Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zoning Plan of the Province of Bataan

8/9/2019 Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zoning Plan of the Province of Bataan

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MISSION STATEMENT

The Global Environment Facility/United

Nations Development Programme/International

Maritime Organization Regional Programme

on Building Partnerships in Environmental

Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA)

aims to promote a shared vision for the Seas of

East Asia:

The resource systems of the Seas of

East Asia are a natural heritage, safeguardingsustainable and healthy food supplies, livelihood,

properties and investments, and social, cultural

and ecological values for the people of the

region, while contributing to economic prosperity

and global markets through safe and efficient

maritime trade, thereby promoting a peaceful

and harmonious co-existence for present and

future generations.

PEMSEA focuses on building

intergovernmental, interagency and intersectoral

partnerships to strengthen environmentalmanagement capabilities at the local, national

and regional levels, and develop the collective

capacity to implement appropriate strategies and

environmental action programs on self-reliant

basis. Specifically, PEMSEA will carry out the

following:

build national and regional capacity

to implement integrated coastal management

programs;

promote multi-country initiatives inaddressing priority transboundary environment

issues in sub-regional sea areas and pollution

hotspots;

reinforce and establish a range of

functional networks to support environmental

management;

identify environmental investment

and financing opportunities and promote

mechanisms, such as public-private partnerships,

environmental projects for financing and other

forms of developmental assistance;

advance scientific and technical

inputs to support decision-making;

develop integrated information

management systems linking selected sites into a

regional network for data sharing and technical

support;

establish the enabling environment

to reinforce delivery capabilities and advance the

concerns of nongovernmental and community-

based organizations, environmental journalists,religious groups and other stakeholders;

strengthen national capacities for developing

integrated coastal and marine policies as part

of state policies for sustainable socioeconomic

development; and

promote regional commitment

for implementing international conventions,

and strengthening regional and sub-regional

cooperation and collaboration using a sustainable

regional mechanism.

The 12 participating countries are: BruneiDarussalam, Cambodia, Democratic Peoples

Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia,

Peoples Republic of China, Philippines, Republic

of Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The

collective efforts of these countries in implementing

the strategies and activities will result in effective

policy and management interventions, and in

cumulative global environmental benefits, thereby

contributing towards the achievement of the

ultimate goal of protecting and sustaining the life-

support systems in the coastal and internationalwaters over the long term.

Dr. Chua Thia-Eng

Regional Programme Director

PEMSEA


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Mission Statement (GEF/UNDP/IMO PEMSEA) IFC

List of Tables ... ii

List of Figures . ii

List of Maps .... ii

List of Boxes .... iii

List of Acronyms . iv

Acknowledgements ... viii

Message ................................................................................................. ix

Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolutions ........................................................ xi

Chapter 1: Introduction ..... 1

1.1 The Coastal Zone

1.2 Overview

1.3 Rationale for the Plan

1.4 Objectives of the Plan

1.5 Scope of the Plan

1.6 Approach and Methodology

Chapter 2: Existing Situation ........ 11

2.1 Physical Characteristics

2.2 Bio-Physical Characteristics

2.3 Socio-Economic Characteristics

2.4 Existing Policies and Institutional Arrangements

2.5 Major Environmental Problems and Multiple-Use Conflicts

Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones ....... 27

3.1 Classification of Zones3.2 CLSUZP Regulatory System

Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans 71

4.1 Policy Framework, Options, and Approaches

for the Various Zones

4.2 Action Programs to Address Major Issues and Problems

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 83

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Recommendations

Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc. (BCCF) IBC

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LIST OF TABLES

1. Total Population per City/Municipality

2. Land Area, Population Density, and Income Class

3. Socio-economic Characteristics of Households in the Phils., 2000

4. Policy Concerns Across Sectors

5. Functional Uses and Suitability Criteria for Zone Identification

6. Zones Compatibility Matrix

7. Guidelines for the Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zones

8. Zone Location

9. Coastal Use Zones by City/Municipality

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Parts of the Coastal Area

2. Enhanced W-Growth Corridor of Central Luzon

3. The Global Gateways Infrastructure

4. Slope Map

5. Multiple-Use Conflicts

6. Seismicity of Bataan and vicinity

7. The Proposed Bataan Sustainable Development Coordinating Council

LIST OF MAPS

1. Provinces and Coastal Waters Within the Manila Bay Area

2. Proposed Municipal Water Boundaries

3. Coastal Habitats and Resources

4. Existing Zones and Uses of Bataan

5. Coastal Issues and Problems

Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zones

6. Agricultural Zone

7. Built-up Area Zone

8. Industrial Zone

9. Tourism Zone10. Mangrove Zone

11. Sanctuary Zone

12. Coral Reef Zone

13. Seagrass Zone

14. Traditional Fishing Zone

15. Aquaculture Zone

16. Municipal Fishing Zone

17. Shipping and Navigation Zone

18. Coastal-Use Zones of Bataan

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Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones, per Municipality/City

19. Abucay

20. Bagac21. Balanga City

22. Hermosa

23. Limay

24. Mariveles

25. Morong

26. Orani

27. Orion

28. Pilar

29. Samal

Integrated Maps

30. Land-Use Map of Bataan

31. Integrated Land- and Coastal-Use Zones of Bataan

LIST OF BOX/ES

1. The Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy

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LIST OF ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS

BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

BCCFI Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc.

BSDS Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy

BICMP-PMO Bataan Integrated Coastal Management Program- Program Management Office

BNP Bataan Natural Park

CBFMA - Community-Based Forest Management Agreement

CITES - Convention on Trade in Endanged Species

CLUP - Comprehensive Land-Use Plan

CSEZ Clark Special Economic Zone

CPUE catch per unit effort

CWTS Civic Welfare Training Service

DAR Department of Agrarian Reform

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DENR-CENRO - Department of Enrivonment and Natural Resources-CommunityEnvironment and Natural Resource Office

DENR-PAWB Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Protected Areaand Wildlife Bureau

DENR-PENRO Department of Environment and Natural Resources- Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office

Dep Ed Department of Education

DILG Department of Interior and Local Government

DOH Department of Health

DOST Department of Science and Technology

DOT Department of Tourism

DTI Department of Trade and Industry

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMB Environmental Management Bureau

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EMS Environmental Management SystemEO - Executive Order

FARMC Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council

FUND International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund forCompensation for Oil Pollution Damage

FSP-DA Fisheries Sector Program-Department of Agriculture

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GEF Global Environment Facility

GPA - Global Programme of Action For The Protection of the Marine Environmentfrom Land-Based Activities

ICM Integrated Coastal Management

IEC Information, Education, Communication

IEIA Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment

IEMP Integrated Environmental Monitoring Program

IIMS Integrated Information Management System

IMO International Maritime Organization

IPM Integrated Pest Management

ISO International Organization for Standardization

LGU Local Government Unit

MAAP Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific

MARINA - Maritime Industry Authority

MAO Municipal Agriculture Office

MBEMP Manila Bay Environmental Management Project

MDCC - Municipal Disaster Coordinating Committee

MPDC - Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator

MPDO Municipal Planning and Development Office

MSY maximum sustainable yield

NAMRIA National Mapping Research and Information Authority

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NCR National Capital Region

NEDA National Economic Development Authority

NFA National Food Authority

NGOs Non-Government Organizations

NIA National Irrigation Authority

NIPAS National Integrated Protected Area System

NSO National Statistics Office

NSTP National Service Training Program

NWRB - National Water Resources Board

OPA Office of the Provincial Agriculturist

PCG - Philippine Coast Guard

PDCC - Provincial Disaster Coordinating Committee

PEMSEA GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Partnerships in EnvironmentalManagement for the Seas of East Asia

PEO Provincial Engineers Office

PFI Petron Foundation, Inc.

PG-ENRO Provincial Government-Environment and Natural Resources Office

PIA Philippine Information Agency

PMO Project Management Office

PNP Philippine National Police

PNOC-PDC Philippine National Oil Company Alternative Fuels Corporation

PO Peoples Organization

PPA - Philippine Ports Authority

PPDO Provincial Planning and Development Office

PPFP - Provincial Physical Framework Plan

PRII Philippine Resins Industries, Inc.

PRRM Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement

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PTO Provincial Tourism Office

RA - Republic Act

RAMSAR Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

RNP Roosevelt National Park

SALT Sloping Agricultural Land Technology

SBMA Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority

SCTEP - Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway

SIFMA Socialized Industrial Forest Management Agreement

TESDA Technical Education and Skills Development Agency

UN United Nations

UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

There are so many people and groups/organizations that have significantly contributed to the

realization of the Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zoning Plan (CLSUZP) of Bataan. After a series of consultationmeetings, capacity-building seminars/workshops and numerous reviews, and revisions, it is finally finished.

Sincerest thanks and gratitude goes to the following:

The Honorable Enrique T. Garcia, Jr., Governor of Bataan, for his active support and commitment

to the integrated coastal management program in Bataan. He created the core team of the Technical

Working Group (TWG) headed by the Project Management Office. Diligent members of the TWG include

Engr. Godofredo O. de Guzman and Ms. Rodora M. Cuaresma of the Provincial Government-Environment

and Natural Resources Office (PG-ENRO); Ms. Ludivina G. Banzon, Ms. Soledad G. Reyes and Mr. Joel

S. Custodio of the Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO); Ms. Imelda D. Inieto, Mr. Danilo

C. Abrera, Mr. Diego L. Resubal, Jr., and Mr. Alvin R. Rodrigo of the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist

(OPA); Mr. Ceasar V. Cuayson and Ms. Christina B. Banzon of the Provincial Tourism Office (PTO); andEngr. Enrico T. Yuzon and Arch. Manuel S. Lim, Jr. of the Provincial Engineers Office (PEO).

The Honorable Antonio L. Raymundo, Jr., Municipal Mayor of Orion, who has been championing

the Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) program since day one. To all the City/Municipal Mayors, City/

Municipal Planning and Development Coordinators, especially to En.Ps Rodelito R. Calara (Samal) and

Eugenia C. Galvez (Bagac), and City/Municipal Agriculturists of Bataan for their continuous cooperation

for the sustainable management of Bataans coastal and marine environment.

For the unwavering guidance of the active members of the Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc.,

especially to Ms. Marilou G. Erni and Mr. Allan S. Victorino of Petron Foundation, Inc.; Ms. Concepcion

I. Tanglao and Ms. Remedios G. Herrera of the Philippine Resins Industries, Inc., Ms. Malou Espina of

Total (Phils.) Corporation, Ms. Helen Cervantes of PNOC-Alternative Fuels Corp. (PNOC-AFC), and Dr.

Angelica M. Baylon of the Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific (MAAP).

For the invaluable support, advice, and inspiration provided by PEMSEA, especially to Dr. Chua

Thia-Eng, Regional Programme Director; Mr. S. Adrian Ross, Senior Programme Officer and Technical

Coordinator; and Dr. Huming Yu, Senior Programme Officer. To Ms. Stella Regina Bernad and Ms. Ma.

Teresita Lecerna, PEMSEA Policy and Legal Officers, for their advice on institutional arrangements and the

proposed ordinances. To Ms. Maria Corazon Ebarvia-Bautista, Site Officer for Manila Bay and Bataan and

Technical Officer for Environmental Investments; and Ms. Bresilda Gervacio, Technical Officer for IIMS for

their guidance all throughout the project.

Mr. Robert de Leon of DENR-MIS, Rudolph Espada of DENR-NCR, Mr. Luis Rongavilla of NWRB,Mr. Jaime Mallare of NAMRIA, and Mr. Enrique Macaspac of NAMRIA for their assistance in producing

the zoning maps.

To U.P. Planning and Development Research Foundation, Inc. (U.P. Planades) for the workshops

conducted towards the development of this plan

To Mr. Daniel M. Pagaduan, Jr. and Mr. Oscar A. Macanan, Jr. for the design and layout, and

Visual Color, Inc. for the printing of the CLSUZP.

Lastly, to the hardworking men and women of the coastal communities and concerned agencies

for their dedication and involvement in making the Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zoning Plan a reality forthe people of Bataan today and next generations.

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B a t a a n i sa p rov i n ce whosegeography provides uswith many blessings. Itjuts out of the mouth ofManila Bay, the gatewayto the Ph i l ippinespolitical, social ande c o n o m i c c e n t e r .Bataan serves as theindustrial heartland ofCentral Luzon becauseof the presence of

anchor industries within the province. It is likewiseseen as a prime business hub that serves as amajor transshipment point in the region. Bataanalso boasts of a thriving commercial and industrialfishery industry plus a robust agriculture andaquaculture sector. Beach resorts and a naturalpark along with various historical and culturallandmarks dot our landscape and provide venuesfor a healthy investment in tourism.

At the same time, Bataan shares thebounty of the seas with over 20 million peoplewho live in the Manila Bay area, and is affected

as well by their actions in this body of water. Thevalue of our precious land and marine resourcesto the people of Bataan and the communities thatsurround us, as well as the inherent and constantthreats to these resources, constitute a need toinstitute strategic and long-term responses.

The Ba taan In tegra ted Coas ta lManagement Program gives us the opportunityto create new and better ways of managing ourcoastal and marine environment consistent withour utilization of land-based resources, so thatcritical areas are preserved, and those sufficientlyabundant are given their proper use. In the end, we

are able to strike a harmonious balance betweenpromoting development while sustaining ourenvironment.

The Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Plan ofBataan provides us with clear-cut directions towardsthis reality. This work describes comprehensivelythe resources that we have, the socio-economicactivities affecting them, the problems andopportunities attendant to these activities, and therational allocation of these resources towards amore sustainable development of the province. Thisplan will also serve as a tool for providing solutionsto issues and conflicts regarding the use of land,

coastal and marine resources, thus contributing tomore effective governance.

Work on the Coastal Land- and Sea-UsePlan of Bataan was a long and tedious task thatfell on the shoulders of dedicated men and women,whose contributions need to be acknowledged:

* the members of the intergovernmentaland multisectoral Technical WorkingGroup who, together with the Bataan ICMProgram Project Management Office,labored endlessly to conduct stakeholdermeetings and discussions, site visits andfield studies, undergo trainings andworkshops, and develop the plan itself;

* the GEF-UNDP-IMO PEMSEA, whichfunded this project and provided thecritical technical assistance and advice;

* the Bataan Coastal Care Foundation,which has supervised the conduct ofthis project from start to finish, sharingvital insights and information into thedevelopment process and providingvenues and resources crucial to thecompletion of this Coastal Land- andSea-Use Plan.

* I would also like to acknowledge theManila Bay Environmental ManagementProject for their significant role in providingthe maps essential to this document.

I believe that the Coastal Land- andSea-Use Plan of Bataan will be a decisiveinstrument in achieving our vision as enshrinedin our Sustainable Development Strategy: awelldeveloped community with abundant naturalresources, clean environment and responsiblecitizenry empowered and committed to care fornature and its bounty. Equally important, this

publication complements the efforts to restoreManila Bay and contribute concretely to theexecution of the Manila Bay strategy.

I enjoin everyone to let this Coastal Land-and Sea-Use Plan be our guide to sustainablyutilizing our resources and enable us to craft abetter future not only for the people of Bataan butfor the residents in the Manila Bay and the nationsin the Seas of East Asia.

ENRIQUE T. GARCIA, JR.Governor

Province of Bataan

MESSAGE

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SANGGUNIANG PANLALAWIGAN RESOLUTIONS

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Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolutions

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Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolutions

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Chapter 1:

INTRODUCTION

1.1. THE COASTAL ZONE

The coastal zone is defined as the strip

of land and its adjacent space (i.e., the water and

submerged land) in which the terrestrial ecosystem

use directly affects the river and marine ecosystem,

and vice versa (SDMS-IEMSD, 1997). The coastal

zone is the place where the waters of the seas meetthe land.

The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 or

Republic Act 8550 defines the coastal area/zone

as, a band of dry land and adjacent ocean space

(water and submerged land) in which terrestrial

processes and uses directly affect oceanic extent

may include areas within a landmark limit of one

(1) kilometer from the shoreline at high tide to

include mangrove swamps, brackish water ponds,

nipa swamps, estuarine rivers, sandy beaches and

other areas within a seaward limit of 200 meters

isobath to include coral reefs, algal flats, seagrass

beds and other soft-bottom areas.

Furthermore, RA 8550 describes the

municipal waters to include not only streams,

lakes, inland bodies of water and tidal waters within

the municipality which are not included within the

protected areas as defined under Republic Act

No. 7586 (The NIPAS Law), public forest, timber

lands, forest reserves or fishery reserves, but also

marine waters included between two (2) lines drawnperpendicular to the general coastline from points

where the boundary lines of the municipality touch

the sea at low tide and a third line parallel with

the general coastline including offshore islands

and fifteen (15) kilometers from such coastline.

Where two (2) municipalities are so situated on

opposite shores that there is less than thirty (30)

kilometers of marine waters between them, the third

line shall be equally distant from opposite shore of

the respective municipality.

Coastal use planning refers to the process

of comprehensively studying resources, economic

activities and societal needs, including problems

and opportunities in specific coastal planning

areas, or coastal zones, and proposing actions

for their future development. It also involves

rational allocation of dry land, wetland and marine

components of the coastal area for various uses.It is a basic activity which seeks to rationalize and

enhance the development of the coastal areas. It

also identifies, examines and provides solutions

to major issues and conflicts in coastal resource

allocation and utilization.

Coastal use zoning is a process of

delineating the coastal areas into land- and sea-

use zones, designating permitted, prohibited and

conditional uses. It provides efficient mechanisms

for allocating coastal space for appropriate uses

based on the suitability with environmental, socialand economic conditions, and compatibility with

sustainable development objectives and principles,

and with policies and legal requirements. It also

presents a framework for resolving multiple-use

conflicts. Coastal-use zoning likewise provides a

regulatory framework for permitting and prohibiting

human activities according to the designated use

of coastal space.

The Coastal Land- and Sea-use Zoning

Plan (CLSUZP) is considered as a tool to improvethe use of coastal resources. It incorporates the

context within which it operates; the mechanism

required to assess, evaluate and monitor the

outcomes; and process through which these could

be attained. It is based on certain principles which

promote its effectiveness, responsiveness and

acceptability to key stakeholders and which guide

the integration and/or modification of existing land

use plans for the sustainable development of the

coastal area as well as the adjacent watersheds

and marine areas.

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1.2. OVERVIEW

The province of Bataan is a peninsula

composed of 11 municipalities and one city

covering a land area of 137,296 hectares or

1,373 square kilometers. Its lone city and ten

municipalities consist the coastal areas.

With the formulation of the Manila Bay

Coastal Strategy, there was a compelling need to

develop a provincial strategy for Bataans coastal

areas. The Manila Bay Coastal Strategy covers

Manila Bay and the surrounding watershed areas.

Seven (7) major rivers, draining 26 catchmentbasins, intersect the 190-km. coastline. Impacts

of land-based human activities in the coastal and

inland regions are addressed under the Manila Bay

Coastal Strategy, as well as sea-based activities.

Manila Bay, a semi-enclosed estuary

facing the South China Sea, is one of the best

natural harbors in the world. It is bordered by

coastal cities and municipalities of the National

Capital Region or NCR (Manila, Pasay, Paraaque,

Las Pias, and Navotas), and the coastal provincesof Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan in Region 3, and

Chapter 1: Introduction

Figure 1. Parts of the coastal area (as defined by R.A. 8550).

Cavite in Region 4. Also within the watershed

of Manila Bay are the non-coastal cities and

municipalities of the NCR (Quezon City, Caloocan

City, Makati, Pasig, Marikina, Mandaluyong,

Muntinlupa, Valenzuela, Malabon, San Juan,

Pateros, and Taguig), provinces of Nueva Ecija and

Tarlac in Region 3, Rizal and Laguna in Region 4.

Map 1 shows the provinces and waters within the

boundaries of the Manila Bay Area.

The Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (MBCS).

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1.0 km.


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Bataan, being one of the coastal

provinces of Manila Bay, also prepared for the

implementation of its own coastal strategy, which

is in line with the strategy of Manila Bay. As thisprovince is a peninsula, the use and development

of Bataans coastal and marine resources were

defined, considering land-based resources

complementary to the coastal resources, and

substantially provide the province of Bataan with

a sustained economic development.

The Bataan Sustainable Development

Strategy, or BSDS, embodies the shared vision of

the people of Bataan. The province is endowed

The Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy (BSDS)

with economic opportunities, recreational

areas, rich cultural and historical heritage and

abundant natural resources. The BSDS provides a

comprehensive framework which helps determinedirections in achieving targeted outcomes and

formulating a series of specific actions and

programs involving the participation of government

and non-government sectors. The BSDS covers

a broad area covering land and water on the

seaward side of the coastal areas including the

upland watersheds of the 11 municipalities and

one city, and the sea and seabed area within the

maximum 15-km. municipal waters limit based on

the Philippines Fishery Code of 1998 (RA 8550).

The BSDS addresses activities with impacts onthe coastal and marine environment at present

and in the future. Box 1 presents the Bataan

stakeholders shared vision and mission, and the

key strategies.

Development of the CLSUZP is an

integral element of the Bataan Sustainable

Development Strategy and will complement the

existing comprehensive land-use plan of the

province and in harmony with the provincial

integrated coastal management program.

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Bataan has rich coastal and marine resources.


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Map 1. Provinces and Coastal Waters within the Manila Bay Area


Source: Manila Bay Area Environmental Atlas (2007)

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1.3. RATIONALE FOR THE PLAN

The coastal zone and municipal waters are

the most productive areas in Bataan. Their coastalresources and ecosystem play an important role

in the health and living condition of the people of

Bataan. The resources like fisheries, shellfishes,

coral reefs, seagrasses/seaweeds and mangroves

provide direct and indirect benefits to the coastal

communities of the province. Unfortunately,

poor planning coupled with uncontrolled human

and economic activities have put pressure

and resulted in significant degradation of the

integrity and condition of the coastal and marine

ecosystem and environment of Bataan. Absenceof transboundary lines of municipal waters and

unclear distinctions of productive and functional

zones culminate inappropriate to overlapping and

multiple utilization of the area. As these practices

continue, there is a risk of scarcity and depletion of

resources. To remedy the aggravating issues and

problem in the coastal and marine environment of

the province, the formulation of the Bataan Coastal

Land and Sea-Use Zoning Plan is necessary.

The CLSUZP is part of the implementation

of the Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy,

which is designed to move towards the attainment

of the stakeholders shared vision, and address

the conflicting uses, major issues and problems

that contribute to the continued degradation of

the coastal and marine environment of Bataan.

The plan also states the specific objectives and

actions, which directly focus on the problem areas

of the Bataan coastal zones. Its aim is toward the

attainment of the Bataan stakeholders shared

vision, mission, and goals in managing, protecting,

and conserving the rich natural resources,environment, and historical and cultural heritage

for future generations (Box 1).

The CLSUZP provides a well-defined

distinction among different zones, which has been

classified according to their existing and proposed

level of development, resource utilization, and

resource abundance or scarcity. A thorough

review of the existing resources and environmental

quality also supports the intention to formulate

required laws and ordinances, regulate activities

and expected development. The CLSUZP will

also serve to protect the designated use of coastal

zones and reduce adverse environmental impacts

of certain coastal activities.

The Manila Bay area is one of the

Philippines major avenues that cater to a lot of

economic activities for continuous growth and

development ranging from shipping, industrial,

commercial, fishing, aquaculture to tourism

activities. With the various developments taking

place along the bay, the natural environment of

the area is facing various threats from different

factors: over-population, pollution from land-

and sea-based sources, over and illegal fishing,uncontrolled development, loss of habitats,

and decreasing resources. The effects of these

problems result in the significant degradation of

the ecosystem and biodiversity thereby affecting

the needs of all living things along the bay. There

are also impacts on human health, the economy,

and social conditions of the people. The complete

zoning scheme for Manila Bay is therefore

necessary to resolve the multiple-use conflicts

and address the various issues and problems that

continue to build up. Bataan is the pilot area for

the coastal use zoning of Manila Bay.

Bataan plays a major role in the CentralLuzon W-Growth Corridor, serving as the regions

industrial heartland owing to the presence of

several industries in the province, as well as tourism

area due to its natural resources and historical

sites (Figure 2). The province also lies within the

national growth triad of the Subic Bay Metropolitan

Area (SBMA), Clark Special Economic Zone,

and Metro Manila. The province was identified

as one of the countrys investment destinations.Moreover, the inclusion of Bataan in the Global

Gateways, which is the centerpiece of development

of the national government, will certainly spur the

economic growth of the province (Figure 3). It

promises to be the countrys next economic hub

when the Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway Project

(SCTEP) is finally put into place. This expressway

will pass through Hermosa and Dinalupihan. It

is complemented by the development of Subic

Seaport and the Diosdado Macapagal Airport in

Clark, Pampanga. These developments, plus the

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1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN

The objectives of this plan are to:

Protect habitats, eco-systems and

ecological processes;

Protect natural and/or cultural sites while

allowing a spectrum of reasonable uses;

Mitigate pollution from land- and sea-

based sources;

Resolve conflicting human activities/uses;

Delineate suitable areas for particular

human uses, while minimizing the impacts

of these uses;

Preserve critical areas in their natural

state and undisturbed except for purposes

of scientific research and education;

Protect human welfare; and,

Better manage the coastal areas.


Figure 2. Enhanced W-Growth Corridor of Central Luzon Figure 3. The Global Gateways Infrastructure

as the navigational lane of cargo ships and support

large-scale industries, such as: oil refineries and

depots, power plants, petrochemical plants,

and economic zones, as well as tourism activities,

which extend huge contributions to the national

economy.

The implementation of the CLSUZP will

open up the different avenues of sustainable

development of the coastal areas of the province.This will serve as one of the mechanisms for the

realization of the BSDS.

1.5. SCOPE OF THE PLAN

The scope of the CLSUZP includes the

10 coastal municipalities and 1 coastal city of

Bataan (Map 2). The 12th and only land-locked

municipality, which is Dinalupihan, was also

considered in the plan because its river system

which is affected by siltation and sedimentation

due to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, is connected

to the municipalities of Hermosa and Orani.

The seaward boundary of Bataans coastal

areas is 15 kilometers from the shoreline, as stated

in RA 8550 or the Fisheries Code of 1998. One

(1) kilometer landward from the shoreline is also

considered as part of the coastal land area.

Thus, the geographic extent of this

coastal-use zoning plan covers areas within one (1)

kilometer from the shoreline at high tide to include

mangrove swamps, brackish water ponds, nipa

swamps, estuarine rivers, mudflats, sandy beaches,

as well as other areas within a seaward limit of

200 meters isobath to include coral reefs, algal

flats, seagrass beds and other soft-bottom areas

(RA 8550).

The Comprehensive Land Use Plans

(CLUPs) of each municipality and the Provincial

Physical Framework Plan (PPFP) are linked and

harmonized with this coastal use zoning plan to

provide a more comprehensive Integrated Land-

and Sea-Use Plan for the province.

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Map 2. Proposed Municipal Water Boundaries

1.6. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

In the formulation of the CLSUZP,

the delineation of each zone is based on itspotential utilization and uses as identified during

the workshop deliberation and consultations

attended by various sectors of the community and

stakeholders. The zoning system, once in place,

will pave the way and openup more opportunities

to every sector of the community that primarily

depend on the coastal and marine resources for

their means of livelihood.

In 2002, representatives from the Project

Management Office (PMO) and the ProvincialPlanning and Development Office (PPDO) attended

a six-day intensive Regional Training Workshop on

the Development and Implementation of Coastal

Use Zoning Plan and Institutional Framework

conducted by GEF/UNDP/IMO Partnerships

in Environmental Management for the Seas of

East Asia (PEMSEA). This training provided the

participants with insights and knowledge on the

basic concepts and approaches for applying

zoning scheme to coastal areas and developing

institutional arrangements for its implementation

under the framework of integrated coastal

management.

From 2003 2004, the PMO and PPDOworked together with the Bataan Coastal Care

Foundation, Inc. (BCCFI), Office of the Provincial

Agriculturist (OPA), DENR-Provincial Environment

and Natural Resources Office (PENRO), DENR-

Community Environment and Natural Resources

Office (CENRO) in conducting ten (10) municipal

and one (1) city consultations and capacity-building

trainings/workshops. These workshops enabled the

participants to understand the rationale, scope,

and expected outputs of the coastal-use zoning

project and process of developing the CLSUZP.It also increased awareness of the participants,

particularly the Local Government Units (LGUs) on

the importance of the province-wide coastal and

sea-use plan, which is to be integrated into their

Comprehensive Land-Use Plans. (See results of

consultations in Appendix B)

In 2005, technical officers from the

PEMSEA conducted a two-day inception workshop

in Balanga City. Various stakeholders from the

national and provincial agencies, private sector,

NP

NP

NP

NP

NP

NP

NP

NP

NP

Source: NAMRIA

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Part of the capacity-building workshop is an on-site field visitand transect walk in Brgy. Tortugas in Balanga City.

Discussions and deliberations were conducted to identify theexisting uses and proposed zones in Bataan.

Mapping and delineation of zones was an integral part ofthe plan.

civil society groups, fisherfolk associations and

LGUs participated in this workshop.

The Provincial Government of Bataan alsoissued an executive order in 2005 forming and

activating a Technical Working Group (TWG) to

develop the CLSUZP. The TWG is a multi-sectoral

team of specialists who have experiences in

land use planning, socio-economic planning,

environmental planning and other development

planning. They have in-depth knowledge on the

habitat and ecosystem of Bataans coastal area and

the legislations and regulations on environment and

resources management. The members of the TWG

underwent a series of capacity-building seminarsand workshops to equip themselves with the skills of

handling several activities useful in the collection,

verification, and final analysis of pertinent data and

other skills for the full development of the CLSUZP.

The members who come from the different national

government agencies, local government units,

private sector, and non-govenment organizations

provided information on existing sectoral plans,

information, and relevant data and ideas which

contributed to the plan. Together with the core

TWG from the provincial government were their

partners in the municipal level. Workshops were

also conducted and facilitated by a team from

the University of the Philippines Planning and

Development Research Foundation, Inc. or UP

Planades.

In the development of the CLSUZP, the

support from the local government was necessary

to enable the stakeholders to identify uses and

zones and prepare the plan. It was a must that

the project is sincerely adhered to by the local

government officials to get an equally honestattempt by different stakeholders to complete the

CLSUZP and jointly support its implementation.

The stakeholders played the key tasks of providing

salient information to contribute to the completion

of the plan, as these people have the innate desire

to protect and utilize resources logically.

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Chapter 2:

EXISTING SITUATION

2.1. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Location

Bataan is located in the southwestern part

of the Central Luzon Region. It lies approximately at

coordinates 120o 15 to 120o 40 latitude and 14o

20 to 14o 50 longitude. It is bounded on the northby the provinces of Zambales, on the northeast by

Pampanga, on the west by South China Sea, and

on the east by Manila Bay.

Climate

The climate in Bataan is categorized under

Type I. There are two distinct seasons: the rainy

season and dry season. The rainy season starts on

the month of May and ends up around the month of

October. The rest of the year is dry with occasionalrains dispersed widely throughout the province.

Occasional typhoons visit the area especially

during the months of June to September.

Topography

Bataan is a mountainous land mass,

dominated largely by uplands, hills, and mountains,

covering 80.9 percent of its whole area (Figure 4).

The lowlands and plains, which comprise 19.1

percent of the land area of the province, are

generally flat, gently rising towards the hills. These

areas comprise most of the agricultural portionof Bataan, found along the northern and eastern

coasts facing Manila Bay.

Hydrology

The province is drained by numerous rivers

and small streams with very few meanders radiating

and sloping from the mountain groups down to

the sea draining the whole area efficiently. There

are more than one hundred rivers in the province

which are very important not only for irrigation but

also for purposes of navigation and fishing.

Geomorphology

The whole province of Bataan can be

classified broadly with one volcanic terrain. Most

of the highest elevations are considered parts of the

collapsed caldera forming a ring-like structure with

the suspected mouths, Mount Natib and Mariveles.

Other high peaks are most likely the satellite vents

of major volcanic craters presently occurring and

dikes along the upper and mid-slopes of thevolcano. Bordering these morpho-landforms are

Undulating mountains serve as scenic background to theplains of the province..

Figure 4. Slope Map

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Chapter 2: Existing Situation

lava fields and flow plains with deep incision, steep

cliffs, occasional gorges, and minor cascades.

Coastal areas are classified by typicalmarine land forms such as beaches, ridges, swales,

and foreshore sand bars.

Geology

Basically, Bataan is tectonically sitting

directly on top of an active subduction zone, which

centers along the Manila trench. It is believed that

this zone was responsible for the Early Pliocene to

Early Holocene period of volcanic activities giving

rise to varied depositions of volcanic rocks in thewhole peninsula.

There are three (3) rock strategic units

exposed in the area, namely: quaternary pyroclastics

(QP), quaternary plug (Qp) and quaternary

alluvium (Qal).

Quaternary pyroclastics occupy the rolling

to hilly ground with infrequent deep incision in

several sections of creeks and rivers. It is composed

of volcanic breccias, tuff and tuff breccias, and

lahars.

Quaternary plug is made wholly of

alticandesites rock.

Quaternary alluvium occupies the low-

lying areas which include the beaches and plains.

These deposits are derived from weathering

and erosion of older volcanic rocks that were

later transported and deposited along stream

channels.

Volcanoes

The presence of a chain of volcanoes

in the Zambales Bataan region, including the

currently active Mt. Pinatubo, may put the province

under threat of volcanic eruption. Mt. Pinatubo,

some 40 kms. to the north, deposited a relatively

thin but widespread ash cover over the Olongapo

Subic North Bataan area during its last eruption.

Similarly, the smaller, dormant volcanoes are Mt.

Sta. Rita and Mt. Malasimbo.

In the eastern flank of the Bataan peninsula

lays two large volcanic edifices, Mt. Natib on the

north and Mt. Mariveles on the south.

Faults and Earthquake-prone Areas

An analysis of seismic tectonic elements

proximate to Bataan indicates the following:

The East Zambales Fault, a recently

active tectonic lineament closely

related to Mt. Pinatubo is about

60 km. east of the municipality of

Samal; The Manila Trench, an active

subduction zone, is 120 km. west of

Luzon in the South China Sea;

The seismically active Lubang Island

Mindoro Fault is about 100 km. to

the south;

The Digdig Fault (100 km. to the

northeast) is the epicenter of the 7.8

magnitude North Luzon earthquake

in July 1990; and,

The rest of the Philippine Fault is

farther to the eastern side of Luzon.

Figure 5. Seismicity of Bataan and vicinity

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13

Map 3. Coastal Habitats and Resources


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These tectonic elements are probableearthquake generators that would trigger ground-

shaking and ground displacement. Bautista, et.al.

(1992) have conducted probabilistic estimate of

peak ground acceleration. For the Bataan area,

a ground acceleration value of 0.1 g (1 times the

force of gravity) within a 50-year return period

was estimated. In the same study, Bautista, et.al.

suggested that the risk of tsunami along the coastal

areas of Bataan cannot be discounted since

tectonic features around Bataan are capable of

generating tsunamegenic earthquakes. Historically,

the occurrence of a tsunami in Bataan that hasbeen last recorded was on December 7, 1677.

Based on the distribution of earthquake

epicenters in the whole archipelago, the strongest is,

in fact, the eastern section, i.e. Eastern Mindanao,

Samar, and Leyte. However, other relative active

parts are the vicinities of Lubang Island Mindoro,

the East Luzon Trench, Casiguran Fault, Digdig

Fault, and the northern segment of the Philippine

Fault Zone, all of which are within the 150-km.

radius of the province (Figure 5).

Water Quality

Coastal marine waters support a dynamic

ecosystem and contain valuable natural resources

that are important to the coastal community.

The inseparable relationship between land use

and water quality are major issues in the coastal

zone.

The Bataan coastal area is receiving

drainage from immediate watersheds through

Thick mangrove areas exist along the shorelines of Bataan.Fine sandy beaches can be found in Bagac.

tributaries and major river systems. Large amountsof waste drain into the coastal waters from domestic

discharges.

With rapid increase in population and

industrialization within the coastal area, water

quality is expected to deteriorate. Contamination of

the Bataan coastal and marine waters will continue

to increase with the inevitable population and

economic growth. The sources of contamination

that eventually lead to marine pollution are

domestic and industrial wastes, agro-chemical

loading, siltation/sedimentation, toxic andhazardous wastes, and oil pollution.

2.2. BIO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Muddy tide flats along with alluvial sand

bars characterize the coastline along Manila Bay.

Mangrove areas can be observed from Orani to

Orion, along with seaweed areas and seagrass

patches from portions of Samal, Balanga, andPilar down to Mariveles. The deeper portions are

the coastal areas of Orion to Mariveles. Poor coral

reef patches mixed with sandy rocky bottom can be

found in the Mariveles area, where the coastline

begin to take on a rocky character, looping from

the mouth of Manila Bay to the western side of

the province. The South China Sea coastline

is interspersed with pristine beaches with rocky

portions and fringes of coral reef in good condition

from Bagac to Morong. These are havens for

marine turtles and other marine animals.

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Source: National Statistics Office Handbook and PPDO - Socio-economic Profile 2004

Table 2. Land Area, Population Density and Income Class


Table 1: Population Trend and Growth Rate

2.3. SOCIO-ECONOMICCHARACTERISTICS

Demography

Bataans population annually increasesat the rate of 2.74%. This rate was recorded asthe highest in Region III and was higher thanthe national average of 2.2%. As of 2006, theprojected population was computed at 657,119.The municipalities of Mariveles and Dinalupihanwith population of 99,187 and 93,060 respectively,

have the highest recorded population. The least

populated towns are Morong and Bagac, with

population of 25,048 and 24,355, respectively.

Table 1 presents the population trend.

The province has 87 coastal barangays

distributed in 10 coastal municipalities and one

coastal city. The population in coastal barangays is

approximately 220,032 or 34.45% of the projected

population of the province for CY 2005. Pilar and

Dinalupihan have the highest population density

in the province (Table 2).

City/Municipality

1980 1990 1995 2000 2006 (projected)Growth Rate(1995-2000)

Abucay 22,692 26,708 29,270 31,801 35,373 1.79

Bagac 13,109 18,241 20,906 22,353 24,355 1.44

Balanga City 39,132 51,512 60,912 71,088 86,729 3.37

Dinalupihan 41,415 58,172 65,159 76,145 93,060 3.40

Hermosa 25,672 34,633 38,764 46,254 58,055 3.86

Limay 24,281 32,629 40,092 46,620 56,614 3.79

Mariveles 48,594 60,761 76,626 85,779 99,187 2.45

Morong 10,637 17,155 18,731 21,273 25,048 2.78

Orani 33,083 43,494 48,695 52,501 57,849 1.63

Orion 28,049 35,263 39,537 44,067 50,657 2.35

Pilar 18,549 25,244 28,207 32,368 38,627 2.99

Samal 18,041 21,991 24,560 27,410 31,565 2.38

BATAAN 323,254 425,803 491,459 557,659 657,119 2.74

City/Municipality

Land Area(Hectares)

Popn.Density(sq. km)

Income Class

Abucay 7,970 444 Fourth

Bagac 23,120 105 Fourth

Balanga 16,560 777 2nd Class City

Dinalupihan 4,460 1,006 Third

Hermosa 15,730 370 Fourth

Limay 10,300 546 First

Mariveles 15,390 644 Second

Morong 21,920 114 Fifth

Orani 5,916 891 Third

Orion 6,540 774 Fourth

Pilar 3,760 1,027 Fifth

Samal 5,630 561 Fourth

BATAAN 137,296 First

Source: PPDO-Socioeconomic profile 2004

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Fishing is the most practiced activity along the coastal areasof Bataan.


In terms of the number of households, there

was an increase from 98,499 in 1995 to 113,674

in 2000. In 2006, the number of household is

estimated to be 133,847. The average householdsize is 4.90 persons per household.

In Bataan, 61.6% of the total population

comprises the working age group (15 to 64 years

old). Individuals aged 0 to 14 years old constitute

34.9%, and those aged 65 and above comprise

3.5% of the 2006 population. Dependency ratio

in 2000 was 62. This means that for every 100

persons in the working age group (15 to 64

years), there were 62 dependents, that is 57

young dependents (0 to 14 years old) and 5 olddependents (65 years old and above).

Economic Activities

The coastal areas of Bataan are being

utilized for fisheries and shellfish culture, shipping

and navigation, industries, tourism and recreation,

and built-up areas.

Fisheries and Aquaculture

Bataan has a total of 84 coastal barangaysin 10 coastal municipalities, and 1 coastal city.

Fishing is the most practiced activity along the

coastal and sea areas of Bataan. Around 220,032

or 34.45 % of the population is mainly dependent

on this activity as their source of livelihood. There

are two forms of fishing in the area; brackish water

aquaculture and capture fisheries. Capture

fisheries are for municipal and commercial fishing

activities.

Brackish Aquaculture

Brackish fishponds are present in the

municipalities of Hermosa, Orani, Samal, Abucay,

Pilar, Orion, and City of Balanga, where different

forms of fishes, mudcrabs, and prawns are being

cultured. One can also find along these areas

the stretches of mangroves and mudflats that

serve as breeding ground of fish, buffer zone,

and protection of the fishponds and coastal

communities during tidal inundation. One of the

major areas of concern is the illegal expansion of

fishponds, which encroach on the mangroves, as

well as mudflat areas.

About 4.30 hectares are utilized as

brackish water fishponds, which harvest 7

metric tons per hectare and 143.70 hectares for

freshwater fishpond with a production of 5.5 metric

tons per hectare. Production ranges from 2.8 to 5.5

metric tons or 2.80 to 5.50 kg of milkfish, prawn,

and tilapia per hectare.

Municipal Fisheries

With the application of the 15-km. limit

under RA 8550 and RA 7160 (Local Government

Code), the whole stretch of Manila Bay generally

fall under municipal waters of the different LGUs

along the bay except for a small area of the center

of the bay. This serves as the rights of municipal

fishermen to utilize the bay for their own activities,

particularly in Bataan where traditional and

marginalized fishermen mostly depend for their

livelihood.

As of 2002, there were 6,715 registered

motorized bancas and 3,405 non-motorized

bancas for the municipal fishing activities for the

whole province. There are about 18 fishing vessels

with 18 operators for commercial fishing. (Source:

PPDO MTDP 2002)

Transboundary issue among LGUs along

the bay is a common problem because the

application of 15-km. limit results in overlapping

jurisdictions. Equity sharing among the LGUs is

one of the recommended solutions in this CLSUZP

(see Map 2).

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Marine turtles at the Pawikan Conservation Center in Morong.

On the western side of the province,

the application of the 15-km. municipal waters

limit is a problem of Morong with the Province of

Zambales and the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority(SBMA). Municipal and traditional fishermen also

experience conflicting uses due to the presence

of beaches and other tourism and recreational

activities in the area. The presence of nesting

sites of marine turtles along the beaches of Bagac

and Morong should likewise be considered in the

tourism, industrial, and real estate development.

Commercial Fisheries

Several commercial fishing vessels thatweigh greater than three (3) gross tonnages (GT)

operate within Manila Bay. Others operate outside

of Manila Bay as far as South China Sea. RA 8550

authorizes or permits small-scale (3.1 20 GT)

commercial fishing and medium-scale (20.1 150

GT) commercial fishing vessels to operate within

the 10.1 to 15-km. area from the shoreline of the

municipal waters on the condition that there are

permits from the city/municipal government, and

acting pursuant to an appropriate ordinance. This

has created problems, such as over-fishing and

resulted in conflicts within the municipal waters,

especially the competition between traditional

and municipal fishing and commercial fishing.

Such conflicts are prevalent in the municipalities of

Limay, Mariveles, and Morong. Bagac is the only

LGU in Bataan that passed an ordinance allowing

small- and medium-scale commercial fishing

vessels to operate within its municipal waters.

Large-scale commercial fishing is defined

as utilizing active gears and vessels of more than

150 GT.

Shipping and Navigation

Manila Bay is one of the important

avenues of development of the country which rely

on shipping and navigational activities. This can

be seen on the coastal side of Bataan where heavy

industries are complemented with shipping and

navigational system. This is mainly concentrated

in the municipalities of Limay and Mariveles. In

addition, the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) was

able to establish three (3) national ports: Port

of Lamao, Port of Mariveles, and Port of Orion.

The ports of Lamao and Mariveles are utilized

for cargo vessels and chemical and oil tankers.

Custom duties are derived from them. Port of Orion

was established for roll on roll off (RORO) and

passenger ferries. All ships and ferries are bound

for Manila and other domestic and international

destinations.

There is also the Maritime Academy

of Asia and the Pacific (MAAP), which makesuse of the bay as their training ground for their

students.

The Ports of Lamao and Mariveles are

among the high-risk areas for oil spills in Manila

Bay (Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan).

It is therefore necessary to set up permanent

shipping and navigational lanes and aids to avoidaccidents that may arise along the bay due tomultiple resource uses.

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Residential area along the coast in Brgy. Lamao, Limay,Bataan

A fishing village in Brgy. Palihan, Orani, Bataan

Industrial Activities along Coastal Areas

Medium and heavy industries such aspetrochemical estate, oil refineries and depot,power generating plants, grains terminal andeconomic zones are concentrated along thecoastal areas of Limay and Mariveles. Theseindustries are the frequent users of the bay.Other than their extensive facilities and structuresthat are positioned on the significant portion

of the shoreline, some of these large industrialestablishments have constructed and maintainedtheir own ports, piers, and berthing facilities in

support of their activities.

Tourism and Recreational Activities

There are only a few areas along the

Manila Bay which are being utilized for tourismand recreation. These areas are found in BalangaCity, Limay, and Mariveles. The primary areasintended for this purpose are located in the western

side of Bataan along South China Sea. These arethe coastal municipalities of Bagac and Morong,wherein numerous pristine beaches and potentialareas for tourism development are present. Thereis also an established Pawikan Conservation Projectin Nagbalayong, Morong and proposed to bereplicated in other areas of Bagac.

Built-up Areas

Built-up areas consist of residential,institutional, commercial, and small-scale

enterprises. Aside from being a peninsular

province, the open and free access to fishing andother sources of fresh food items has becomea strong attraction to the people of Bataan and

nearby provinces to locate in the coastal areas.Most of the municipalities in Bataan along ManilaBay are experiencing the pressure of increasingsettlement in their respective coastal areas. Thethreat on other resources, such as mangroves andmudflats continues to crop up due to continuousreclamation and encroachment of people for theirsettlement and other purposes.

Existing Zones/Uses

The existing zones and uses as on Map

4 shows many overlapping and conflicting usesof coastal and municipal waters in the 10 coastalmunicipalities and 1 coastal city of Bataan.Concerned LGUs as mandated by RA 7160 finda hard time to manage their territorial jurisdictionover coastal and municipal waters due to absenceof clear demarcation of water boundaries.

Multiple resource-use conflicts alsocontinue to proliferate resulting in over-utilizationand depletion of coastal and marine resources.Incompatible uses of existing zones hamper thedevelopment of full potential and sustainability ofeach zone.

The aggravating problems will beresolved with the full cooperation of LGUs andother stakeholders concerned in proper coastalmanagement and implementation of this zoningplan.

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Map 4. Existing Zones and Uses of Bataan

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Socio-economic Condition of Fisherfolks

A comparison of income and social

standing of fishers households indicates that thepoverty situation remains unchanged. After the first

major fishery sector project (1990-1994), it is noted

that 80% of the fishers households were still below

the poverty threshold despite major interventions,

ranging from full investment packages for fishing

boats and equipment, to community-based coastal

resources management.

The latest family income and expenditure

survey (NSO, 2001) indicated that economic and

social parameters for fishers households reinforcedthis observation. The data showed that in 2000

(Socio-economic characteristics of households in

the Philippines, 2000 NSO, 2001), households

whose heads were fishers had significantly higher

poverty incidence than any other household in

general. Furthermore, the average annual income

of fishers household and those who work in the

fishing industry was about P70,000.00, less than

half of the average annual income of households in

general which is approximately P144,000.00. This

translates to an average daily income of around

P192.00 or roughly, the retail value of 2-kg. of

fish. Low income can be attributed to declining

fish catch, estimated to be about 2-kg. per day at

present, down from 20-kg. per day, which was the

average catch during the 1970s.

Because of low-income levels, a greater

portion of the income of fishers households is

spent on food expenditures and a much lesser

share is used for other items, compared to the

income of households in general. It is interesting to

note that fishers household has a relatively higherrate of spending on vices, like alcohol and tobacco,

than in any other household in general.

Based on the National Statistics Offices

(NSOs) 2001 data, households of fishers have

head of families with relatively low education levels,

compared to other households in general. More

than two-thirds of fishing households have head

of families that are elementary undergraduates.

In contrast, about half of households in general

have heads who hve attained higher education

level. Fishers households have lower access rates

to basic necessities like safe water, sanitary toilets,

and electricity than other households and are more

likely to live in makeshift houses or are informal

settlers. Also, the size of households of fishers andof those in the fishing industry is greater than the

national average.

2.4. EXISTING POLICIES ANDINSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

The policy review discusses the legal

framework for the management and conservation

of the coastal and marine ecosystem and resourcesof the Province of Bataan. It involves only key

process of legislation at the national level including

Philippine Constitution, Presidential Decrees and

Republic Acts and Policy Directives emanating from

national government agencies. Resolutions and

ordinances and explicit policy directives articulated

in the different land-use plan documents affecting

the coastal environment originating from Provincial

and Municipal/City Government are likewise

discussed. The nature of the national-provincial-

city/municipal policy framework for the coastal

environment is complex, primarily because of the

sheer number and overlaps of a multitude of legal

and policy measures and the institutions tasked to

implement them. Given this, a number of policy

options and choices will need to be studied and

considered carefully by the provincial government

and city and municipalities of Bataan in order to

be more effective in managing the coastal/marine

environment and resources.

Table 4 shows the key international

conventions and national and local policies andlegislations. The Review of Policies and Institutional

Arrangements is in Appendix A.

At the International and National Level

As far as international laws or policies are

concerned, Bataans effort to zone on a provincial

level should continue to follow, if not improve

on the pronouncement already found in existing

plans at the provincial and city/municipal levels.

This is because the various documents from the

local development plans to Bataan Sustainable

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Table 3. Socio-economic characteristics of households in the Phils., 2000 (NSO, 2001)

* Proportion of families whose per capita income cannot meet the minimum food and non-foodrequire. (Source: NSO 2001. Family Income and Expenditures Survey)

Household Characteristic

% of households whose heads areAll Households

(%)FishersIn the fishing

industryPoverty Incidence*

61.9 59.933.7

Distribution of households b educationalattainment of the head

No grade completed 6.5 4.3 4.1

Elementary undergraduate 76.4 77.9 53.3

Elementary graduate 12.3 12.7 20.3

1st - 3rd year high school 3.4 3.6 10.6

High school graduate 0.3 0.3 1.2

College undergraduate 0.2 0.1 0.7

At least college graduate 0.9 1.2 9.8

Access to safe drinking water 61.8 65.8 78.5

Access to sanitary toilet facility 51.5 54.2 82.5

Access to electricity 51.2 55.5 75.4

Proportion living in makeshift houses 2.8 2.8 2

Proportion who are squatting 5.9 6.1 3.1

Mean family size (number) 5.6 5.6 5.1

Mean income70,244 72,959 144,039

Mean expenditure62,445 64,297 118,002

Exependiture pattern

Total household expenditure 100.0 100.0 100.0

Food

59.3 58.5 43.6

Alcoholic beverages 1.2 1.3 0.7

Tobacco2.4 2.4 1.1

Fuel, light and water 5.9 6 6.3

Transportation & communication3.2 3.4 6.8

Household operations 18.4 18.4 23.2

Personal care & effects 3.5 3.5 3.6

Clothing, footwear & others 2.4 2.4 2.7

Education2.3 2.3 4.2

Recreation 0.2 0.3 0.5

Medical care 1.2 1.3 1.9

Non-durable furnishings 0.3 0.3 0.2

Durable furniture & equipment 1.4 1.5 2.5

Taxes0.4 0.4 2.1

House rent 7.9 7.8 14.2

House maintenance & minorrepairs

0.9 0.9 0.9

Special family occasions 1.7 2 2.4

Gifts & contribution to others 0.9 0.8 0.9

Other expenditures 2.9 2.9 2.9

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Development Strategy are at least in written,

principle. Consistent with national laws, these

are attuned to international treaties, conventions,

and agreements. An example of the linkage ofenvironmental principles are the United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory

Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention), and

Convention on International Trade of Endangered

Species (CITES), Biodiversity Convention, Ramsar

Convention on Wetlands, which all contain

stipulations on conservation of living resources,

particularly migratory and endangered species,

which in turn are consistent with the commitment

to sustainable development in Rio Declaration andthe United Nations Agenda 21. Going down the

line, many resources and environmental laws of

the Philippines in the last decade (e.g. NIPAS Act,

Agriculture and Fishery Modernization Act, Clean Air

Act, etc.) explicitly stress sustainable development

as a guiding principle. Hence, implementation of

such laws would presumably be in accordance

with international treaties, thereby translating

abstract commitment into material local mandate.

Moreover, recent Philippine environmental laws

(e.g., Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act, Clean Water Act, etc.) are simultaneously

compliant with United Nation Seventh Millennium

Development Goal to ensure environmental

sustainability, in particular through integrating the

principles of sustainable development into country

policies and programs.

Seeking further affirmation beyond

stipulation on environmental protection are to be

found in the 1987 Constitution and the various

laws related to agriculture (e.g. RA 7881), fishery

and marine resources (e.g. RA 8550), wildlife andhabitat protection (RA 9147, RA 7586), forestry

code (PD 705), and land use (e.g. RA 7279), which

can be a basis of elaborating higher policies for

the purpose of operationalization. Table 4 shows

the different policy concerns across sectors.

At the Provincial Level

Based on the review of provincial plans,

it is apparent that the chosen growth strategy of

Bataan is to develop itself as an agro-industrial

province with strong emphasis on ecological

tourism. The latter, in turn, will permit the

preservation of forest areas and prime agricultural

lands. As medium-term policy statement, the

existing laws on environmental protection shall beupheld and enforced, while actions to provide basic

infrastructure that have environmental implication

(e.g., sanitary landfill sewage treatment) shall be

encouraged in the city and municipalities. Notably,

the provincial plans are specific about certain

agency duties identifying DENR-EMB, DILG, DA,

BFAR, and DAR as lead agencies in environmental

management and agricultural land conversion

and development. One should also observe that

although the chosen development is consistent with

the regional development framework assigningBataan West Coast to ecotourism and its East

Coast to agro-industry, actual implementation

may differ given key industrial location in Mariveles

(Bataan Economic Zone), Morong (Bataan

Technology Park), Limay (Petron Bataan Refinery)

and Hermosa (Hermosa Agro-industrial Estate).

With respect to the development and

conservation of the coastal/marine environment,

the Provincial Government is very much aware

of its role as steward of these natural resources

and the need to protect these as the provinces

life support system, not only biologically, but also

economically and socially. The stakeholders of

Bataan have developed and adopted the Bataan

Coastal Strategy, Bataan Declaration of support

and commitment, and the Bataan Sustainable

Development Strategy. A large part of the provincial

economy is anchored on sustainable resource use

and development, not only of its land resources but

also its marine resources. Therefore, sustainable

development policies are in place at the provincial

level.

At the City/Municipal Level

The development plans at Provincial and

City/Municipal levels are vertically aligned. Policy

statements from City/Municipal comprehensive

land use plans are reviewed to be consistent with

provincial vision and directions. The proposed

strategies are appropriate to each local government

unit, particularly on socio-economic development

aspect.


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With regard to coastal resource use, the

overall impression derived is that policy statements

and eventual implementations may be more

focused in key areas in order to be effective inthe long run. One strong policy area of the city/

municipalities is on fishery resources, particularly

on the illegal and destructive fishing methods.

Several municipalities have explicit municipal

ordinances on fishery, such as Balanga, Samal,

Abucay, Orion, Limay, Mariveles, and Bagac.

These policy areas can be further strengthened

in all coastal municipalities and proclaim an

integrated policy on fisheries. This would facilitate

the sharing of resources, services, and information

among contigous municipalities particularlyin apprehending violators. An integrated and

harmonized fishery policy for the whole province

would likewise minimize the growing conflicts in

the use of various marine resources.

2.5. MAJOR ENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMS AND MULTIPLE-USECONFLICTS

The sustainable development of Bataans

coastal areas lies in the resolution of five (5) major

problems that are very common in all communities

residing along the Manila Bay area. These problems

were identified during the consultation workshops

conducted with the different stakeholders and users

of the coastal areas of the concerned municipalities

of Bataan. Problems identified were: pollution

from land- and sea-based activities; siltation

and sedimentation; illegal and destructive fishing

methods; proliferation of informal settlers; and

habitat degradation (Map 5).

The waste generated from land- and sea-based activities is a problem for all. Absence of

proper waste management in most communities

along Manila Bay aggravates the problem with

wastes eventually ending up in the water bodies

of Bataan.

Siltation and sedimentation contribute to

the narrowing and shallowing of waterways and

fishing grounds. This problem is mainly caused by

soil erosion from the watershed and upland areas.

The province has been taking steps to resolve thisproblem. Process of dredging and desilting of

shallow rivers and waterways is currently underway.

Continuous reforestations in upland and watershed

areas are included in the annual programming and

implementation plan of Bataan.

Illegal and destructive fishing methods

are being fully addressed. The full support of

fisherfolks and concerned agencies backing up the

campaign is an important factor. The creation and

utilization of the Anti-Illegal Fishing Task Force is

concrete evidence of the intent to totally eradicate

this problem. The task force has been curbing out

the proliferation of illegal fishing activities in the

coastal and sea areas of the province resulting in

an increase in fish catch of sustenance fishermen.

At present, there are 2 patrol boats (28-footer

fast crafts) and around 20 motorized bancas

monitoring and patrolling the coastal waters of

Bataan.

The provision in RA 8550, which provide

among other things, that apprehended vessels,equipment, nets, and other paraphernalia

engaged in illegal fishing, such as blasting and

cyanide, can be impounded for the duration of the

case filed against it. This will curb illegal fishing

such as trawl, buli-buli,sudsod, etc. A bill should

be filed to make it applicable to all forms of illegal

fishing and this can be easily replicated to other

areas in the country.

Prol i ferat ion of informal set t lers

contributes to the declining mangrove areas due

to encroachment and illegal activities like cutting of

The Anti-illegal Fishing Task Force, together with BantayDagat (sea wardens), patrol and monitor the coastal waters

and apprehend violators.

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Figure 6. Multiple-Use Conflicts

trees. This issue leads to the narrowing of waterways

that is aggravating the pollution problem due to

improper waste management.

LGUs are now in the process of drafting

resettlement plans to lessen the impact of this

problem in their respective municipalities.

Habitat degradation or loss of precioushabitats will lead to low or even loss of fish catch

and other resources, and loss of functional integrity

of ecosystems.

Mitigating measures are now being done

to reduce the effects of these problems in the

coastal areas of the province.

Apart from the issues and problems that

need to be addressed are the multiple-use conflicts

(Figure 6). These conflicts affect the proper

maximum utilization of the coastal area and the

social conditions.

Some of the conflicts are shipping vs.

fishing and aquaculture; reclamation vs. mangrove

and mudflat protection; land development vsagriculture and fishponds; tourism vs. informal

settling and others.

With all these existing issues, problems,

and multiple-use conflicts, the coastal environment

of Bataan is currently facing environmental

and ecological threats that will endanger the

sustainable livelihood and living conditions of the

communities in the coastal area.

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Lack of sewage treatment and solid waste management systems has caused the continous deterioration of the water quality of rivers

and coastal waters.

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26

Map 5. Coastal Issues and Problems


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Chapter 3:

COASTAL LAND- AND SEA-USE ZONES

3.1. CLASSIFICATION OF ZONES

The proposed delineation of different

zones state their functionality based on their

potential uses and socio-economic development

within the coastal and marine areas.

Specific zones along coastal zones alongManila Bay had been matched up with the existing

zones identified in the comprehensive land-use

plans of the different municipalities and city of the

province.

Classification and identification of coastal

zones had been undertaken with due consideration

of the complexity of multiple use conflicts, existing

and proposed levels of development, existing uses,

desired outcomes of uses, and suitability criteria.

The analysis of issues and problems concerning

the various uses in the coastal and marine areas

is in Appendix B. Stakeholder consultations and

common understanding also brought out the

desired classification of other zones. These served

as the crucial factors towards delineating coastal-

use zones focusing mainly on identification of

areas intended for conservation and protection,

sustainable use and proper management of coastal

and marine resources.

There are twelve (12) coastal zones that

have been identified by the stakeholders andassessed for suitability and compatibility. Maps 6

17 show the maps and locations of the following

zones:

1. Agricultural Zone

2. Aquaculture Zone

3. Built-Up Area

4. Coral Reef Restoration and

Protection Zone

5. Industrial Zone

6. Mangrove and Mudflat Zone

7. Municipal Fishing Zone

8. Sanctuaries (birds, marine

turtles, fish, marine reserve)

9. Seagrass Restoration and Protection

Zone

10. Shipping and Navigational Zone

11. Tourism Zone (recreational, cultural,

eco-tourism)

12. Traditional Fishing Zone

The coastal use zoning involved the

assessment of functional uses, and suitability of the

identified zones (Table 5) and compatibility of zones

(Table 6). The Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zoning

Plan, as shown in Map 18, designates specific uses

of the different zones based on feasible economic

and environmental benefits of the coastal uses

and resources of Bataan. The zoning plan also

addresses the issues related to priorities of certain

users and the need to reconcile and/or prevent

incompatibilities between and among the different

stakeholders and users of the municipal water and

coastal resources of the province. The CLSUZP

also introduces solutions to reduce multiple-

use conflicts, maintain environmental quality,

and ensure the sustainable management and

development of the coastal and marine areas.

a. Agriculture Zone (including fishponds)

Agricultural areas also cover a portion

of the coastal stretch of Bataan. Areas are being

Ricefields abound along stretches of land in Bataan.

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utilized for agricultural production of crops, suchas rice, vegetables, mangoes, coconut, androot crops. There are backyard piggeries and

poultries that are also being raised in the area. Alarge portion of the coastal land, stretching fromHermosa to Orion, is used for brackish waterfishponds where milkfish, tilapia, shrimp, and otherfish are cultured.

b. Aquaculture

Aquaculture is defined under RA 8550

as fishery operation involving all forms of raising

and culturing fish and other fishery species in fresh,

brackish, and marine water areas.

This plan defines the aquaculture zone as

an area intended for fish and shellfish operations

like fishpens, fish cages, and mussel and oyster

culture. Following the provisions of RA 8550, the

aquaculture areas should not exceed 10 percent

of the municipal waters. The size allocation for the

aquaculture structures should be agreed upon by

the different stakeholders and users of the area,

with the approval of the local governments. The

province has big socio-economic potential for

the establishment and management of this zone.

However, impacts of aquaculture such as the

excessive use of feeds that affect water quality,

have to be mitigated.

c. Built-up Zone

This zone covers areas where residential,

commercial, educational/academic and institutional

structures are being built/constructed.

A management plan on the existing built-

up areas should be prepared and implementedto minimize the effect of generated problems on

the adjacent zones such as agricultural zone,

aquaculture, fisheries, mangrove areas, and

tourism zone. Specific area for new built-up zones

should be carefully studied and evaluated to ensure

that it will not aggravate the problem on coastal

environment.

d. Coral Reef Restoration and ProtectionZone

Coral reefs consist of large rigid structuralmass of calcium carbonate formed by cement-like

Fish pens in Bgy. Wawa,Abucay, Bataan

skeletal remains resulting from successive growth

and development of hemaxypic corals. Coral reefs

are considered one of the important and integral

parts of marine ecosystem, and need to be restoredand protected. It serves as nursery and shelter for

fish and other associated marine species. They also

provide shoreline protection by absorbing wave

energy.

Coral reefs can also be associated with

tourism-related activities, such as diving and

snorkelling. These habitats are visible in the coastal

municipalities of Mariveles, Bagac, and Morong.

Species of bird nest corals (Seriatopora sp.),

Pocilliopora sp., Porites sp., Lobophyllia hemprichii,Lobophyllia sp., Heli, Galaxea sp., Favites sp.,

Bodiannus mesothorax, and Acropora sp. are

commonly found in the reefs of Bagac.

Unfortunately, these reefs show signs of

damage due to destructive fishing techniques, e.g.

cyanide and dynamite fishing. The establishment

of the coral reef restoration and protection zone

is aimed at mitigating the further destruction

of existing coral re

Documents

Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zoning Plan of the Province of Bataan