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Participatory Coastal Development PlanningParticipatory Coastal Development PlanningDay 3: Coastal Zoning and Management Day 3: Coastal Zoning and Management
PlanningPlanning
Issue identificationand baseline assessment
CRM planpreparation
and adoption
Action plan and project
implementation
Local legislation
Coastal lawenforcement
Regulation
Externalrevenuesources
Annual programpreparation andbudgeting
Revenuegeneration
Monitoring and evaluation
Information management, education andoutreach
Issue identificationand baseline assessment
CRM planpreparation
and adoption
Action plan and project
implementation
Local legislation
Coastal lawenforcement
Regulation
Local legislation
Coastal lawenforcement
Regulation
Externalrevenuesources
Externalrevenuesources
Annual programpreparation andbudgeting
Annual programpreparation andbudgeting
RevenuegenerationRevenuegeneration
Monitoring and evaluation
Information management, education andoutreach
The CRM CycleThe CRM CyclePressures and Threats Identification is also important:
remember the causal chain analyses
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CRM Vision
Participatory Coastal Development Planning
? a planning process and a management tool;?delineation of areas or zones for priority uses;? addresses conflicting interests among resource-users;?pro-active participation of various stakeholders? opportunity to identify development opportunities
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Possible Objectives
?to harmonize resource uses competing in the shared watersand allows stakeholders to reach a consensus
on use and management of coastal resources
? to protect important habitat or ecosystem and endangeredspecies;
? to reserve suitable areas for particular human activities;
? to provide policies and guidelines in good governance in coastal resource management;
? to provide programs and strategies for the developmentof the coastal zone
Some Guiding Principles
? sustainable use of resources;
? equitable use and allocation of benefits;
?promote Functionality, Transparency, Accountability and Participatory [FTAP] decision-making in CRM planning and implementation
?holistic and integrated approach
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Requirements
?Commitment and willingness of the LGU and the communities
? Identification of environmental, socio-economic, cultural and legal-institutional issues
?Defined management unit (e.g. municipal waters and boundaries)
? Identification of resources, resource-uses and resource-users
?Understanding of basic ecological principles,coastal ecosystems and marine populations
?Knowledge of various resource management tools and options
Basic Ecology and Ecological PrinciplesEcosystem - interaction and inter-relationships of the
biotic and abiotic components of the environment
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Data Gathering through PCRA, identification of:
Resources - elements in the environment used by individualsor society to satisfy particular needs
Resource-Uses
- ways of utilizing the elements in the specificarea and time
Resource-Users
- the stakeholders in Coastal Resources Management- individuals or group of individuals who tap various elements in the environment to satisfyneeds and wants
See also Causal Chain Analyses, Pressure State Response Model (PSR) and DPSIR
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Identification of environmental, socio-economic and legal-institutional issues through:
?Ecological Profiling/Situational Analysis
?Community Resource- and Resource-Use Mapping
Validation of PCRA Results
Commitment and Willingness of the LGU and the Communities?Data gathering, consolidation and analysis?Community consultations?Drafting of plan?Legislation? Implementation, monitoring and evaluation
The Planning Process
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Participatory Coastal Resources Assessment- Status of Coastal Habitat and Fisheries - Socio-Economic and Cultural Analysis- Issues Identification
Orientation on coastal zoning
Formation of multi-sectoral TWG
Enhance implementation of marine sanctuaries and enforcement of fishery laws
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Community Consultations
Consolidation of Zonation Plans
Village 1Village 2Village 3Village x
Village 1Village 2Village 3Village x
Village 1Village 2Village 3Village x
Village 1Village 2Village 3Village x
Cluster 1 Cluster 3Cluster 2 Cluster x
Consensus on Municipal Coastal Zonation SchemeSetting of Vision, Mission and Goals Refined/improved Situational Analysis and
Resource- Resource-Use MapsIdentification of appropriate Resource Management Tools
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Formation of Plan Drafting Committee
Options Assessment WorkshopsEcological
Socio-culturalEconomic
Policy and IEC Support Workshops
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Multi-Sectoral ForumPresentation of Draft Coastal Development Plan
Refinement of Draft Plan by the TWG
Legitimization of CDP? public hearings? passing of ordinance
Enhance Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation? formation of monitoring team
Chapter V Management, Use and Development of Coastal and Fishery Resource
General Principles and Policies Jurisdiction of Municipal Waters Users of Coastal Waters Grant of Exclusive Fishery Registry of Municipal Fishers Zonation of the Coastal Area and Municipal Waters
Chapter VI Zonal Management Strategies, Programs and Investment Plan
Marine Sanctuary Zone Policies Strategic Activities Management System Investment Plan
Wildlife Sanctuary and Eco -Tourism Zone Policies Strategic Activities Information, Education, and Communication Campaign Institutio nal Strengthening and Capacity Building Monitoring and Evaluation Management System Investment Plan
Mangrove and Fishpond Zone Policies Strategic Activities Information, Education, and Communication Campaign Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building Monitoring and Evaluation Management System Investment Plan
Multiple Fishery Zone Policies Strategic Activities Capacity Building Information, Education and Communication Campaign Monitoring and Evaluation Investment Plan
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Coastal fishery resources-
Fish, invertebrates, seaweeds
? Fish is principal protein source (70% of total animal protein intake)
? Individual consumption decreased from 40.0 kg/yr (1987) to 35.0 kg/yr in 1996, projected to decrease to 10 kg/yr by 2010
Economic benefits from fisheries
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Municipal fisheries-major source of food security and livelihood
Total fishery production per fishery sector
• comprise ~34% of total fisheryproduction
Contribution to employment per fishery sector
• provides employment to 5% of thenational labor force; ~68% involvedin municipal fisheries
Municipal fisheries production is declining
Trends of catch per unit effort since 1948
• legally most municipal waters are reserved exclusively for use of municipal fishers
Total fishery production trends per sector
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‘Open-access’ can lead to fishery collapse
• No regulation ? too much fishing effort ?overfishing
• Harvest can exceed rate of replacement or reproduction of fish? recruitment overfishing; growth overfishing
• Sizes of fish caught become smaller
• High-priced fish is replaced by low-priced fish; ? in fishermen’s income
Sample problem tree : Low fish catch
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Key Concepts in Fisheries Management
?The ability to predict ecosystem behavior is limited;?Ecosystems have real thresholds and limits;?Once thresholds and limits have been exceeded,
changes can be irreversible;?Diversity is important to ecosystem functioning;?Multiple scales interact within and among ecosystems;?Components of ecosystems are linked;?Ecosystem boundaries are open;?Ecosystems change with time
(EPAP, 1999)
Some objectives of Fisheries Management
Possible Objective Main GoalsSustainability Efficiency Equity
Maximize catches *Maximize profit *Conserve fish stocks *Stabilize stock levels *Maintain healthy ecosystem *Provide employment *Increase fisher’s income *Reduce conflicts among fishers *Maintain low consumer prices *Increase cost-effectiveness *Reduce overcapacity * *Increase fish exports *Provide government revenue *
(modified from Clark,1985)
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Elements of a Typical Fishery Sector
•Different types of fisheries (e.g. species, gear) that comprise the sector
•Resource base for each fishery:resource types; habitats
Harvesting Sectorfleet; fishers; landing sites and infrastructure
Post-harvest and Marketing sectorprocessing, retailing, exports
Support servicesboat builders, gear and equipment suppliers
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Fisheries Management Options
Method Aim/Effect
•Limit access limits the number of participants in fishery- ideally number of licensing, permits issuedshould be based on maximum sustainable yield
I. Regulation of Fishing Effort
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•Restrict gears ban or limit types of gears that can be used in a particular place and time to allow immature fish to grow or protect habitats
•Size Limits Specifies the minimum/maximum size of fish that can be landed to ensure replenishment of fish populations
Method Aim/Effect
e.g. regulated non-active gears
•Open and Close Season
Protects a specific part of the stock at a particular place or time usually spawning or young fish.
Also controls the total effort in a particular area of the stock or period of the year.
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•Catch Quotas
Limits the amount of fish taken from the stock during a fishing season/annually, e.g.
Industry Quotas- total allowable catch (TAC is divided up among participants in the fishery
Individual Transferable quotas (ITQ)- Quotas may be transferred, sold or traded.
Use Rights
AccessRights
HarvestRights
Territorial Rights (TURFs)
Limited EntryAccess Rights
Input/EffortRights
Output/CatchRights
Time/LocationRights
GearRights
AnnualQuotas
Trip Limits
FISHERY
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II. Ecosystem-based measuresa. Habitat Protection
Marine Protected Areas –e.g. fish sanctuaries
• Mangrove Reforestation
•Seagrass or Coral transplantation
b. Habitat Restoration
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c. Habitat Creation, and Enhancement
• Fish Attracting/Aggregating Device• Artificial Reefs
e. Restocking/Reseeding
III. People-Focused Measures
1. Public Education
2. Community Development
3. Incentive Systems to manage excess fishing capacity
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Incentives – inducements to motivate LGUs and local communities to improve management of coastal resources and municipal fisheries
Must consider
• Economic constraints- cost of monitoring, policing and regulation
• Formal constraints – laws, government policies, property rights
• Social constraints – cultural norms, customs, etiquette, etc.
• Compliance – level of observance of formal and social rules
OthersEmpowerment?Co-management?Right access to information ?Self regulation?Third party rights to challenge decisions
Leases and Licenses?Harvest licenses?Breeding licenses?Export permits?Bio-prospecting permits
Awards?Awards?Prizes
Accreditation Schemes?Labelling?Industry accreditation?Special status agreements
Property Rights?Exclusive use rights?Tradable access permits or fishing shares?Conservation covenant
Leverage Mechanisms?Cross compliance?Conditional grant
Regulations?Harvesting permits?Fishing regulations ?Development zoning?Precautionary standards
Financial Programmes?Agreements?Grants?Compensation payments
Information ?Education?Extension?Research?Monitoring
Bonds and Deposits?Conditional resource security?Performance bonds
Charges?Tourist levies?Pollution charges?User fees
Institutional Mechanisms ?Sectoral agreements ?Regional agreements?National agreements
Enforcement?Fines?Forfeiture of rights?Auditing/reporting
Tax Policy?Tax exemptions?Tax deductions
Possible Incentives and Disincentives for CRM
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I.I. Introduction Introduction A. Purpose and Scope of PlanA. Purpose and Scope of PlanB. Legislative Authority for the B. Legislative Authority for the ActionAction
II. Management ContentII. Management ContentA. Regional and Municipal SettingA. Regional and Municipal SettingB.1. Physical FeaturesB.1. Physical FeaturesB.2. Biological Ecosystems B.2. Biological Ecosystems B.3. Situational Analyses and B.3. Situational Analyses and Existing Existing UsesUses
C. Existing Legal and Management C. Existing Legal and Management FrameworkFrameworkD. Existing Potential Threats and D. Existing Potential Threats and Implications for ManagementImplications for ManagementE. The Plan E. The Plan
1. Goals and Objectives1. Goals and Objectives2. Administration and Site 2. Administration and Site
DevelopmentDevelopment3. Information, Education and 3. Information, Education and
Capacity Building and Communication Capacity Building and Communication Programs Programs
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4. Policies, Legislation and 4. Policies, Legislation and Enforcement Enforcement 5. Sustainable Financing 5. Sustainable Financing 6. Monitoring and Evaluation6. Monitoring and Evaluation7. Penal and Transitory Provisions7. Penal and Transitory Provisions
Fisheries Management Plan Outline
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I. Background and RationaleII. Planning ObjectivesIII. Scope and Duration of the Plan IV. Provincial Fisheries Profile
• Bathymetry and hydrography• Resource diversity• Fish production and catch per major
gear • Fishing effort and catch per unit
effort (distribution of effort/gear; fisher density)
V. Problems, Issues and ConcernsVI. Vision, Mission and GoalVII. Management, Use and Development of
the Fishery Resources– Statement of General Principles and
Policies– Jurisdiction of Municipal Waters– Users of Municipal Water Resources– Registry of Municipal Fishers– Registry of Boats– Issuances of Licenses
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Penalty:First Offense - WarningSecond Offense – Fine of P500.00Third Offense – Fine of P2,000 or
imprisonment for 6 mos to 1 year, or both
Funding Mechanisms:• Annual management cost > P200,000• Initial funding from outside sources (FPE,
Oxfam, ICCO, etc. c/o Pipuli foundation)• Subsequently, resource users to pay for mgt.
• Scheme of payments for fishing permits:
Type of Gear Amount (Pesos)Hook and line 20Fish corral 300Gill net 50Lamp/spear fishing from boat 50Lamp/spear on reef flats 20 Small traps 20Comm. sea urchin gathering 50Reef gleaning 5Mangrove gleaning 5
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DB REMO Management Structure
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Resource Management Council/ExeCom
ADVISERS: LGU officials Line Agencies (DA, DENR) PNP
Bantay Dagat (Enforcement)
Livelihood Committee
Economic/ Finance Com.
Special Projects
Admin. Staff Monitoring & Research Comm.
PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATIONS
Sample for Danao Bay in Mindanao
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Sec. 2. Classification of City Waters – The City Waters of Davao are hereby divided and classified into the following
major zones:
A. City Fishing Zone, “A1”;
B. Commercial Fishing Zone, “A2”;
C. Aquaculture / Mariculture Zone, “A3”;
D. Fishing Reserves / Fish Sanctuaries, and “A4”;
E. Demarcated Fishing Areas, “A5”;
F. Navigational Lanes, “A6”; and,
G. Waters Under Jurisdiction of Other Offices or Agencies, “A7”.
Sec. 3. City Fishing Zone.- The City Fishing Zone shall comprise all waters within Inland and Marine City Waters. The City Fishing Zone may be further subdivided into sub-zones for specific fishing activities by the City Mayor through the recommendation of CAO.
A map/chart of the City Fishing Zone is hereto attached as Annex “A-1”