goal to “ensure environmental sustainability,” in particular through “integrating the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs.”

Seeking further affirmation beyond stipulation on environmental protection are to be found in the 1987 Constitution and the various laws related to agriculture (e.g. RA 7881), fishery and marine resources (e.g. RA 8550), wildlife and habitat protection (RA 9147, RA 7586), forestry code (PD 705), and land use (e.g. RA 7279), which can be a basis of elaborating higher policies for the purpose of operationalization. Table 4 shows the different policy concerns across sectors.

At the Provincial Level

Based on the review of provincial plans, it is apparent that the chosen growth strategy of Bataan is to develop itself as an agro-industrial province with strong emphasis on ecological

tourism. The latter, in turn, will permit the preservation of forest areas and prime agricultural lands. As medium-term policy statement, the existing laws on environmental protection shall be upheld and enforced, while actions to provide basic infrastructure that have environmental implication (e.g., sanitary landfill sewage treatment) shall be encouraged in the city and municipalities. Notably, the provincial plans are specific about certain agency duties identifying DENR-EMB, DILG, DA, BFAR, and DAR as lead agencies in environmental management and agricultural land conversion and development. One should also observe that although the chosen development is consistent with the regional development framework assigning Bataan West Coast to ecotourism and its East Coast to agro-industry, actual implementation may differ given key industrial location in Mariveles (Bataan Economic Zone), Morong (Bataan Technology Park), Limay (Petron Bataan Refinery) and Hermosa (Hermosa Agro-industrial Estate).

With respect to the development and conservation of the coastal/marine environment, the Provincial Government is very much aware of its role as steward of these natural resources and the need to protect these as the province’s life support system, not only biologically, but also economically and socially. The stakeholders of Bataan have developed and adopted the Bataan Coastal Strategy, Bataan Declaration of support and commitment, and the Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy. A large part of the provincial economy is anchored on sustainable resource use and development, not only of its land resources but also its marine resources. Therefore, sustainable development policies are in place at the provincial level.

At the City/Municipal Level

The development plans at Provincial and City/Municipal levels are vertically aligned. Policy statements from City/Municipal comprehensive land use plans are reviewed to be consistent with provincial vision and directions. The proposed strategies are appropriate to each local government unit, particularly on socio-economic development aspect.


22


Tabl

e 4:

Key

Pol

icie

s an

d Le

gisl

atio

n Ac

ross

Sec

tors

Sp

ecifi

c Ar

ea o

f C

once

rnSp

atia

l Loc

atio

n in

Bat

aan

Nat

iona

l and

Loc

al P

olic

y, L

aw, I

nter

natio

nal C

onve

ntio

n Li

kely

to b

e In

volv

ed

Fish

erie

s an

d Aq

uacu

lture

entir

e co

astli

ne, w

ith

emph

asis

on

east

and

sou

th

coas

t

Inte

rnat

iona

l: Fi

sher

ies

Cod

e of

Con

duct

(FAO

)N

atio

nal:

Agric

ultu

re a

nd F

ishe

ries

Mod

erni

zatio

n Ac

t, M

arin

e Po

llutio

n D

ecre

e, F

ishe

ries

Dec

ree

of 1

975,

Fis

herie

s C

ode,

Loc

al G

over

nmen

t Cod

e, S

anita

tion

Cod

e, E

O 5

33 (I

nteg

rate

d C

oast

al

Man

agem

ent)

Loca

l: Ba

taan

Coa

stal

Stra

tegy

; mun

icip

al o

rdin

ance

s

Reso

urce

and

En

viro

nmen

tal

Man

agem

ent

wat

ersh

eds

and

entir

e co

astli

neIn

tern

atio

nal:

Ram

sar

Con

vent

ion

on W

etla

nds,

Bio

dive

rsity

Con

vent

ion,

CIT

ES, G

PAN

atio

nal:

Nat

iona

l Mar

ine

Polic

y, C

oral

Res

ourc

es D

evel

opm

ent D

ecre

e, N

IPAS

Act

, Sus

tain

able

Fo

rest

Man

agem

ent D

ecre

e, F

ores

t Tim

ber

Cha

rges

, Fis

herie

s C

ode,

Cle

an W

ater

Act

, Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent C

ode,

San

itatio

n C

ode,

Sol

id W

aste

Man

agem

ent A

ct, W

ildlif

e Re

sour

ces

and

Hab

itat

Con

serv

atio

n an

d Pr

otec

tion

Act;

Indi

geno

us P

eopl

es R

ight

s Ac

t, EO

533

(Int

egra

ted

Coa

stal

M

anag

emen

t), E

O 5

78 (b

iodi

vers

ity p

olic

y), E

O 6

10 (r

iver

bas

in m

anag

emen

t)Lo

cal:

Bata

an S

usta

inab

le D

evel

opm

ent S

trate

gy, P

rovi

ncia

l Dev

elop

men

t; va

rious

CD

Ps; m

unic

ipal

or

dina

nces

.

Indu

stria

l Exp

ansi

onso

uth

and

sout

heas

t coa

stIn

tern

atio

nal:

Base

l Con

vent

ion

on H

azar

dous

Was

tes,

GPA

N

atio

nal:

Indi

geno

us P

eopl

es R

ight

s Ac

t, W

ater

Cod

e, P

ollu

tion

Con

trol L

aw, C

lean

Wat

er A

ct, C

lean

Ai

r Ac

t, Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t Cod

e, E

IA S

yste

m, S

anita

tion

Cod

e, T

oxic

and

Nuc

lear

Was

tes

Law,

Sol

id

Was

te M

anag

emen

t Act

, NIP

AS A

ct, P

ublic

Est

ates

Aut

horit

y La

w, M

ediu

m-T

erm

Phi

l. D

evel

opm

ent

Plan

, Inv

estm

ent P

riorit

y Pl

an, R

egio

nal F

ram

ewor

ks a

nd D

evel

opm

ent P

lans

Lo

cal:

Bata

an S

usta

inab

le D

evel

opm

ent S

trate

gy, P

PFP,

Prov

inci

al D

evel

opm

ent P

lan;

var

ious

CLU

Ps

and

CD

Ps

Ship

ping

, Nav

igat

ion

and

Sea-

base

d So

urce

s of

Pol

lutio

n

sout

h an

d so

uthe

ast c

oast

Inte

rnat

iona

l: M

ARPO

L C

onve

ntio

n on

Was

te fr

om S

hips

, Lon

don

Con

vent

ion,

Bas

el C

onve

ntio

n on

H

azar

dous

Was

tes,

Inte

rnat

iona

l Con

vent

ion

on O

il Po

llutio

n Pr

even

tion

Resp

onse

and

Coo

pera

tion

Nat

iona

l: N

atio

nal M

arin

e Po

licy,

Mar

ine

Pollu

tion

Dec

ree

(PD

600

& 9

79)

Loca

l: Ba

taan

Sus

tain

able

Dev

elop

men

t Stra

tegy

, Man

ila B

ay O

il Sp

ill C

ontin

genc

y Pl

an

Tour

ism

mou

ntai

nous

inte

rior,

incl

udin

g riv

ers,

wat

erfa

lls;

coas

tal:

beac

hes,

man

grov

es,

cora

l ree

fs;

hist

oric

al a

nd c

ultu

ral s

ites

Inte

rnat

iona

l: C

onve

ntio

n on

Tra

de in

End

ange

red

Spec

ies

(CIT

ES),

Ram

sar

Con

vent

ion

on W

etla

nds

Nat

iona

l: In

dige

nous

Peo

ples

Rig

hts

Act,

Cor

al R

esou

rces

Dev

elop

men

t Dec

ree,

NIP

AS A

ct, M

inin

g Ac

t, So

lid W

aste

Man

agem

ent A

ct, W

ildlif

e Re

sour

ces

and

Hab

itat C

onse

rvat

ion

and

Prot

ectio

n Ac

t, C

lean

Wat

er A

ct, E

IA S

yste

m, S

anita

tion

Cod

e, C

lean

Air

Act,

Regi

onal

Fra

mew

orks

and

Pla

ns

Loca

l: Ba

taan

Dec

lara

tion

of E

nviro

nmen

tal P

rote

ctio

n, B

ataa

n Su

stai

nabl

e D

evel

opm

ent S

trate

gy,

vario

us C

LUPs

and

CD

Ps,

Prop

erty

Rig

hts

and

Con

vers

ion

entir

e co

astli

ne, b

ut m

ore

corr

ectiv

e on

eas

t coa

st,

prev

entiv

e on

wes

t coa

st

Nat

iona

l: C

ompr

ehen

sive

Agr

aria

n Re

form

Law

, inc

ludi

ng a

men

dmen

ts, U

rban

Dev

elop

men

t and

H

ousi

ng A

ct, N

IPAS

Act

, Wild

life

Reso

urce

s an

d H

abita

t Con

serv

atio

n an

d Pr

otec

tion

Act,

Wat

er

Cod

e, P

ollu

tion

Con

trol L

aw, C

lean

Wat

er A

ct, L

ocal

Gov

ernm

ent C

ode,

EIA

Sys

tem

, San

itatio

n C

ode,

Sol

id W

aste

Man

agem

ent A

ct

Loca

l: Ba

taan

Sus

tain

able

Dev

elop

men

t Stra

tegy

, var

ious

CLU

Ps a

nd C

DPs

23


With regard to coastal resource use, the overall impression derived is that policy statements and eventual implementations may be more focused in key areas in order to be effective in the long run. One strong policy area of the city/municipalities is on fishery resources, particularly on the illegal and destructive fishing methods. Several municipalities have explicit municipal ordinances on fishery, such as Balanga, Samal, Abucay, Orion, Limay, Mariveles, and Bagac. These policy areas can be further strengthened in all coastal municipalities and proclaim an integrated policy on fisheries. This would facilitate the sharing of resources, services, and information among contigous municipalities particularly in apprehending violators. An integrated and harmonized fishery policy for the whole province would likewise minimize the growing conflicts in the use of various marine resources.

2.5. MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND MULTIPLE-USE CONFLICTS

The sustainable development of Bataan’s coastal areas lies in the resolution of five (5) major problems that are very common in all communities residing along the Manila Bay area. These problems were identified during the consultation workshops conducted with the different stakeholders and users of the coastal areas of the concerned municipalities of Bataan. Problems identified were: pollution from land- and sea-based activities; siltation and sedimentation; illegal and destructive fishing

methods; proliferation of informal settlers; and habitat degradation (Map 5).

The waste generated from land- and sea-based activities is a problem for all. Absence of proper waste management in most communities along Manila Bay aggravates the problem with wastes eventually ending up in the water bodies of Bataan.

Siltation and sedimentation contribute to the narrowing and shallowing of waterways and fishing grounds. This problem is mainly caused by soil erosion from the watershed and upland areas. The province has been taking steps to resolve this problem. Process of dredging and desilting of shallow rivers and waterways is currently underway. Continuous reforestations in upland and watershed areas are included in the annual programming and implementation plan of Bataan.

Illegal and destructive fishing methods are being fully addressed. The full support of fisherfolks and concerned agencies backing up the campaign is an important factor. The creation and utilization of the Anti-Illegal Fishing Task Force is concrete evidence of the intent to totally eradicate this problem. The task force has been curbing out the proliferation of illegal fishing activities in the coastal and sea areas of the province resulting in an increase in fish catch of sustenance fishermen. At present, there are 2 patrol boats (28-footer fast crafts) and around 20 motorized bancas monitoring and patrolling the coastal waters of Bataan.

The provision in RA 8550, which provide among other things, that apprehended vessels, equipment, nets, and other paraphernalia engaged in illegal fishing, such as blasting and cyanide, can be impounded for the duration of the case filed against it. This will curb illegal fishing such as trawl, buli-buli, sudsod, etc. A bill should be filed to make it applicable to all forms of illegal fishing and this can be easily replicated to other areas in the country.

Prol i ferat ion of in formal set t lers contributes to the declining mangrove areas due to encroachment and illegal activities like cutting of

The Anti-illegal Fishing Task Force, together with Bantay Dagat (sea wardens), patrol and monitor the coastal waters and apprehend violators.

24


Figure 6. Multiple-Use Conflicts

trees. This issue leads to the narrowing of waterways that is aggravating the pollution problem due to improper waste management.

LGUs are now in the process of drafting resettlement plans to lessen the impact of this problem in their respective municipalities.

Habitat degradation or loss of precious habitats will lead to low or even loss of fish catch and other resources, and loss of functional integrity of ecosystems.

Mitigating measures are now being done to reduce the effects of these problems in the coastal areas of the province.

Apart from the issues and problems that need to be addressed are the multiple-use conflicts (Figure 6). These conflicts affect the proper maximum utilization of the coastal area and the social conditions.

Some of the conflicts are shipping vs. fishing and aquaculture; reclamation vs. mangrove and mudflat protection; land development vs agriculture and fishponds; tourism vs. informal settling and others.

With all these existing issues, problems, and multiple-use conflicts, the coastal environment of Bataan is currently facing environmental and ecological threats that will endanger the sustainable livelihood and living conditions of the communities in the coastal area.

�

��

��

�� !�� "�

#��!��$��%��&��&��

'��!��

Lack of sewage treatment and solid waste management systems has caused the continous deterioration of the water quality of rivers and coastal waters.

25


26

Map 5. Coastal Issues and Problems

Chapter 3:COASTAL LAND- AND SEA-USE ZONES

3.1. CLASSIFICATION OF ZONES

The proposed delineation of different zones state their functionality based on their potential uses and socio-economic development within the coastal and marine areas.

Specific zones along coastal zones along Manila Bay had been matched up with the existing zones identified in the comprehensive land-use plans of the different municipalities and city of the province.

Classification and identification of coastal zones had been undertaken with due consideration of the complexity of multiple use conflicts, existing and proposed levels of development, existing uses, desired outcomes of uses, and suitability criteria. The analysis of issues and problems concerning the various uses in the coastal and marine areas is in Appendix B. Stakeholder consultations and common understanding also brought out the desired classification of other zones. These served as the crucial factors towards delineating coastal-use zones focusing mainly on identification of areas intended for conservation and protection, sustainable use and proper management of coastal and marine resources.

There are twelve (12) coastal zones that have been identified by the stakeholders and assessed for suitability and compatibility. Maps 6 – 17 show the maps and locations of the following zones:

1. Agricultural Zone 2. Aquaculture Zone 3. Built-Up Area 4. Coral Reef Restoration and Protection Zone 5. Industrial Zone 6. Mangrove and Mudflat Zone 7. Municipal Fishing Zone

8. Sanctuaries (birds, marine turtles, fish, marine reserve) 9. Seagrass Restoration and Protection Zone 10. Shipping and Navigational Zone 11. Tourism Zone (recreational, cultural, eco-tourism) 12. Traditional Fishing Zone

The coastal use zoning involved the assessment of functional uses, and suitability of the identified zones (Table 5) and compatibility of zones (Table 6). The Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zoning Plan, as shown in Map 18, designates specific uses of the different zones based on feasible economic and environmental benefits of the coastal uses and resources of Bataan. The zoning plan also addresses the issues related to priorities of certain users and the need to reconcile and/or prevent incompatibilities between and among the different stakeholders and users of the municipal water and coastal resources of the province. The CLSUZP also introduces solutions to reduce multiple-use conflicts, maintain environmental quality, and ensure the sustainable management and development of the coastal and marine areas.

a. Agriculture Zone (including fishponds)

Agricultural areas also cover a portion of the coastal stretch of Bataan. Areas are being

Ricefields abound along stretches of land in Bataan.

27

utilized for agricultural production of crops, such as rice, vegetables, mangoes, coconut, and root crops. There are backyard piggeries and poultries that are also being raised in the area. A large portion of the coastal land, stretching from Hermosa to Orion, is used for brackish water fishponds where milkfish, tilapia, shrimp, and other fish are cultured.

b. Aquaculture

Aquaculture is defined under RA 8550 as “fishery operation involving all forms of raising and culturing fish and other fishery species in fresh, brackish, and marine water areas.”

This plan defines the aquaculture zone as an area intended for fish and shellfish operations like fishpens, fish cages, and mussel and oyster culture. Following the provisions of RA 8550, the aquaculture areas should not exceed 10 percent of the municipal waters. The size allocation for the aquaculture structures should be agreed upon by the different stakeholders and users of the area, with the approval of the local governments. The province has big socio-economic potential for the establishment and management of this zone. However, impacts of aquaculture such as the excessive use of feeds that affect water quality, have to be mitigated.

c. Built-up Zone

This zone covers areas where residential, commercial, educational/academic and institutional structures are being built/constructed.

A management plan on the existing built-up areas should be prepared and implemented to minimize the effect of generated problems on the adjacent zones such as agricultural zone, aquaculture, fisheries, mangrove areas, and tourism zone. Specific area for new built-up zones should be carefully studied and evaluated to ensure that it will not aggravate the problem on coastal environment.

d. Coral Reef Restoration and Protection Zone

Coral reefs consist of large rigid structural mass of calcium carbonate formed by cement-like

Fish pens in Bgy. Wawa, Abucay, Bataan

skeletal remains resulting from successive growth and development of hemaxypic corals. Coral reefs are considered one of the important and integral parts of marine ecosystem, and need to be restored and protected. It serves as nursery and shelter for fish and other associated marine species. They also provide shoreline protection by absorbing wave energy.

Coral reefs can also be associated with tourism-related activities, such as diving and snorkelling. These habitats are visible in the coastal municipalities of Mariveles, Bagac, and Morong. Species of bird nest corals (Seriatopora sp.), Pocilliopora sp., Porites sp., Lobophyllia hemprichii, Lobophyllia sp., Heli, Galaxea sp., Favites sp., Bodiannus mesothorax, and Acropora sp. are commonly found in the reefs of Bagac.

Unfortunately, these reefs show signs of damage due to destructive fishing techniques, e.g. cyanide and dynamite fishing. The establishment of the coral reef restoration and protection zone is aimed at mitigating the further destruction of existing coral reefs. Within this zone, marine protected areas may be established by law and other effective means to regulate fishing and other activities that may damage this ecosystem.

Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Fish pens in Brgy. Wawa, Abucay, Bataan.

28


f. Mangrove and Mudflat Protection Zone

The mangrove ecosystem has a lot of ecological and economic benefits. Mangroves provide nursery grounds for fish, prawns, and crabs and supports fisheries production in coastal waters. One great benefit is the nutrients produced from decomposing leaf litter. This partially decomposed detritus is exported to and used by the many aquatic

Major industries, such as the Petron Bataan Refinery, are located along the coasts of the province.

organisms of lagoons and nearshore ecosystems, such as estuaries, seagrass beds, and coral reefs. Commercial species of shellfish, shrimps, and fish rely heavily upon this nutritious food source. Mangroves also produce organic biomass (carbon) and reduce organic pollution in nearshore areas by trapping or absorption.

Mangrove forests protect the coastal areas and communities from storm surges, waves, tidal currents, and typhoons. They also serve as recreational grounds for bird watching and observation of other wildlife. Mangrove seeds and propagules can be harvested and sold. Fish, crustaceans, and molluscs can also be harvested from mangrove areas. Aquaculture and commercial fisheries also depend on mangroves for juvenile and mature fish species. Mangroves provide sources of tannin, alcohol, and medicine. Unfortunately, mangroves also serve as ideal sources of housing materials, firewood and charcoal, and poles for fish traps. These activities contribute to the loss of mangrove forests and should be prohibited.

In Bataan, particularly from the towns of Orani down to Limay, there are mangrove species, such as bakauan babae (Rhizophora mucranata), bakauan lalake (Rhizophora apiculata), bungalon (Avicennia marina), api-api (Avicennia officinalis), pagatpat (Sonneratia alba), and nipa (Nypa fruticans). Their roots, trunks, and branches provide better anchorage during high winds and waves. The prop roots also provide attachment substrates for a multitude of marine organisms. Mangroves have succulent leaves to retain fresh

Three-year old mangrove propagules in Bgy. Balut, Pilar.

e. Industrial Zones

The industrial zone is characterized by industrial parks, special economic processing zones and manufacturing establishments. For example, the Petron Bataan Refinery, Bataan Combined Cycle Power Plant, Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) – Alternative Fuels Corporation Industrial Park, and the Bataan Economic Zone are located in the industrial zone in the coastal area. Other industrial plants along the coasts of Limay are Alstom, Limay Grinding Mills, Planters Products, and Limay Bulk Handlings Terminal, Inc.

Zoning of industrial areas are important since the delineation and allocation of land for industrial purposes provide potential investors and development planners with information and guidelines for the establishment and operation of medium- and large-scale industries, including pollution prevention and management facilities.

29

and quality of fish and marine species; 3. Protected population of fishes particularly diminishing varieties and ensuring against stock collapse; 4. Increased genetic diversity and improved biodiversity of marine species; 5. Easier enforcement compared to other fishery management approaches; 6. Open access scheme will be closed and converted to managed scheme;


Fish ponds in Orion, Bataan.

water and salt excreting capabilities to maintain internal osmotic (salt/water) balance.

Part of the mangrove and mudflat rehabilitation and protection zone is the buffer area that is intended to provide an extra layer of protection around the protected area while providing limited livelihood opportunities based on sustainable resource utilization. It aims to provide a social fence to prevent encroachment into the protected area by outsiders. Buffer areas should be treated as an integral part of protected area in area management planning.

g. Municipal Fishing Zone

This zone refers to fishing activities within municipal waters using small- and medium-sized fishing vessels of three (3) gross weight tons or less. Trawling and other destructive forms of fishing are strictly prohibited. This zone should not cut across any other zone except shipping and navigational zone.

h. Sanctuary Zone

The sanctuary zone is where the habitat and its associated biodiversity are conserved, consistent with the management plan and with Protected Areas Management Board (PAMB) approval. In particular, (i) indigenous community members and/or tenured migrants and/or buffer zone residents may be allowed to collect and utilize natural resources using traditional sustainable methods that are not in conflict with biodiversity conservation requirements; (ii) research using reintroduction of indigenous species may be undertaken; (iii) and park visitors are allowed limited use, provided no clearing, settlements, commercial utilization, or other activities detrimental to biodiversity conservation shall be undertaken. The level of allowable activity can be expected to vary from one situation to another. The utilization of this area is in accordance with the regeneration of resources and functional characteristics of the area.

(1) Fish refuge or sanctuary

Fish sanctuary is a designated area where fishing or other forms of activities that may

damage the ecosystem of the area are prohibited and human access is restricted. Basically, a fish sanctuary should have the following characteristics:

1. It is a strictly protected area and any fishing activity is not allowed to take place. 2. It is managed and enforced by the community and co-managed by the Local Government Unit (LGU). 3. It has a legal basis for establishment. A community that has a fish sanctuary will have the following benefits:

1. Protected and increased habitat quality; 2. Increased abundance in quantity

30

(3) Marine turtle sanctuary

Marine turtles are transboundary creatures, meaning, they travel from one place to another. In a general perspective, their existence plays an important role in balancing the marine environment. The protection of these species is a must in all areas where they lay their eggs because marine turtles, though they travel great distances, always come back to the place where they were hatched to breed anew.


7. Increased research and educational opportunities.

(2) Marine reserves

The marine reserves are designated areas where activities are regulated and set aside for educational and research purposes. Strict sanctuary conditions are not mandated for the entire area, and access and activities, such as boating, mooring and certain fishing techniques may be allowed. Benefits from having a marine reserve include increased spawning stock, spillover-enhanced catch to those that are close to the reserve area, presence of migratory species, improved habitats, increased productivity, maintained genetic diversity within the fish stocks, enhanced biodiversity and species protection, and reduced conflict among fishery and other sectors.

The presence of sanctuaries give turtles such as the Olive Ridleys a place to lay their eggs.

Bird sanctuaries provide a haven for migratory birds.

Most common species of turtles that nest in the shores of Bagac and Morong are olive ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacaea), a precious natural heritage that had only been rediscovered in Bataan in recent years. Other species are the leatherback and hawksbill turtles.

Marine turtles are gravely threatened due to human activities. The marine turtle sanctuary is intended to save and protect the remaining pawikans (marine turtles) that come and breed in the beaches of Bagac and Morong.

(4) Bird Sanctuary

Bird sanctuaries will be established in some mangrove areas in Baaan. Migratory birds from all over Asia flock to the mangrove areas of Orani, Samal, Abucay, Balanga City, Pilar, and Orion during the winter months. Number of birds counted in Bataan in 2005 reached 5,543 during the pilot activity for the Integrated Environmental Management Program of Manila Bay Environmental Management Project. Other forest and sea birds also use the mangrove and mudflat areas as feeding grounds.

31

(shallow, clear, clam waters). Seagrass beds are characterized as refuge, spawning, nursery ground, shelter, and food for fish, invertebrates, turtles, and seahorses, and contribute to shoreline stabilization. Shrimps, sea cucumber, sea urchins, seahorses, crabs, scallops, mussels, and snails are economically important and abundant in seagrass beds. Seagrass species, such as Eucheuma spp., are found in the municipalities of Hermosa, Samal, Abucay, Balanga City, Mariveles, Bagac, and Morong. However, they are usually degraded due to pollution from land-based activities and destructive fishing practices. Restoration and protection zone for this ecosystem is essential considering the ecological and economic importance of seagrass beds.

j. Shipping and Navigational Zone

This zone covers areas for port and shipping operations, and lanes for ships and fishing vessels.


Bataan is host to numerous ports and is a major shipping venue

The province offers a number of events and attractions that draws tourists every year.

The shipping lanes are those used for vessel traffic, and intended for vessels calling at, departing from, or docking at the Port of Orion, Port of Lamao, and private ports of large industrial companies along the coastal areas of Limay and Mariveles.

The fishing vessel lanes are intended for fishing boats/banca. This area will be applied to all coastal city/municipalities of Bataan.

Port operation areas are designated areas adjoining the shipping lanes and adjacent to the shoreline that are being utilized or reserved for anchorage, manoeuvering of ships, cargo, passenger transport, and other related operations in the different ports of Bataan.

Bataan, being a peninsula, is a province where shipping plays a major role both in accessibility of passenger and cargo transport. The Philippine Ports Authority – Port Management Office in Limay has jurisdiction over the private ports of Petron Bataan Refinery, Planter’s Products, Inc., PNOC Petrochemical Development Corporation, and Oilink International Corporation. The Mariveles Collection Unit (MCU) has jurisdiction over the private ports of Robust Rocks Resources, Inc., Edison Bataan Cogeneration Company, Herma Port Complex, SMC-Bataan Malt Terminal, and ATI-Mariveles Grains Terminal.

k. Tourism Zone

Among the key activities in the tourism zone are recreation, visit to cultural and historical sites, and eco-tourism.

i. Seagrass Restoration and Protection Zone

Seagrass beds are dominated by flowering grasses that thrive in sandy-muddy portions of the inter-tidal zones. They are highly productive habitats that serve as the transition zone between coral reefs and mangroves. Seagrass beds possess erect leafy shoots and creepy stems or rhizomes that aid in propagation. They are normally found in areas where light can easily penetrate

32


Digging for clams (kabios) is a common practice in Brgy. Wawa, Abucay, Bataan.

Dambana ng Kagitingan (Shrine of Valor)

Bataan is considered as one of the major tourist destinations in the Philippines particularly during the summer months. Local and foreign visitors also flock to the province in time for the celebration of “Araw ng Kagitingan” at the Shrine of Valor atop Mt. Samat on April 9 of every year. Not only the locals and foreigners visit the province to commemorate the gallantry and bravery of their glorious past, but also to enjoy the pristine waters and sandy beaches of Bagac and Morong. The delineation of tourism zone is a key strategy in promoting tourism as an economic and income-generating activity. However, the zoning plan also aims to regulate tourism activities to mitigate the negative environmental and social impacts.

Areas such as these provide oppurtunities for recreational ac-tivies

(1) Recreational The recreational sub-zone is the area where sports, such as jet skiing, bancathon, kayaking, aqua biking, and other recreational activities are allowed. These recreational zones are found in the Muni-cipalities of Mariveles, Bagac,

and Morong facing the South China Sea.

(2) Cultural/Historical

Cultural/historical sub-zones are areas that are known to have significant historical, cultural, and/or religious values where traditional rites exist and ceremonies and/or festivities/practices are observed. Such zone is identified in order to preserve, educate the youth, and showcase the rich culture of the province. Historical areas may be found in Mariveles, Pilar, and Bagac.

(3) Eco-tourism

These areas are reserved or proclaimed as eco-tourism destinations where trekking/boating on mangrove areas, open sea boating, diving, snorkelling, and bird watching can be done. Coastal eco-tourism is defined as tourism in harmony with nature, which is usually associated to a responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well being of the local people.

33

l. Traditional Fishing Zone This zone covers areas where the traditional form of fishing is practiced with the use of gears, such as hook and line (kawil), snares (panukot), spear and spear gun (pana, pamana), scoop nets (panalok), and cover pot (pangilaw) for subsistence.

The proposed Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zoning Plan, as shown in Map 18, designates specific uses of the different zones based on feasible economic and environmental benefits of the coastal uses and resources of Bataan. The plan will also address the issues related to priorities of certain users and the need to reconcile and/or prevent incompatibilities between and among the different stakeholders and users of the municipal waters and coastal resources of the province. This plan also includes actions to reduce multiple-use conflicts, maintain environmental quality and ensure the sustainable management and development of the water body and its resources (Chapter 4).


34


35

Map 6


Map 7

36


Map 8

37


Map 9

38


Map 10

39


Map 11

40


Map 12

41


Map 13

42


Map 14

43


Map 15

44


Map 16

45


Map 17

46


Map 13

47



Table 5. Functional Uses and Suitability Criteria for Each ZoneZONE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ZONE COASTAL AREAS COVERED

Agricultural Zone - Agricultural production

o Areas with fertile soil for agricultural crops

o Irrigable areas

- Fishpond operations

o In flow of brackish water

o Muddy and sandy loam soil

o Presence of mangroves

Province-wide for agricultural production

Coastal areas from Hermosa to Limay for

fishpond operations

Aquaculture Zone - Zone suitable for the culture of fish and other marine

resources like shellfish, segrass, giant clam, oysters

etc.

- Depth of the sea is within reach by bamboo pole used

as stake and structure for mussel cage

- Existence of mussel culture, fishpen, cage structure in

the area

Orani to Limay

Selected areas in Mariveles, Bagac, and

Morong.

Built-up Areas

Zone

- Residential areas and settlements

- Presence of urban centers

- With land route areas

- Supportive to other developments (e.g. commercial,

institutional, small scale industries, etc.)

Province-wide

Coral Reef

Restoration and

Protection Zone

- With sandy and rocky bottom

- Presence of thriving coral reefs in the area

- Water free of any pollution

- Serve as fish habitat, feeding, and spawning area of

other marine animals

Mariveles, Bagac, Morong

Industrial Zone - Presence of small, medium and large industries

- Provides opportunities for jobs, income

- Presence of deep sea harbour for pier development

- Proclamation of the area as industrial/ economic

zones

Limay, Mariveles, Hermosa, and Morong

Mangrove and

Mudflat Protection

ZoneMangrove

Mudflats

- Existence of mangrove in the area

- Presence of inflow of brackishwater

- Provides food and sanctuary for other marine life

- Muddy tidal flat

- Serves as pollution sink and shoreline protection

- Habitat for shellfish and other marine organisms

- Stretch of muddy tidal flat with alluvial sand bars

Orani to Orion

Orani to Orion

48

Municipal Fishing

Zone

- Deep seabed

- Abundance of different pelagic and demersal species

- No existing structure that would hamper fishing

activities

Deep sea area of Orani – Mariveles,

Bagac, and Morong

Sanctuaries Zone

(fish, marine

turtle, birds, etc.)

- Breeding area for fish and other marine animals

- Availability of natural habitats and resources (e.g.

corals, seagrass, etc.)

Specific areas in coastal city and

municipalities

Seagrass

Restoration and

Protection Zone

- Sandy bottom

- Nursery, feeding, and spawning area and shelter of

marine animals

- Seabed soil suitable for seagrass propagation

Orani, Samal, Orion, Mariveles, and Bagac

Shipping and

Navigational Zone

- Deep sea bed leading to port zone

- No illegal structure that would obstruct shipping and

navigation

Deep sea areas: Orion, Limay, Mariveles,

Bagac, and Morong.

Tourism zone - Presence of sandy and clean beaches

- Areas with aesthetic and scenic values

- Availability of other ecotourism related resources (e.g.

marine turtle sanctuary, coral reefs, etc.)

- Accessible to other infrastructure and amenities

- Areas with cultural and historical values

Bagac, Limay, Mariveles, and Morong

Traditional

Fishing Zone

- Shallow area

- Presence of marine resources (e.g. mussels, capiz,

clams, crabs, fish, and others)

- Presence of traditional harvesting and collection

of resources in the area (selective and manual

collection, hook and line, etc.)

- Can be reached by walking

All coastal LGUs


Table 5. Functional Uses and Suitability Criteria for Each Zone (continued from page 48)

49

Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use ZonesTa

ble

6. Z

ones

Com

patib

ility

Mat

rix

ZO

NE

S

Agricultural Zone (farms, inland fishpond)

Aquaculture (fish pens/cages, shellfish farms)

Built up Area/Agricultural Area

Coral Reef Restoration & Protection Zone

Industrial Zone

Mangrove and Mudflat Zone

Municipal Fishing Zone

Sanctuaries (fish, marine turtles, birds)

Seagrass Restoration & Protection Zone

Shipping & Navigational Use Zone

Tourism Zone (recreation, cultural & eco-tour-

ism)

Traditional Fishing Zone

Ag

ric

ult

ura

l Z

on

e O

O

X

X

X

O

X

X

X

X

X

X

Aq

ua

cu

ltu

re Z

on

e O

O

X

X

X

X

X

O

X

X

X

X

Bu

ilt-

up

Zo

ne

X

X

O

X

O

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Co

ral

ree

f Z

on

e X

X

X

O

X

X

X

X

O

X

O

X

Ind

us

tria

l Z

on

e X

X

O

X

O

X

X

O

X

O

X

X

Ma

ng

rov

e a

nd

Mu

dfl

at

Zo

ne

O

X

X

X

X

O

X

X

X

X

O

X

Mu

nic

ipa

l fi

sh

ing

Zo

ne

X

X

X

X

X

X

O

X

X

X

X

X

Legend:

Sa

nc

tua

ry Z

on

e X

O

X

O

O

O

X

O

O

X

O

O

OC

om

patible

Se

ag

ras

s Z

on

e X

X

X

O

X

X

X

O

O

X

O

O

XN

ot com

patible

Sh

ipp

ing

& N

av

iga

tio

n Z

on

e X

X

X

X

O

X

X

X

X

O

X

X

NA

Not applic

able

To

uri

sm

Zo

ne

X

X

X

O

X

O

X

O

O

X

O

X

Tra

dit

ion

al

fis

hin

g Z

on

e X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

50


3.2. CLSUZP REGULATORY SYSTEMA coastal use regulatory system will

be implemented for the different municipalities and city of Bataan. The system aims to protect designated use of coastal zone and mitigate adverse environmental impacts of certain economic activities. The system will incorporate the allowed (dominant, compatible, and regulated) and prohibited uses of each identified zone in support of management policies of coastal land and sea areas. For each delineated coastal use zone, different regulations will be applied or developed (if not existing) and imposed on various land and sea-based human activities. Table 7 provides the guidelines and criteria for allowed and prohibited uses and activities in each zone. Allowed uses are further classified into dominant, compatible, and regulated uses. The location of each zone in each municipality/city is shown in Table 8 and 9. Maps 19-29 show the coastal use zoning maps for the different coastal municipalities and city of Bataan.

51

Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use ZonesTa

ble

7. G

uide

lines

for

the

Coa

stal

Lan

d- a

nd S

ea-U

se Z

ones

ZO

NE

S

AL

LO

WE

D U

SE

SP

RO

HIB

ITE

D/ R

E-

ST

RIC

TE

D U

SE

S

SU

PP

OR

TIN

G

NA

TIO

NA

L P

OL

I-

CIE

S

RE

SP

ON

SIB

LE

AG

EN

CY

/

INS

TIT

UT

ION

DO

MIN

AN

TC

OM

PA

TIB

LE

RE

GU

LA

TE

D

Ag

ricu

ltu

ral

Zo

ne

• A

gricultura

l

pro

duction

(cro

ps, liv

esto

ck,

orc

hard

)

• R

esid

ential

• E

sta

blis

hm

ent

of com

merc

ial

and b

ackyard

pig

gery

and

poultry

• U

se o

f harm

ful/

pro

hib

ite

d p

esti-

cid

es a

nd fert

ilizers

• Im

pro

per

solid

and liq

uid

waste

dis

posal

• Tourism

activitie

s

R.A

. 8435

LG

Us*

DA

• F

ish

po

nd

op

era

-

tions

• M

angro

ve

pla

nting

• F

ishpond

opera

tions

• R

esid

ential

• Im

pro

per

solid

and liq

uid

waste

dis

posal

• E

xcessiv

e u

se o

f

feeds

R.A

. 8550;

R.A

. 8435

LG

Us*

DA

-BFA

R

DE

NR

Aq

uacu

ltu

re

Zo

ne

• F

ish

an

d s

he

ll-

fish c

ulture

are

as

• A

rtifi

cia

l re

ef

• Tourism

• R

esearc

h a

nd

educational

purp

oses

• E

sta

blis

hm

ent

of str

uctu

res

for

fish tra

ps/

cages a

nd

mussel culture

• S

uste

nance/

tra

ditio

na

l fish

-

ing

• M

ariculture

• S

hip

pin

g a

nd

na

vi-

gational activitie

s

• S

olid

and liq

uid

waste

dis

posal

from

land-

and s

ea-

based s

ourc

es

• E

xcessiv

e u

se o

f

feeds

• S

quattin

g/info

rmal

settlin

g

R.A

. 8550;

R.A

. 8435;

R.A

. 9275;

R.A

. 6969;

P.D

. 979;

P.D

. 984;

P.D

. 856

LG

Us*

DA

-BFA

R

DE

NR

Bu

ilt-

up

Zo

ne

• S

ettle

ment/

resid

ential are

a

• In

stitu

tional

• C

om

merc

ial

• S

mall-

scale

,

light in

dustr

ies

• E

sta

blis

hm

ent

of sm

all-

and

mediu

m-s

cale

com

merc

ial

and industr

ial

esta

blis

hm

ents

• S

quattin

g/info

rmal

settlin

g

• U

ntr

eate

d, solid

,

toxic

, and h

azard

-

ous w

aste

dis

posal

P.D

. 296;

R.A

. 7279;

R.A

. 9003;

R.A

. 9275;

P.D

. 1151;

P.D

. 1586;

R.A

. 7942

LG

Us*

HU

DC

C/N

HA

DE

NR

DP

WH

DT

I

DepE

d

DO

H

DS

WD

PN

P

52

Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use ZonesZ

ON

ES

AL

LO

WE

D U

SE

SP

RO

HIB

ITE

D/ R

E-

ST

RIC

TE

D U

SE

S

SU

PP

OR

TIN

G

NA

TIO

NA

L P

OL

I-

CIE

S

RE

SP

ON

SIB

LE

AG

EN

CY

/

INS

TIT

UT

ION

DO

MIN

AN

TC

OM

PA

TIB

LE

RE

GU

LA

TE

D

Co

ral R

eef

Resto

rati

on

an

d

Pro

tecti

on

Zo

ne

• B

reedin

g,

spaw

nin

g,

feedin

g a

rea for

marine fi

shes,

turt

les, etc

.

• C

ora

l re

ef

sanctu

ary

or

pro

tecte

d a

rea

• F

ish s

anctu

ary

• M

arine

reserv

e

• Tourism

• R

esearc

h a

nd

stu

dy

• Tourism

and

recre

ation

(div

ing &

snork

elli

ng)

• R

esearc

h a

nd

stu

dy

• C

olle

ction/

harv

esting o

f any

type o

f cora

ls

• A

ll fishin

g a

ctivitie

s

• U

se a

s s

hip

pin

g

and n

avig

ational

lane

R.A

. 9147;

R.A

. 7586;

R.A

. 8

550;

P.D

. 1219

LG

Us*

DE

NR

DA

-BFA

R

PN

P

PC

G

DO

T

DO

ST-P

CM

AR

D

PO

s, N

GO

s

Private

secto

r

Ind

ustr

ial

Zo

ne

• In

dustr

ial

develo

pm

ent

• C

om

merc

ial

• E

sta

blis

hm

ent/

expansio

n o

f

refinery

oil

and c

hem

ical

depot,

quarr

yin

g

activitie

s, &

mangro

ve

pla

nting

• Tourism

develo

pm

ent

• F

ishin

g a

ctivitie

s

• U

ntr

eate

d liq

uid

,

solid

, to

xic

, and

hazard

ous w

aste

dis

posal

• R

esid

ential

P.D

. 1152

Sec.2

4;

R.A

. 9003;

R.A

. 9275;

R.A

. 6969;

P.D

. 1151;

P.D

. 1586;

R.A

. 7942

R.A

. 8550;

P.D

. 705;

R.A

. 9147;

R.A

. 7161;

R.A

. 9003;

DE

NR

DA

O

15-9

0;

P.D

. 1067, A

rt.

51;

CA

141; C

A349

LG

Us*

DT

I

PE

ZA

DE

NR

PP

A

LG

Us*

DE

NR

DA

-BFA

R

DO

T

PN

P

PO

s, N

GO

s

Man

gro

ve

an

d M

ud

flat

Pro

tecti

on

Zo

ne

Mangro

ves

Mu

dfl

ats

• M

angro

ve

pla

nting.

• R

ehabili

tation

and p

rote

ction

• F

ood a

nd

sanctu

ary

for

birds a

nd

marine life

• M

angro

ve

nurs

ery

and

colle

ction o

f

pro

pagule

s for

repla

nting

• P

rote

ction o

f

shore

line

• E

coto

urism

sites

• B

ird

sanctu

ary

• R

esearc

h a

nd

educational

purp

oses;

avifauna

mo

nito

rin

g

Co

nve

rsio

n o

f

abandoned

fishponds

back into

mangro

ves.

• M

udcra

b

culture

• C

olle

ction o

f

dried b

ranches

for

fuelw

ood

• E

sta

blis

hm

ent

of ecoto

urism

str

uctu

res

(e.g

.,

board

walk

s,

etc

.)

• C

olle

ction o

f

associa

ted

mangro

ve

specie

s, (e

.g.,

nip

a)

• C

uttin

g o

f

mangro

ves

• C

onvers

ion o

f

mangro

ve a

reas

into

oth

er

uses

• B

uild

ing s

tructu

res

within

mangro

ve

are

as

• E

ncro

achm

ent

of built

-up a

reas

(settle

ment)

• M

udflat

pro

tection

• H

abitat fo

r

shrim

p, cra

bs,

etc

.

• B

ird

sanctu

ary

• R

esearc

h a

nd

educational

purp

oses

• M

angro

ve

pla

nting

• D

redgin

g for

fishin

g v

essel

navig

ational

lane

• C

onvers

ion/

recla

mation o

f

mudflat are

as

(e.g

., s

ettle

ment,

com

merc

ial,

& industr

ial

purp

oses)

Tabl

e 7.

Gui

delin

es fo

r th

e C

oast

al L

and-

and

Sea

-Use

Zon

es (c

ontin

ued

from

pag

e 52

)

53


ZO

NE

S

AL

LO

WE

D U

SE

SP

RO

HIB

ITE

D/ R

E-

ST

RIC

TE

D U

SE

S

SU

PP

OR

TIN

G

NA

TIO

NA

L P

OL

I-

CIE

S

RE

SP

ON

SIB

LE

AG

EN

CY

/

INS

TIT

UT

ION

DO

MIN

AN

TC

OM

PA

TIB

LE

RE

GU

LA

TE

D

Mu

nic

ipal

Fis

hin

g

Zo

ne

• M

un

icip

al fish

ing

usin

g s

mall-

to

mediu

m-s

ized

fishin

g b

oats

of

3 g

ross w

eig

ht

tons (

gw

t) a

nd

belo

w

• E

sta

blis

hm

ent

of art

ificia

l

reefs

• M

arine

reserv

e

• fishin

g•

Ship

pin

g a

nd

navig

ational

activitie

s, except

for

fishin

g lanes

• Larg

e-s

cale

co

mm

erc

ial fish

ing

activitie

s (

boats

of

more

than 3

gw

t)

• Ille

ga

l fish

ing

• Ille

gal dum

pin

g o

f

waste

s

R.A

. 8550;

R.A

. 7160;

R.A

. 8435;

R.A

. 9275;

R.A

. 6969;

R.A

. 9003;

P.D

. 979

LG

Us*

DA

-BFA

R

DE

NR

PN

P

PC

G

DO

ST-P

CM

AR

D

PO

s, N

GO

s

San

ctu

ari

es

Zo

ne

- fi

sh

- m

ari

ne

turt

le

- b

ird

s

- m

ari

ne

reserv

e

• H

aven a

nd

spaw

nin

g

gro

und o

f

marine fi

shes/

turt

les

• F

ishery

reserv

e

• M

arine turt

le

conserv

ation

are

a

• B

ird s

anctu

ary

• R

esearc

h a

nd

educational

purp

oses

• E

co-t

ourism

• M

angro

ve

are

as

• C

ora

l re

ef

reserv

e

• F

ishin

g

activitie

s

• R

esearc

h a

nd

stu

dy

• E

co-t

ourism

activitie

s

• B

uild

ing

str

uctu

res

for

turt

le,

bird

an

d fi

sh

sanctu

aries,

and

conserv

ation

are

a

• A

ny form

of fishin

g

activitie

s in

fish

sanctu

aries

• B

uilt

-up a

reas

(resid

ential,

com

merc

ial)

• In

dustr

ial

develo

pm

ent

• S

hip

pin

g a

nd

navig

ation

• D

um

pin

g o

f w

aste

s

R.A

. 9147;

R.A

. 7586;

R.A

. 8550;

P.D

. 1151;

P.D

. 1586;

Pro

cla

mation

2146;

R.A

. 9275;

R.A

. 6969;

R.A

. 9003;

P.D

. 979

LG

Us*

DA

-BFA

R

DE

NR

PN

P

PC

G

DO

ST-P

CM

AR

D

DO

T

PO

s, N

GO

s

Seag

rass

Resto

rati

on

an

d

Pro

tecti

on

Zo

ne

• S

eagra

ss

rehabili

tation

and p

rote

ction

• F

ood a

nd h

aven

for

marine fi

shes

• F

ish s

anctu

ary

• M

arine r

eserv

e

• R

esearc

h a

nd

educational

purp

oses

• E

co-t

ourism

• R

ecre

ation

(div

ing &

snork

elin

g)

• R

esearc

h a

nd

stu

dy

• A

ll ty

pes o

f fishin

g

activitie

s

• U

se a

s s

hip

pin

g

and n

avig

ational

lane

• C

olle

ction o

f

seagra

ss

R.A

. 9147

P.D

. 1219

R.A

. 8550;

R.A

. 7586;

P.D

. 1151;

P.D

. 1586;

Pro

cla

mation

2146;

R.A

. 9275;

R.A

. 6969;

R.A

. 9003;

P.D

. 979

LG

Us*

DA

-BFA

R

DE

NR

PN

P

PC

G

DO

ST-P

CM

AR

D

PO

s, N

GO

s

Tabl

e 7.

Gui

delin

es fo

r th

e C

oast

al L

and-

and

Sea

-Use

Zon

es (c

ontin

ued

from

pag

e 53

)

54

ZO

NE

S

AL

LO

WE

D U

SE

SP

RO

HIB

ITE

D/ R

E-

ST

RIC

TE

D U

SE

S

SU

PP

OR

TIN

G

NA

TIO

NA

L P

OL

I-

CIE

S

RE

SP

ON

SIB

LE

AG

EN

CY

/

INS

TIT

UT

ION

DO

MIN

AN

TC

OM

PA

TIB

LE

RE

GU

LA

TE

D

Sh

ipp

ing

an

d

Navig

ati

on

al

Zo

ne

• S

hip

pin

g

opera

tion

activitie

s

• P

ort

develo

pm

ent

and o

pera

tion

• V

essel tr

affi

c

use

• Tourism

• R

esearc

h a

nd

educational

purp

oses

• P

assage/e

ntr

y

of fishin

g

vessels

• C

onstr

uction

and o

pera

tion

of port

s

• Tourism

• R

esearc

h a

nd

education

• F

ishin

g a

ctivitie

s

• Tourism

and

recre

ational

activitie

s

• S

olid

& liq

uid

waste

dis

posal fr

om

ship

s

and b

oats

• B

uild

ing/

esta

blis

hm

ent of

fishin

g s

tructu

res

(i.e

., fi

sh p

en/

cages, m

ussel

str

uctu

re, etc

.)

• F

ish s

anctu

ary

;

marine r

eserv

e

E.O

. 125;

R.A

. 5173;

P.D

. 979

LG

Us*

DO

TC

PP

A

MA

RIN

A

PC

G

PN

P

DE

NR

Private

secto

r

To

uri

sm

zo

ne

• Tourism

activitie

s

• E

co-t

ourism

• H

isto

rical and

cultura

l site

pre

serv

ation

• R

ecre

ational

fishin

g

• R

esearc

h a

nd

educational

purp

oses

• Tourism

develo

pm

ent:

str

uctu

res

• R

ecre

ational

activitie

s

• C

om

merc

ial

and r

esid

ential

• T

raditio

nal

fishin

g (

in

coord

ination

with b

each

resort

ow

ners

)

• A

quaculture

• A

griculture

• In

dustr

ial

• S

hip

pin

g a

nd

navig

ation

• S

quattin

g/info

rmal

settlin

g

• B

uild

ing s

tructu

re

within

the 2

0-m

salv

age z

one o

f

fore

shore

are

a

P.D

564;

P.D

. 1152 S

ec.

59;

P.D

. 1151;

P.D

. 1586;

Pro

cla

mation

2146;

R.A

. 7942;

P.D

. 856;

P.D

. 1067, A

rt. 51;

CA

141; C

A349;

R.A

. 9275;

R.A

. 6969;

R.A

. 9003;

P.D

. 979

LG

Us*

DO

T

PTA

NH

I

NC

CA

DE

NR

PN

P

DT

I

DepE

d

PO

s, N

GO

s

Tra

dit

ion

al

Fis

hin

g

Zo

ne

• S

uste

nance

fishin

g u

sin

g

traditio

nal

fishin

g m

eth

od

(e.g

., p

addle

d

and s

mall

moto

rized b

anca

and a

ccepta

ble

net siz

e)

• M

anual

extr

action/

colle

ction o

f

resourc

es

• F

ishin

g

sanctu

ary

• S

he

llfish

pro

tection

zone (

i.e.

capiz

, etc

.)

• S

eagra

ss

pro

tection

zone

• S

eaw

eed

culture

• H

arv

esting o

f

sh

ellfi

sh

an

d

fry (

sele

ctive

colle

ction)

• S

eaw

eeds

culture

• E

co-t

ourism

• E

sta

blis

hm

ent

of fishpen/c

age,

mussel str

uctu

re

• E

ntr

y o

f

com

merc

ial and

mu

nic

ipa

l fish

ing

vessel

• T

raw

l and “b

arily

a”

me

tho

d o

f sh

ellfi

sh

colle

ction

• S

hip

pin

g a

nd

navig

ation

• B

uilt

-up a

reas

• Ille

ga

l fish

ing

R.A

. 8550

LG

Us*

DA

-BFA

R

DE

NR

PN

P

PC

G

DO

ST-P

CM

AR

D

PO

s, N

GO

s

Tabl

e 7.

Gui

delin

es fo

r th

e C

oast

al L

and-

and

Sea

-Use

Zon

es (c

ontin

ued

from

pag

e 54

)


55


Table 8. Zone Location DISTANCE FROM COASTLINE (Seaward) AND KEY FEATURES

MUNICIPALITY

AGRICULTURAL

ZONE

(Including fishpens)

AQUACULTURE

ZONE

BUILT-UP ZONE CORAL REEF

RESTORATION

ZONE &

PROTECTION

ZONE

INDUSTRIAL

ZONE

MANGROVE

& MUDFLAT

PROTECTION

ZONE

ABUCAY

Within the existing

areas

2 - 4 km

150 m

50 m buffer zone

seaward2,000 m2/module

with 50 m

spacing on all

sides

25 has.

Reclamation

(Wawa, Calaylayan)

BAGAC 200 m

Existing sites

BALANGA Within the existing area 0.5 km-2.0 km

(1.5 km)

100 m

100 m2/module

with 25 m

spacing on all

sides

LIMAY 0.5-1.5 km

(1 km)

150 m

Existing sites

Shoreline

of Lamao &

Kitang II

150 m

(Alangan)

ORANI Within the existing

agricultural areas,

except for illegal

fishpond

2-4 km 200 m

2,000 m2/module

with 50 m

spacing on all

sides

200 m and

establish buffer

zone against

settlement

(informal settlers

encroachment)

ORION Within the existing area 1.0-2.5 km

(1.5 km)

100 m

First 500 m for

fishtrap100 meters,

except for Daan

Pare which is 200

meters and

establish buffer

zone against

settlement &

informal settlers

1 km for mussel

culture

PILAR Within the existing area 1.0-2.5 km 800 sq.m

Reclamation in Balut

50 m

Balut to Landing

2,000 m2/module

with 25 m

spacing on all

sides

56


Table 8. Zone Location (continued from page 56) DISTANCE FROM COASTLINE (Seaward) AND KEY FEATURES

MARIVELES 30 has.to be

reclaimed in

Poblacion

Existing sites Shoreline

of Lucanin,

Batangas II,

Alas-asin,

Baseco,

Sisiman,

Bataan

Ecozone

MORONG Existing sites Along river sides

SAMAL Within the existing area

except for the illegal

fishpond

2 to 3.5 km

2,000 m2/module

with 50 m

spacing on all

sides

200 m

DISTANCE FROM COASTLINE (Seaward) AND KEY FEATURES

MUNICIPALITY MUNICIPAL

FISHING

ZONE

SANCTUARY

ZONE

SEAGRASS

RESTORATION

AND

PROTECTION

ZONE

SHIPPING AND

NAVIGATION ZONE

TRADITIONAL

FISHING

ZONE

TOURISM

ZONE

ABUCAY 4 km up to

municipal

water

boundary

50 m width

Mabatang

100 m width

Abucay River

50 m width

Capitangan

2 km

BAGAC 1-15 km Marine turtle

sanctuary

(Montemar,

Quinawan)

200 m

(10,000 m2

Brgy Look coastal

area)

Based on PPA

and Coast Guard

Standard

1 km 200 m

BALANGA 2 km up to

municipal

water

boundary

150 m width Sibacan

200 m width

Tortugas &Pto. Rivas

LIMAY

5.5 km. up

to municipal

water

boundary

Part municipal

zone

(fish sanctuary)

50 m fishing boat

Major port shipping

lane will be based

on PPA and Coast

Guard Standard

500 m 2 km

Part of

this will be

intended

for fish

sanctuary

ORANI4 km up to

municipal

water

boundary

50 has. 2.0 km -2.2 km

200 meters

50 meters width 2 km

Table 8. Zone Location

57


ORION 2.5 km up

to municipal

water

boundary

50 has. between

Daang Pare and

Capunitan (within

traditional fishing

zone)

200 m

Sta. Elena & Puting

Buhangin

50 m for fishing boat

and 500 m for Orion

Port

1 km

PILAR

2.9 km up

to municipal

water

boundary

40 m width all rivers

(Wawa & Balut) 1.4 km

MARIVELES 1.5 up to

municipal

water

boundary

50 m Based on PPA

and Coast Guard

Standard

1.5 km 100 m

(cove to

cove)

MORONG

1.5 km up

to municipal

water

boundary

Marine Turtle

Sanctuary

(Nagbalayong,

Poblacion,

Sabang)

Marine

Reservation Area

( Matikis)

Fish Sanctuary

(Sabang)

Based on PPA

and Coast Guard

Standard

1.5 km 300 m

SAMAL 3.5 up to

municipal

water

boundary

200 m 50 m width

All rivers

1.8 km

Table 8. Zone Location (continued from page 57)

58


Municipality

Ag

ricu

ltu

ral Z

on

e

(farm

s, in

lan

d fi

sh

po

nd

)

Aq

uacu

ltu

re

(fish

pen

s/c

ag

es, sh

ellfi

sh

farm

s)

Bu

ilt

up

Are

a/A

gri

cu

ltu

ral A

rea

Co

ral R

eef

Resto

rati

on

& P

rote

cti

on

Zo

ne

Ind

ustr

ial Z

on

e

Man

gro

ve a

nd

Mu

dfl

at

Zo

ne

Mu

nic

ipal F

ish

ing

Zo

ne

San

ctu

ari

es

(fish

, m

ari

ne t

urt

les, b

ird

s)

Seag

rass R

esto

rati

on

& P

rote

cti

on

Zo

ne

Sh

ipp

ing

& N

avig

ati

on

al U

se Z

on

e

To

uri

sm

Zo

ne

(recre

ati

on

, cu

ltu

ral &

eco

-to

uri

sm

)

Tra

dit

ion

al F

ish

ing

Zo

ne

1 Abucay

2 Bagac

3 Balanga

4 Dinalupihan

5 Hermosa

6 Limay

7 Mariveles

8 Morong

9 Orani

10 Orion

11 Pilar

12 Samal

NEW COASTAL LAND AND SEA USE ZONES

1 Agricultural Zone (farms and fishpond) 7 Municipal Fishing Zone

2Aquaculture (fish pens/cages, shellfish farms) 8 Sanctuaries

New

3 Built-up Area Zone 9 Seagrass Restoration & Protection Zone Existing

(Commercial, Residential, Institutional) 10 Shipping & Navigational Use Zone

NA

4 Coral Reef Restoration 11 Tourism Zone (recreation, cultural & eco-tourism)

and Protection Zone 12 Traditional Fishing Zone

5 Industrial Zone

6 Mangrove & Mudflat Restoration

and Protection Zone

Note: Fish Sanctuary, Marine Turtle Sanctuary (Strict Protection)Mangrove,coral,seagrass (Restoration, Protection and Habitat Management Zone)

Table 9. Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zone, by Municipality/City

59

Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use ZonesM

ap 1

9

60


Map

20

61


ap 2

1

62


Map

22

63


ap 2

3

64


Map

24

65


ap 2

5

66


Map

26

67


ap 2

7

68


Map

28

69


ap 2

9

70

Chapter 4:POLICY FRAMEWORK AND ACTION PLANS

4.1. POLICY FRAMEWORK, OPTIONS, AND APPROACHES FOR THE VARIOUS ZONES

Policy framework is necessary in achieving solutions for the issues previously discussed. The rationalization of present activities along Manila Bay and western coastal side of Bataan should be done to guide the present uses of the province’s coastal/marine areas for proper utilization. It should also take into consideration all existing laws, administrative orders, development plans and other similar documents of the different levels of governance focusing primarily on regulatory and developmental matters. Some policies can be extracted from the statements and views of responsible public officials and leaders of various organizations with deep concern on the coastal areas of the province.

Multi-level policy framework for the different functional zones of coastal and marine areas should be crafted to ensure clear perspective on the different uses and to guide them in proper development and management of coastal and marine areas, including the protection of habitats, resources, and historical and cultural sites.

National/Regional Level

The Manila Bay area, which encompasses the eastern coastal area of Bataan, serves as the prime mover in national economic development in terms of shipping, industrial, agricultural and other socio-economic activities. In the coastal part of Bataan in particular, the bay serves as the main contributing lane of boosting the economic development of the province. Large economic and industrial zones concentrated in Limay and Mariveles utilize the bay as their gateway in loading and unloading their products to and from other places of destination.

Most large industrial enterprises have established their own ports. The Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) had been able to put up major ports located in Orion, Limay, and Mariveles that are being utilized for passengers and cargoes.

The natural advantage of the deep harbors in Limay and Mariveles encourage future development and continuing industrialization of the coastal areas. Thus, zoning and programs for conservation of coastal ecosystems must be in place to ensure sustainable development of the coastal areas.

Provincial/Municipal Level

The provincial government has an explicit policy regarding coastal/marine protection as indicated in the Bataan Declaration and Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy (updated Bataan Coastal Strategy). Much of its policies were attuned to the physical framework or the land usage of the province as embodied in the Provincial Physical Framework Plan (PPFP). The PPFP also provides the direction of land development and utilization up to the shoreline area, however, it does not include provisions and guidelines for the water bodies of municipal waters. The CLSUZP aims to delineate the zones and uses of the coastal land and waters, and then integrate and harmonize this with the PPFP.

Although all the coastal ci ty and municipalities of the province have formulated their own policies/ordinances for the utilization and protection of their municipal waters, the dilemma lies in the confusion among different uses of the coastal/marine areas which often take place due to different views on the implementation of policies/ ordinances.

71

Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans

Assigning specialized function and delineating allowed and prohibited uses and activities for the different zones based on their characteristics, suitability criteria, compatibility/incompatibility criteria, potential for development, and legal provisions resulted in common understanding and vision for the proper management and sustainable development of each zone and the entire coastal and marine area, and in the formulation of supporting policies and action programs.

a. Municipal Fisheries and Aquaculture

At present, multiple activities, such as fishing and established shellfish and aquaculture structures, are in existence in the different municipal waters. These multiple activities oftentimes result in several conflicts which caused the continuous degradation of coastal/marine resources. RA 8550 stipulates that municipal fishing area should be properly delineated based on functional uses, and adoption of the policy of shared opportunities among the different types of fishermen and focusing on sustainable management. Aquaculture areas should not exceed ten percent of the municipal waters.

Actions:

1. Delineate areas intended for traditional fishing, aquaculture, and municipal fishing zone and place demarcation materials (buoys/markers).

2. Establish fishery reserves/sanctuaries in strategic places.

3. Conduct Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaign.

4. Strictly implement fishery laws and ordinances. Strengthen the Anti-illegal Logging and Anti-illegal Fishing Task Force.

5. Provide technical assistance to the fisherfolks for proper fishing and aquaculture practices.

b. Coastal Settlements and Built-up Areas

Actions: A detailed survey and assessment of the number of informal settlers on the coastal areas and waterways should be conducted in order to formulate the necessary interventions to mitigate the adverse impact on coastal management.

A decision has to be made regarding the outcome of the informal settlers along the coastal areas. Immediate control is to be done. Transfer of informal settlers as well as designation of transfer sites, and provision of alternative housing and livelihood for affected settlers must be reviewed and considered in the zoning plan implementation.

Proposed coastal reclamation should be subject to a series of evaluation and consultation regarding the advantages and negative effects to the community and coastal resources prior to its implementation. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) should be conducted. There should be consultation and coordination wih the Public Reclamation Authority, DENR and other concerned offices of the provincial government, affected LGU/municipal government, and other stakeholders.

Construction of houses and other buildings must comply with the National Building Code and zoning of residential and commercial areas. Building permits should be secured and complied with.

72

The provision of supplemental livelihood projects and microfinancing through the ICM Program has resulted in the protection of coastal habitats and increase in income of the fisherfolks.


c. Buffer and Easement

Buffer and easement should be established in and around the identified protection and sanctuary zones and along banks of waterways to avoid encroachment of other incompatible activities. Setback (salvage) zones must be established along beaches and foreshore areas to avoid coastal erosion, protect marine turtles, birds, etc., and preserve aesthetic values. Buffer zones around waste management facilities (e.g. sanitary land fill) should also be established.

d. Industrial Areas Actions:

Appropriate criteria should be developed by LGUs in granting location clearance to new industries seeking waterfront access.

Industries to be located in coastal and other critical and environmentally sensitive areas have to submit Environmental Impact Assessment and secure Environmental Clearance Certification (ECC) from DENR. LGUs shall give building permits only upon submission of ECC by the industry and compliance with the National Building Code. The DENR and LGUs should also monitor compliance with the provisions of the ECC and building permits, as well as the national laws, particularly those pertaining to waste management.

e. Tourism and Recreation Areas

Tourism and recreation areas are mostly located on the western part of Bataan. Establishment of structures must be regulated based on the national laws and local ordinances. No obstruction or structure is constructed within the 20-meter salvage zone.

Objectives:

1. Preservation of cultural and historical sites.

2. People-oriented and community-based ecotourism plan.

3. Conservation of habitats (e.g. mangroves, seagrass beds, coral reefs, forests, etc.) and environmental protection.

Actions:

1. Review and assess existing policies on tourism and recreation.

2. Formulate provincial ecotourism master plan and necessary regulatory and market-based incentives.

3. Strengthen tourism linkages with other sectors.

The Shrine of Valor atop Mt. Samat is the most recognized historical landmark of the province.

73

The Limay Grinding Mills Corporation along the coast of Limay, Bataan.


4. Conduct IEC for responsible tourism.

5. Establish user fee system and use of the collected user fees for the conservation of natural habitats, resources, cultural and historical sites and waste management.

f. Ports, Shipping, and Navigation

Shipping and navigation could come in conflict with other coastal/marine users such as municipal fishers. To pave the way for effective shipping activities, permanent navigational lanes should be established. Upon identifying these lanes, fishermen should be cautioned on the area intended for shipping vessel lanes. Industrialization that has to do with shipping must ensure that good water quality is maintained, particularly for oil and other petroleum products. Port reception facilities should be established to manage the solid and liquid wastes from ships. Ballast water (which may contain invasive species) must likewise be propertly managed.

With the exception of private ports handling specialized types of cargo, other ports should be prevented from interfering with major shipping lanes. Appropriate vessel traffic management scheme must be observed and infrastructure support, such as navigational aids, good road network and other amenities must be provided to encourage maximum patronage of major ports in Orion, Limay, and Mariveles. Regulatory measures should be enforced to discourage further reclamation and construction of private ports.

Objectives:

1. Management of sea-based sources of pollution.

2. Reduction of shiping-related accidents.

3. Development of ports and shipping industry.

Actions:

1. Enact ordinance designating port, shipping and navigational zones

2. Delineate navigational zones and set up markers (buoys), demarcation lines and other navigational aids.

3. Conduct IEC campaign.

4. Implement vessel traffic scheme.

5. Establish port reception facilities.

g. Agriculture

Objectives:

1. Sustainable agricultural management (including fishpond operation).

2. Increased income from agriculture.

3. Food security.

Actions:

1. Provide guidelines and technical assistance, and conduct IEC on proper application of fertilizers and feeds.

2. Provide extension services for more

Industries in the province require the use of ports in their daily operations.

74


Agriculture remains a major industry in Bataan.

The people of the province have been conscious of protecting their mangroves and rehabilitating denuded areas. The establishment of mangrove nurseries aims to provide seedlings and propagules for mangrove reforestation activities.

75

effective and efficient agricultural and fishpond operations.

3. Implement integrated pest management.

h. Coral Reefs

Objectives:

1. Coral reef restoration and protection.

2. Protection of biodiversity.

3. Increased fish abundance and species composition.

Actions:

1. Conduct inventory/assessment of existing coral reefs. Identify areas for

restoration.

2. Formulate ordinance for the protection and restoration of coral reefs. Establish marine protected areas.

3. Encourage community participation/ involvement for the restoration and protection of coral reefs. 4. Conduct IEC campaign on the importance of coral reefs, and damages caused by illegal fishing, dumping of wastes, siltation and sedimentation. i. Mangrove and Mudflat Areas:

Objectives:

1. Protection and conservation of mangrove and mudflat areas.

2. Protection of biodiversity and endangered species.

3. Increased fish abundance.

Actions:

1. Establish mangrove nurseries.

2. Introduce community-based mangrove forest management areas.


Bataeños are increasingly becoming aware of the value of establishing sanctuaries.

3. Strictly implement laws/ordinance regarding illegal cutting of mangroves and unauthorized conversion of areas (mangrove/mudflat) into other uses. 4. Conduct IEC campaign regarding the importance of mangrove and mudflat areas. 5. Restore degraded mangrove areas. 6. Provide supplemental livelihood program.

j. Seagrass beds

Objectives:

1. Restoration and protection of seagrass beds/areas.

2. Improvement of biodiversity and protection of endangered species.

3. Increase in fish abundance and diversity.

Actions:

1. Establish community-based seagrass rehabilitation and management program.

2. Conduct IEC program on the ecological importance of seagrass. 3. Strictly implement laws and ordinances. 4. Provide supplemental livelihood program.

k. Sanctuaries

Objectives:

1. Strict protection and management of sanctuaries.

2. Protection of rare and endangered species.

3. Increase in fish stocks, composition, and abundance.

Actions:

1. Assess marine areas and identify areas suitable for establishment of sanctuaries and marine protected areas.

2. Establish fish, turtle, and birds sanctuaries and marine reserves. 3. Involve community in the protection and management of the sanctuaries. 4. Strictly implement of laws and ordinances for the protection of sanctuaries. 5. Conduct IEC campaign and advocacy on the importance of sanctuaries.

Caption needed scouts cleanup.76

One of the priority actions to restore Manila Bay is the rehabilitation and protection of seagrass beds.


Coastal cleanups have become a regular practice among the stakeholders of Bataan.

l. Water use

Objective:

1. Improvement water quality and sustainable use of water resources.

Actions:

1. Formulate pollution control strategy and action plans.

- Implementation of Solid Waste Management Program (per RA 9003). - Regular monitoring and sampling of water bodies (rivers, coastal bathing waters, offshore waters). - Implementation of Clean Water Act, Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management Act and Sanitation Code.

2. Activate Solid Waste Management Board (SWM) and implement SWM Plan.

3. Establish Material Recovery Facilities in all municipalities (or cluster municipalities/city) and sanitary landfill.

77

4. Establish and operate sewage treatment system. 5. Formulate and implement water conservation strategy.

6. Protect and restore forests, watershed areas and water reservoirs.

7. Formulate program to improve water supply system, reduce reliance on groundwater, and improve access and distribution.

4.2. ACTION PROGRAMS TO ADDRESS MAJOR ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

The objective tree analysis identifies options and alternative solutions or activities to address each major problem and issue of concern in the coastal environment of Bataan. The analysis also provides clear direction and understanding of the outcomes. Appendix C presents the objective trees for each of the key problems or issues of concern. The following matrices show the objectives and activities corresponding to each major environmental problem in Bataan.


OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIES INDICATORTIME

FRAMERESPONSIBLE INSTITUTION

SUPPORTING POLICIES

AND LAWS

Abolish/wipe out illegal fishing activities

Enact/implement an integrated fishing ordinance encompassing the different uses and harvesting of fishes and other marine resources and appropriate penalties

Number of ordinances drafted and implemented in each municipality/city.

Harmonized fishing ordinances.

Long-term LGUsFARMCsBFAR, OPA, MAOs

RA 8550RA 9147

Strengthen Anti-Illegal Fishing Task Force through paralegal courses, additional manpower, boats and equipment.

Number of seminars/ workshops conducted;

Number of boats and equipment

Short-term LGUs, FARMCs, BFAR, PNP, Fishermen’s Organizations

Conduct regular patrolling of coastal and sea areas (municipal waters).

Number of patrolling activities

Long-term LGUs, PNP, FARMCs, Bantay Dagat

Strictly implement fishery laws and ordinances.

Number of cases filed and resolved

Long-term LGUs, PNP, BFAR, FARMCs, Anti-Illegal Fishing Task Force

Conduct IEC Campaign. Involve stakeholders in monitoring and reporting of incidents/violations.

IEC program in place

Short- to long-term

LGUs, PNP, BFAR, DepEd, OPA, MAOs, PIA, PIO, FARMCs, media

Provide technical assistance and training and skills development for appropriate fishing and aquaculture practices/methods.

Number of fisher folk trained

Short- to medium-term

LGUs, BFAR, DepEd, FARMCs

Problem: ILLEGAL AND DESTRUCTIVE FISHING METHODSAffected Zones: Traditional fishing, Aquaculture, Municipal fishing, Coral reef protection, Seagrass protection, and Sanctuaries Zones

Table 11

78


Problem: POLLUTION (LAND- AND SEA-BASED)Affected Zones: Mangrove protection, Coral reef protection, Seagrass protection, Traditional fishing, Municipal fishing, Industrial, Tourism, Shipping and navigation, and Built-up Zones

OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIES INDICATOR TIME FRAMERESPONSIBLE

INSTITUTION

SUPPORTING

POLICIES AND

LAWS

Develop and

implement

proper

waste (solid

and liquid)

management

system.

1. Reactivate local Solid Waste

Management Board and

prepare a 10-year SWM plan.

A sanitary landfill

and materials

recovery facilities

(MRFs) established

and operationalized

Long-term LGUs

DENR

Private Sector

RA 9003

PD 984

2. Establish an integrated solid

waste management system

in all municipalities and city of

Bataan.

An SWM plan

formulated and

adopted

Short-term LGUs, DENR, DOST,

DepEd, DILG

RA 9003

PD 984

3. Establish a toxic and

hazardous waste management

system.

1 system Medium term LGUs, DENR, DOH,

DOST, private sector

RA 6969;

PD 1586 (EIA)

4. Establish sewage and

wastewater treatment facilities

(for residential, commercial and

industrial).

Length of sewerage

system;

Number of

treatment facilities;

Number of

household and

establishments

covered/served

Medium- to

Long-term

LGUs, DENR,

Private Sector, the

Community

RA 9275;

PD 856

(Sanitation Code)

Control the

dumping of

sewage, solid

waste and

contaminated

dredged

materials in

the coastal

areas of

Bataan.

Develop alternative land-based

treatment and disposal site.

Treatment and

disposal site

established

Short-term LGUs

DENR

DOST

PCG

PPA

MARINA

RA 9003

RA 9275

RA 6969

PD 600, PD 979,

PD 984, London

Convention,

MARPOL

Convention

Enact and enforce ordinances

on illegal dumping of waste

Ordinances passed

by the province and

each municipality

and city

Stop discharge

of operational

waste (i.e.

used oil, oily

bilge, and

ballast water)

from ships and

fishing boats.

Establish collection system for

used oil from fishing boats and

ships.

Number of

collection system

and facility

Short-term LGUs

DENR

FARMCs, PPA, PCG,

MARINA, Private

Sector, Fishermen’s

organizations

PD 600, PD 979,

PD 984, London

Convention,

MARPOL

Convention,

OPRC

Establish shore reception

facilities in major ports (national

and private) of Bataan.

Number of shore

reception facilities

established

Short-term LGUs, PPA, DENR,

Private Sector

Immediate

response

on oil-spill

incidences.

Formation of a multi-sectoral

oil-spill prevention and quick

response team.

One team trained

and maintained

Short-term LGUs, DENR, PPA,

PCG, MARINA,

Coast Guard, PDCC,

MDCCs, Private

Sector (oil and

shipping companies)

Formulate local/provincial oil

spill contingency plan in line

with the Manila Bay Oil Spill

Contingency Plan.

Oil spill contingency

plan for Bataan

developed

and adopted;

regular exercises

conducted

(together with

Manila Bay team)

Table 12

79


Problem: SILTATION AND SEDIMENTATIONAffected Zones: Mangrove protection, Coral reef protection, Seagrass protection, Traditional fishing, Municipal fishing, Built-up, Agriculture, Tourism, Shipping and Navigation Zones

Problem: INFORMAL SETTLEMENTSAffected Zones: Mangrove and Mudflat Protection Zone, Built-up Areas, Agricultural Zone, Tourism Zone, Sanctuaries


INSTITUTION

SUPPORTING

POLICIES AND

LAWS

Reduce

siltation and

sedimentation

along the

coastal area.

Identification and evaluation of

heavily silted areas (e. g., rivers

and waterways).

Number of areas

identified

Short-term LGUs, DPWH,

DENR, POs, NGOs,

Private Sector

Conduct dredging activities:

- prioritize areas to be

dredged

- dumping of dredged

materials to proper sites

List of priority areas

Volume (cm3)

dredged

Long-term LGUs

DENR

DPWH

Reforestation of denuded

upland/ watershed areas.

Forge community-based forest

management agreements

Develop alternative livelihood

programs for kaingeros and

upland farmers

Areas (ha) planted;

Number of

seedlings planted;

Number of

CBFMAs;

Livelihood program

established

Long-term LGUs, DENR,

Private Sector, the

Community

PD 705 (Forestry

Code);

EO 318

(Sustainable

Forest

Management)

Removal/dismantling of illegal

fishing structures along rivers

and waterways.

Number of

illegal structures

demolished

Short-term LGUs, DENR, PNP,

BFAR, FARMCs,

DPWH

Table 13

Table 14


INSTITUTION

SUPPORTING

POLICIES AND

LAWS

Control/resettle

informal

settlers along

the coastal

areas and

waterways.

Conduct inventory and

assessment of informal settlers/

structures along the coastline,

riverbanks and waterways.

Number of informal

settlers/structures

Short-term LGUs, DPWH,

FARMCs

RA 7279;

PD 1084;

EO 648

Implement a program for the

relocation of informal settlers

along the coastline, riverbanks

and waterways.

Number of

programs/projects

Long-term LGUs, DPWH, NHA

Provide alternative livelihood

program for the relocated

informal settlers.

Number of livelihood

programs

Long-term LGUs, DSWD, DA,

TESDA

Develop and implement

standard guidelines concerning

buffer and set back zones for

mangrove/mudflat, riverbanks

and beaches, and tourism

areas.

Short-term LGUs, DENR,

POs, FARMCs,

Private Sector, the

Community

80

Problem: DEGRADED HABITATSAffected Zones: Mangroves and Mudflats, Seagrass, and Coral Reef Protection Zones, Tourism Zones, Built-up areas, Industrial Zone, Shipping and Navigation Zone, Sanctuaries

Table 15


INSTITUTION

SUPPORTING

POLICIES AND

LAWS

Restoration

and protection

of seagrass

beds,

seaweeds, and

coral reefs.

Establish buffer zones on the

identified areas of seagrass

beds, seaweeds and coral

reefs.

Areas (ha)

established

Short-term LGUs, BFAR, DENR,

FARMCs

RA 9147 (Wildlife

Resources

and Habitat

Conservation and

Protection Act);

RA 7586 (NIPAS

Act);

PD 1219 (Coral

Resources

Development and

Conservation

Decree);

PD 705 (Forestry

Code);

Biodiversity

Convention

EO 578 (National

Biodiversity

Policy)


assessment of seagrass beds,

seaweeds, coral reefs, marine

flora and fauna, and rare and

endangered species.

Areas (ha) covered;

Species

composition and

abundance


FARMCs

Conduct regular patrolling on

the areas of seagrass beds,

seaweeds and coral reefs.

Number of

patrolling activities

Long-term LGUs, BFAR, PNP,

FARMCs, Bantay

Dagat

Establish seaweed/marine-

culture and livelihood program

in suitable areas

Area (ha) of

seaweed culture.

Number of

beneficiaries.

Short- to long-

term

LGUs, BFAR, DENR,

FARMCs, Pos, OPA,

MAOs, Private sector

Restore and perfect seagrass

beds and coral reefs

Area (ha) of

restored seagrass

beds and coral

reefs

Short- to long-

term

LGUs, BFAR, DENR,

FARMCs, POs, OPA,

MAOs, Private Sector

Restoration/

rehabilitation

and protection

of mangrove

and mudflat

areas.

Establish mangrove nursery. Number of sites

established


FARMCs

Conduct/implement mangrove

reforestation projects.

Area (ha)

reforested

Number of

seedlings planted

Long-term LGUs, DENR,

POs, NGOs,

Private Sector, the

Community

Establish buffer zones on

mangrove and mudflat

areas vis-à-vis built-up and

aquaculture areas.

Width (meters) of

buffer zone


FARMCs, Fishpond

operators

Forge community-based

forest management

agreements (BCFMAs)

between government and

POs for sustainable mangrove

resource use.

Number of sites

identified and

established


FARMCs, POs


assessment of mangrove and

mudflat areas, marine turtles,

avi-fauna, and other rare and

endangered species.

Areas (ha) covered;

Species

composition and

abundance


FARMCs

Monitor and report any

shoreline development that

threatens existing mangrove,

mudflat, seagrass, and coral

reef areas.

Regular monitoring

and evaluation

reports

Long-term FARMCs, POs,

NGOs, the

Community

Strict enforcement of laws

protecting coastal habitats.

Number of

apprehensions and

cases filed and

resolved against

violators of the laws

and ordinances

Long-term LGUs, PNP, DENR,

BFAR, FARMCs,

POs, NGOs, Anti-

Illegal Fishing Task

Force


81

82

Chapter 5:CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. CONCLUSION

The Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zoning Plan (CLSUZP) reflects the optimistic value of specialized use pattern of the coastal areas of Bataan. It includes a set of actions to reduce conflicts among several users of the water body and coastal resources of the province and address major issues and areas of concern. The plan clearly indicates specific activities, timeframe, and responsible agencies/institutions to attain the corresponding objectives.

The undertaking of short-, medium-, and long-term solutions stated in the plan will greatly contribute to the rehabilitation and reversion of the present status of coastal resources. A lot of opportunities will be opened-up and created.

Guided by the CLSUZP, concerned LGUs could generate income from user’s fee of their municipal waters and resources. Collectively, they can deal with or resolve situations and conflicts effectively and formulate future plans of action for the sustainable development of their areas of jurisdiction.

In the long run, the success and failure of this plan largely depends on the acceptance and commitment of every LGU, stakeholder and user of the coastal area of the whole province of Bataan.

5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS

To ensure the success of the Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zoning Plan (CLSUZP), the following suggestions should be considered:

1. Institutionalization of the present Project Coordinating Committee (PCC) into the Sustainable Development Coordinating Council (SDCC), which will act as the governing body

that is mandated to set policies and guidelines for the implementation of the Bataan Sustainable Development strategy, including the management and protection of the coastal area and its resources.

2. Endorsement and adoption of the CLSUZP by all concerned LGUs, stakeholders, beneficiaries and users of the coastal areas and municipal waters to reduce multiple-use conflicts, and establish common understanding and direction of plan implementation. Enactment of the municipal/city ordinances for the adoption and the implementation of the CLSUZP.

3. Allocation of user fees, funds and taxes that would be generated from the use of coastal areas and municipal waters for the enforcement of this zoning plan, and implementation of the actions and projects stated in this plan.

4. Delineation of each zone in the exact municipal water boundary of all concerned LGUs.

5. Establishment of municipal ICM councils that will provide the coordinating mechanism among different implementing agencies and LGUs to avoid overlapping of functions and fund allocation.

6. Harmonization and integration of CLSUZP and existing Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs) and Provincial Physical Framework Plan. CLUPs need to be reviewed and revised accordingly. Maps 30-31 show the land-use and integrated land use and coastal use zones, respectively.

Institutional Arrangements

1. Institutional Mechanism for the Implementation of the Plan.

83

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations

A Sustainable Development Coordinating Council shall be created as a coordinating body that will focus primarily on the implementation of BSDS and CLSUZP. This Council should be given mandate to provide policy directions and guidelines in line with implementation of the BSDS and CLSUZP.

The Council will be composed of multi-sectoral representatives from various institutions and organizations from the public and private sectors, academe, media and civil society groups (Figure 7).

This inter-agency and intersectoral coordinative mechanism is deemed necessary to avoid fragmentation of government responsibilities and duplication of efforts of different sectors involved in the coastal management and sustainable development programs.

The Council shall undertake resource and environmental management and protection in line with sustainable development mission, goals and objectives, and on issue- and/or area-specific actions subject to the validity of criteria being used, and consistency with existing policies and laws.

Under this SDCCl are five (5) committees, which will have specific roles and responsibilities, for the attainment of objectives set forth in the BSDS Implementation Plan and CLSUZP. Each committee shall be composed of agencies and organizations that have the capability aligned to perform the functions of the committee.

The ICM Program Management Office under the Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO) will act as the Secretariat of the Council.

Collaborative efforts among Provincial, City/ Municipal Councils (Sangguniang Bayan/Sangguniang Panglunsod), the League of Mayors and the ICM Council shall be established to strengthen the needed policies, legislation and action programs identified in the BSDS and CLSUZP.

The ICM Program Coordinating Committee represents public-private partnerships at its best, with every stakeholder of Bataan working together to ensure the success of the ICM program.

84

85


86

Chapter 5: Conclusion and RecommendationsChapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations


Figu

re 7

. Bat

aan

Sust

aina

ble

Dev

elop

men

t Coo

rdin

atin

g C

ounc

il

�

��(�

)

*+

),

-�-

,.

,+

/-

/.

0�*

112

/3�

)

*4

56�

6,.

..

+��

��/

4 0

�*112

/�

��!

�

��

�$��

��

��

��

&��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�7��#�

��

��

��

��

��%��

��$��

��

#��

�!�'

��&��

��

��

�$�8

��

7��#

�#�

��

�#�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��%��

��$��

��

��%

�$��

��9

��

��8�$��:�

7��

��

#�8��

��

��

!��

��

��

��8��

7��

��

��

'��

��

;��

��

��

��

��

��

7��#�

��

%��

�'�$��

��

��$��

�<��

��

!��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

&��

��

��

��

'��

��#��

��

��:

��

��

�7��#��

��%��

��$��

�

'��

��

��

��$��

��

��

;��

7��#��

��&

��

�

��

#��

'��

��

)

*4.

2,

6�+

*4

/)

.*

)�

��

=��

'��

;�

';

'��

#��

7��

��

��

�#��#��

��

;��

#��'��

"�

'��

��

>#��

��

'��

��;��

'�

��

'��

;�

#��

�7�

=��

�?��

;�#��

#��

87

Bataan Integrated Coastal Management ProgramProgram Management Office

Alexander M. BaluyotOfficer-in-Charge &

Chairman, TWG

Maria Carmelita C. Reyes-HinaPlanning & Administrative Officer

Eleanor S. TabingCommunity Affairs Officer

Karen June A. BalbuenaTechnical Assistant


88

The Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc. aims to act as a catalyst and provide counterpart funding for the Bataan Integrated Coastal Management Program (BICMP) to build better coastal governance, explore ways for a dynamic & sustainable public-private partnerships in environmental management, increase awareness, and promote community participation in coastal resources management.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. Pu r s u e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d implementation of a framework in resolving multiple marine and coastal use conflicts;

2. Explore ways and means for a dynamic and long-term cooperation between the public and private sectors;

3. Increase awareness among the various stakeholders of Bataan regarding the value of coastal and marine resources and the importance of their role in sustainable development, and;

4. Enable the BICMP to become a catalyst in rehabilitating Manila Bay through the Manila Bay Environmental Management Project.

For the Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zoning Plan, the BCCF serves as GEF-UNDP-IMO PEMSEA’s institutional partner.

Member Companies

• Ayala Land, Inc. • Bataan Polyethylene Corporation • Bataan Thermal Power Plant • Core Maritime Corp. • Grand Asia Shipping Lines • Herma Shipyard, Inc. • Liquigaz Phils. Inc. • Limay Bulk Handling Terminal, Inc. • Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific • Orica Philippines, Inc. • Petrochem Corp. of Asia-Pacific • Petron Corporation • Petron Foundation, Inc. • Philippine Resins Industries, Inc. • Planters Products, Inc. • PNOC – Alternative Fuels Corp. • San Miguel Corporation

• Total Philippines• Unioil Petroleum Philippines, Inc.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES and EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

COMPANY REPRESENTATIVE POSITIONBCCF EXECUTIVE

POSITION

Ayala Land, Inc. Joseph Anton Bengzon AVP for External Affairs

Petron Foundation, Inc. Marilou G. Erni Executive Director President

Petron Corporation Alfred A. Trio VP for Refinery & General Manager

Maritime Academy of Asia & the Pacific VADM (Ret.) Eduardo Ma. R. Santos

President

Philippine Resins Industries, Inc. Concepcion I. Tanglao VP for Corporate Plans VP for Administration

Remedios G. Herrera VP for Finance Treasurer

Total Petroleum (Philippines) Ma. Lourdes L. Espina Manager for Corporate Affairs Public Affairs Director

Philippine National Oil Company-Alternative Fuels Corporation

Peter Anthony A. Abaya President & CEO VP for Programs

Metro Alliance Holdings & Equities Corporation (formerly Bataan Polyethylene Corporation)

Weslie T. Gatchalian Asst. Vice President

Documents

MISSION STATEMENT - SEA Knowledge Bankseaknowledgebank.net/sites/default/files/coastal-land-and-sea-use-zoning-plan-of-the...6. Zones Compatibility Matrix 7. Guidelines for the Coastal