MIDNAPORE · PDF fileB.Sc. (Hons.) Microbiology Page 5 Unit IV: Microbial Diversity Bacteria with unusual properties: Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Archaebacteria,

B.Sc. (Hons.) Microbiology

MIDNAPORE COLLEGE

Accreditated by NAAC: Grade

P.O. – Midnapore, Paschim Medinipore


THREE YEAR (6 SEMESTER

Department of

MIDNAPORE COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)

Accreditated by NAAC: Grade-A CGPA - 3.58 (in 4 point scale)

Midnapore, Paschim Medinipore - 721101

Syllabus

For


6 SEMESTER) FULL TIME PROGRAMME

Department of Microbiology

(Effective from 2016)

Page 1

MIDNAPORE COLLEGE

3.58 (in 4 point scale)

721101


) FULL TIME PROGRAMME

Microbiology

B.Sc. (Hons.) Microbiology Page 2

SEMESTER-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF SUBJECTS

Semester Paper Subject content Marks

Semester - 1 MCBH 101 Basic microbiology 50 (40 + 10)

MCBH 102 Practical 50 (25 + 25)

Semester - 2 MCBH 201 Microbial physiology 50 (40 + 10)

MCBH 202 Biochemistry 50 (40 + 10)


Semester - 3 MCBH 301 Microbial Metabolism and Biophysics 50 (40 + 10)

MCBH 302 Food, Industrial and Applied microbiology 50 (40 + 10)


Semester - 4 MCBH 401 Agricultural and Environmental

microbiology

50 (40 + 10)

MCBH 402 Basics of Computers, Bioinformatics,

Biostatistics and Bioinstrumentation

50 (40 + 10)


Semester - 5 MCBH 501 Immunology & Medical microbiology 50 (40 + 10)

MCBH 502 Microbial genetics & Molecular biology 50 (40 + 10)


Semester - 6 MCBH 601 Biotechnology 50 (40 + 10)

MCBH 602 Practical including Project work 50 (25 + 25)

The total number of Honours papers = Theory -10

Practical – 06

Honours theory 500 marks and Practical 300 marks.

For Theory, 20% (50% for written test and 50% for attendance) of each paper will be for

internal assessment.

For Practical, 50% marks will be from Continuous Internal Assessment (CIA), (Attendance

10% and Performance in Lab 40 %)


SEMESTER-1


pApER - mcbh 101

bAsIc mIcRobIology (40 lEctuREs)

Unit I: History of Development of Microbiology

Development of microbiology as a discipline, Spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis,

development of various microbiological techniques, concept of fermentation, establishment

of fields of medical microbiology, immunology and environmental microbiology with

special reference to the work of following scientists : Anton von Leeuwenhoek; Joseph

Lister; Paul Ehrlich; Edward Jenner; Louis Pasteur; Robert Koch; Martinus W. Beijerinck;

Sergei N. Winogradsky; Alexander Fleming; Selman A. Waksman; Elie Metchnikoff;

Norman Pace; Carl Woese; Ananda M. Chakraborty; Griffith; Avery, Macleod and

McCarty; Watson & Crick; Smith, Arber and Nathans.

Unit II: Microscopy and Staining Techniques

General principles of optics, different components of light wave (i.e. UV, Visible, IR),

compound microscopy, dark field, phase contrast microscopy, fluorescent microscopy,

electron microscopy (principles and applications).

Stains and staining techniques: Stains and Dyes; classification and types.

Types of staining: Simple (Monochrome, Negative), Differential (Gram, acid fast and

endospore staining) fungal and algal staining.

Unit III: Morphology of Bacteria

Size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cells.

Structures external to cell wall: Flagella, Pili, Capsule, Sheath and Prosthecae.

Structures internal to cell wall: Cell membrane, nuclear material, cell wall (Protoplast and

Sphaeroplast), spores, Cytoplasmic inclusions, Magnetosome and plasmids.

Bacterial endospore: ultra structure, chemistry, sporulation and germination.


Unit IV: Microbial Diversity

Bacteria with unusual properties: Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Archaebacteria,

Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetes.

Viruses: Viroids and Prions. A general introduction with special reference to the structure

of the following: TMV, poliovirus, T4 and λ phage, lytic and lysogenic cycles, one step

multiplication curve

Protozoa: General characteristics with special reference to Amoeba, Paramecium and

Giardia. Clinical significance of these pathogens.

Fungi: General characteristics of fungi including habitat, distribution, nutritional

requirements, fungal cell ultra- structure, thallus organization and aggregation, fungal wall

structure and synthesis, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, heterokaryosis,

heterothallism and parasexual mechanism. Detailed life cycle of Aspergillus and Rhizopus.

Algae: Thallus structure, classification (Smith, 1955) and class character. Economic

importance. Detailed life cycle of Laminaria and Oedogonium.


pApER – mcbh 102

bAsIc mIcRobIology pRActIcAl

1. Safety measures in Laboratory.

2. Study of student microscope and research microscope: Construction, working, principle, care

to be taken while using the microscope. Use of oil immersion objective.

3. Study of instruments: Autoclave, Hot air oven, Laminar air flow bench, Inoculation chamber,

inoculation loop and needle, Incubator, Centrifuge, pH meter, Seitz filter, membrane filter

and colorimeter/spectrophotometer.

4. Cleaning and sterilization of glassware.

5. Study of aseptic techniques: preparation of cotton plugs for test tubes and pipettes, wrapping

of petri- plates and pipettes, transfer of media and inoculums.

6. Staining of bacteria (Gram, Endospore and Capsule).

7. Study (permanent slides) of fungi and algae: Volvox, Spirogyra, Oedogonium, Aspergillus,

Penicillium, Rhizopus and Fusarium.


REcommEndEd books

1. Microbiology, Authors- Pelczar, Chan and Kreig.

2. Microbiology- an Introduction- (8th Edn), Authors- Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L.

3. General Microbiology, Authors- Stainer, Ingharam, Wheelis and Painter.

4. General Microbiology, Authors- Stainer RY. Ingharam JL. Wheelis ML. Painter PR

5. Biology of Microorganisms, Authors- Brock and Madigan.

6. Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology, Author- A.J. Salle.

7. Microbial Physiology, Authors- Moat and Foster.

8. Textbook of Microbiology, Authors- Dubey and Maheshwari.

9. Microbiology, Author- S.S. Purohit.

10. Immunology, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Author- K.C. Soni.

11. Microbiology, Author- R. P. Singh.

12. Microbiology A Practical Approach Authors- Patel and Phanse

13. Aneja K.R. Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology, Tissue culture and Mushroom

cultivation, New Age International, New Delhi.

14. Atlas R.M. Microbiology- Fundamentals and applications, Macmillan Publishing Company

, New York.

15. Benson Harold J. Microbiological Application, WCB McGraw-Hill of India Private

Limited.


SEMESTER-2


pApER - mcbh 201

mIcRobIAl physIology (40 lEctuREs)

Unit I: Cultivation and Pure Culture Techniques

Nutrition and nutritional types of bacteria.

Bacteriological media (types and uses), cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic microbes.

Isolation of microorganisms, pure culture and cultural characteristics.

Maintenance and preservation of cultures.

Unit II: Microbial Growth

Mathematical expression of bacterial growth, generation time and growth rate.

Growth curve and phases of growth cycle.

Batch, continuous and synchronous cultures; diauxic growth.

Factors affecting microbial growth.

Quantitative measurement of bacterial growth by cell mass, cell number and cell activity.

Unit III: Control of Microorganisms

Microbial death curve under adverse condition.

Concept of sterilization, disinfection, asepsis and sanitation.

Physical methods of control- Temperature, radiation, desiccation, osmotic pressure,

filtration.

Chemical methods of control- Phenol, alcohol, halogens, heavy metals, dyes, detergents,

quaternary ammonium compounds, aldehydes and gaseous chemosterilizers.

Evaluation of antimicrobial potency of disinfectants and antiseptics- Tube dilution, Agar

diffusion, Phenol coefficient.

Unit IV: Antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents

Definition and classification of antibiotics.

Characteristics of antibiotics that qualify them as chemotherapeutic agents.

Antimicrobial spectrum of antibiotics and mode of action of the following antibiotics;

Antibacterial - Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Bacitracin, Polymyxins, Streptomycin,

chloramphenicoles, tetracyclines and Vancomycin; Antifungal - Nystatin, Gresiofulvin

and Cyclohexamide; Antiviral – Zedovudine; Synthetic Chemotherapeutic agents

Development of Resistance to antibiotics- a brief account.


pApER – mcbh 202

bIochEmIstRy (40 lEctuREs)

Unit I: Carbohydrates

Definition, classification, structural concept of triose, tetrose, pentose and hexose,

monosaccharides, disaccharides (sucrose, maltose and lactose), homo and

heteropolysaccharidts (starch, glycogen, cellulose), ammo sugars.

Composition of peptidoglycan, Properties: asymmetric carbon atom, mutarotation, optical

isomerism, Stereo chemistry.

Unit II: Amino acids and Proteins

Amino acids- Classification and properties. Structure, Zwitterions nature.

Proteins- Classification, Structure and function. Primary, secondary, tertiary and

quaternary structure.

Unit III: Enzymes

General characteristics. Factors affecting enzyme activity.

Regulation of enzyme activity.

Enzyme kinetics, Km, activation and inhibition

Coenzymes and cofactors. Non-protein enzymes

Applications of enzymes.

Unit IV: Lipids, Vitamins and Hormones

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Structure, classification, properties and function of lipids.

Distribution and functions of lipids in microorganisms.

Classification and function (deficiency and excess) of vitamins, Steroid hormones and its

function.

Unit V: Nucleic acid:

Definition, occurrence and classification of nucleic acids, concept of purine and pyrimidine

bases, nucleosides and nucleotides,

Chemical properties - effect of acid and alkali, viscosity, Tm value, types of DNA [A-

DNA, B-DNA and Z-DNA (structure and difference)] and RNA (structure and types).


pApER – mcbh 203

pRActIcAl

1. Preparation of Culture Media.

2. Isolation of bacteria and Fungi from soil.

a) Preparation of serial dilutions.

b) Spread plate and pour plate techniques.

c) Streaking techniques for isolation and purification of bacteria.

d) Study of colony characteristics of bacteria

3. Motility of bacteria by hanging drop technique.

4. Measurement of size of cells by micrometry.

5. Counting of yeast cells and fungal spores using Haemocytometer.

6. Study of fungi-Identification of fungi by tease-mount method using Lactophenol cotton blue.


REcommEndEd books

1. Microbiology, Authors- Pelczar, Chan and Kreig.

2. Microbiology- an Introduction- (8th Edn), Authors- Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L.

3. General Microbiology, Authors- Stainer, Ingharam, Wheelis and Painter.

4. Biology of Microorganisms, Authors- Brock and Madigan.

5. Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology, Author- A.J. Salle.

6. Introduction to Microbiology, Authors- Ingraham and Ingraham.

7. Microbial Physiology, Authors- Moat and Foster.

8. Textbook of Microbiology, Authors- Dubey and Maheshwari.

9. Microbiology, A Practical Approach. Authors- Patel and Phanse

10. Principles of Biochemistry, Author- A.L. Lehniger

11. Biochemistry, Author- Voet and Voet.

12. Textbook of Biochemistry- S.P. Singh.

13. Biochemistry, Author- Stryer.

14. Microbiology A Practical Approach Authors- Patel and Phanse, .




SEMESTER - 3


pApER - mcbh 301

mIcRobIAl mEtAbolIsm And bIophysIcs (40 lEctuREs)

Unit I: Carbohydrate metabolism:

Metabolic studies on microorganisms. Glycolysis, TCA-cycle, Pentose-phosphate-

pathway, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis. Synthesis of peptidoglycan.

Hormonal regulation of metabolism.

Unit II: Protein metabolism:

Transamination, deamination, transmethylation and decarboxylation. Urea cycle.

Metabolism of aminoacids. Diseases.

Unit III: Lipid metabolism:

Oxidation of fatty acid (,, and oxidation). Fatty acid biosynthesis. Ketogenesis.

Ketolysis. Formation of lipoproteins and their significance.

Unit IV: Nucleic acid metabolism:

Biosynthesis of Purine and pyrimidine. Catabolism of nucleic acid.

Unit-V: Bioenergetics:

ATP-ADP cycle, energy charge and its retention to metabolic regulation. Substrate level

phosphorylation. Electron-transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation. Different shuttle.

First and second law of Thermodynamics, closed and open system, entropy, enthalpy,

Gib’s concept of free energy.

Unit VI: Fundamentals of isotopes:

Radioactive and non-radioactive (heavy) isotopes, laws of radioactivity, half life and

average life, types of radiations (alpha, beta and gamma radiations).

Applications of radioactive and heavy isotopes in biology. Hazards or radioactivity in

living systems.

Unit VII: Basic idea and significance or important physical phenomena:

Basic idea and significance or important physical phenomena like Bonding, Solvent

system, Order of reaction, surface tension, surfactant; viscosity, diffusion, osmosis,

adsorption, absorption, colloid, Gib - Donnan membrane equilibrium, pH, buffer.


pApER – mcbh 302

food, IndustRIAl And ApplIEd mIcRobIology (40 lEctuREs)

Unit I: Fundamentals of Industrial Microbiology

General concepts of industrial microbiology, Primary and secondary screening, Strain

development strategies, Sterilization of fermentor, media and air, Types of fermentations

processes, Design of typical batch Fermentor, Factors affecting fermentor design, Control

of agitation, aeration, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen, Types of fermentors,

Inoculum development, Scale up of fermentation process, Raw material for media

preparation, Harvesting and product recovery.

Unit II: Industrial production

Production of antibiotics- Penicillin and semi-synthetic penicillins, Production of enzymes-

Amylase, Immobilization of enzymes and applications of immobilized enzymes,

Production of solvent- Ethanol, Production of Vitamins- Cyanocobalamin, Production of

Organic Acids- Acetic Acid, Production of Amino Acids- Glutamic Acid.

Unit III: Food Microbiology

Food and Microorganisms: Food as a substrate for microorganisms. Sources of

contamination of food.

Food spoilage and food poisoning: Spoilage of canned food, cereals, fruits, vegetables,

meat and fish. Food sanitation and control. Food poisioning-Endotoxin, staphylococcal

poisoning, botulism and salmonella is Mycotoxins produced by fungi-Aflatoxin in stored

food and grains.

Food preservation: Principles of food preservation Methods of food preservation-high

temperature, canning, freezing, dehydration, chemical preservatives and radiation.

Microorganisms as food: Single cell proteins; Yeast and Spirulina.

Unit IV: Dairy Microbiology

Microorganisms of Milk

Methods of preservation of milk and milk products

Fermentation in milk

Fermented Milk Products: Yogurt-Types & production; Cheese-types and production;

Cultured Butter milk.


Unit V: Microorganisms in Agriculture

Bacteria and fungi as biopesticides.

Genetically modified crops containing insecticidal genes.

Biofertilizers- Nitrogen fixers, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Mycorrhiza.

Fuel from microorganisms- Biogas technology, Microbial hydrogen production, Concept

of gasohol.

Unit VI: Advanced Microbiology

Biosensors and Biopolymers; Biochips, Biofilms and Bioplastics; Microorganisms as

bioindicators


pApER – mcbh 303

bIochEmIstRy, food, IndustRIAl And ApplIEd mIcRobIology (pRActIcAl)

1. Preparation of buffers-citrate and phosphate buffers.

2. Estimation of DNA by Diphenylamine method.

3. Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method.

4. Estimation of protein by Lowry method.

5. Estimation of sugar by DNS method.

6. Acid number of fat (coconut oil).

7. Estimation of Cholesterol by FeCl3 method.

8. Qualitative estimation of Carbohydrate (Glucose, Fructose, Starch, Dextrin, Sucrose.

Maltose and Lactose), Protein (Peptone, Albumin and Gelatin) and lipid (Glycerol and

Cholesterol)

9. Determination of MIC of antimicrobial agents (Cefixime, Ampicilline and

Streptomycin )

10. Isolation of amylase producer from soil sample.

11. Microbial examination of some fruits and vegetables.

12. Microbial examination of Milk.

13. Potability test of Water.

14. Separation of amino acids by TLC.

15. Visit to a Laboratory / Institute of microbiological interest.


REcommEndEd books

1. Principles of Biochemistry, Author- A.L. Lehniger

2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, Author- J. L. Jain

3. Biochemistry, Author- Voet and Voet.

4. Textbook of Biochemistry- S.P. Singh.

5. Biochemistry, Author- Stryer.

6. Principles of Biochemistry, Authors – Zubey, Parson and Vance.

7. Microbiology A Practical Approach Authors- Patel and Phanse, .

8. Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, Author- A. H. Patel.

9. Industrial Microbiology, Author- L. E. Cassida

10. Industrial Microbiology, Author- G. Reed.

11. Industrial Microbiology, Author- Agarwal And Parihar.

12. Biology of Industrial Microorganisms. A.L. Demain.

13. Principles of Fermentation Technology, Authors- Standbary, Whitaker and Hall.

14. Current protocols in molecular biology. 2000. Ausbel et. Al.

15. Frazier and Wasthoff, Food Microbiology, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

Limited, New Delhi.

16. Hammer B.W. and Babal, Dairy Bacteriology, Prentice Hali Incorporated, London.


SEMESTER- 4


pApER – mcbh 401

AgRIcultuRAl And EnvIRonmEntAl mIcRobIology (40 lEctuREs)

Unit I: Agricultural Microbiology

Soil-definition, types, physical and chemical characters, soil profile, Soil microflora.

Interactions between plants and microorganisms-types of interactions.

Microorganisms of rhizosphere, rhizoplane and phylloplane, mycorrhiza.

Microorganisms in agriculture-Biochemistry, genetics and physiology of Nitrogen fixation,

Symbiotic- Rhizobium, Non-symbiotic-Azotobacter, BGA and associvative-Azospirillum

associations.

Biofertilizers-Definition, Types (bacterial, fungal, phosphate solubilizers, BGA, Plants-

Azolla); kind of association, mode of application and merits.

Biopesticides-Introduction types (bacterial-Bacillus thruingiensis, Viral –NPV, fungal-

Trichoderma), Mode of action, factors influencing, genes involved and target pests.

Study of microbes as plant pathogens-Puccini, Plasmopara, Cercospora, Pyricularia;

Xanthomonas oryzae; Mycoplasma-Sandal spike, grassy shoot.

Unit II: Environmental Microbiology

Microbiology of air

Introduction definition, atmospheric layers, sources of microorganism, air micro flora of

indoor and outdoor air. Factors affecting air micro flora, significance of air borne

microbes, control and management of air borne microbes. Techniques of air sampling.

Aeromicrobiological pathway. Aeroallergens. Biogeochemical cycles- Role of microbes in

Nitrogen and Carbon cycles.

Microbiology of water

Introduction, natural waters, distribution of microorganisms in the aquatic environment,

sources and types of water pollution, biological indicators of water pollution.

Eutrophication. Determination of the sanitary quality of water - MPN index, membrane

filtration, Biological Oxygen Demand. Water Purification in municipal water supply,

parameters of potable water. Waste Water Treatment.

Unit II: Microbiology of Soil

Biorecovery of petroleum. Bioremediation and Biodeterioration – Xenobiotic.

Bioleaching- methods of leaching, mechanism and significance. Biodegradation-Cellulose,

Pectin, plastics and pesticides.


pApER – mcbh 402

bAsIcs of computERs, bIoInfoRmAtIcs, bIostAtIstIcs And bIoInstRumEntAtIon (40

lEctuREs)

Unit I: Basics of computers

Computer Fundamentals: Introduction to Computers: Characteristics of Computers, Uses

of computers, Types and generations of Computers.

Basic Computer Organization - Units of a computer, CPU, ALU, memory hierarchy,

registers, Idea of I/O devices, System Tools

Data Representation, Boolean operation, Basic idea on internet.

Unit II: Bioinformatics

Introduction to Bioinformatics: Definition and relation to molecular biology. Potential of

bioinformatics. Application of bioinformatics.

Databases: Nucleic acid.

Tools: Sequence alignments- Pair-wise (T-coffee) and multiple sequence alignment

(Clustal w). Sequence similarity search and homology algorithms (BLAST) for protein and

nucleic acids.

Unit III: Biostatistics

Measure of central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode, Skewness and Kurtosis.

Measure of dispersion: Standard deviation and Standard error.

Diagrammatic and graphic representation of frequency distribution.

Basic idea of probability.

Unit III: Bioinstrumentation

Principle and use of Chromatography (Thin Layer Chromatography, Ion-exchange

Chromatography, Paper Chromatography, Gel-filtration Chromatography, Gas – Liquid

Chromatography), Electrophoresis (Paper Electrophoresis, Poly Acrylamide Gel

Electrophoresis, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis), Spectroscopy (Fluorescence Spectroscopy,

UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy).


pApER – mcbh 403

AgRIcultuRAl mIcRobIology, EnvIRonmEntAl mIcRobIology And computER

(pRActIcAl)

1. Isolation and enumeration of bacteria and fungi from rhizosphere and rhizoplane.

2. Study of Rhizobium (using Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar) and Azotobacter (using Ashby’s

Mannitol Agar) from soil.

3. Isolation of actinomycetes from soil microorganisms using Glucose Aspergine agar by plate

methods

4. Study of airborne microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) in different environments by

exposure plate method.

5. Determination of DO, BOD, COD.

6. Microbial examination of water (Coli form bacteria) through MPN methods for potability.

7. Familiarizing with the Operating System, Control Panel.

8. Working with MS Excel: Spreadsheet Handing, working with worksheets, creating a

spreadsheet, entering and formatting. Data analysis, chart & graph preparation.

9. Sequence alignment (BLAST).


REcommEndEd books

1. Environmental Microbiology, Author- P.D. Sharma.

2. Environmental Microbiology, Author- K.G. Vijaya.

3. The nature and properties of soil. Authors- Harry buckman and Nyle C. brady.



5. Hirst, C.J. Environmental Microbiology, ASM Press, Washington D.C.

6. Mehrotra R.S. Plant Pathology Tata McGraw Hill Publications Limited, New Delhi.

7. Stacey R.H. and Evans H.J. Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Chapman and Hal Limited,

London.

8. Subbarao N.S Soil Microorganisms and Plant Growth, Oxford and IBH Publishing

Company, New Delhi.

9. Steward W.D.P, Nitrogen Fixation in Plants. The At lone Press, London. Bioinformatics,

Author- Baxevanis.

10. Bioinformatics, Author- Higgins and Taylor.

11. The Internet and the New Biology: Tools for Genomic and Molecular Research, Author-

Peruski and Peruski.

12. Principles of Biostatistics, Authors- Pagano et al.

13. Introduction to Biostatistics, Authors- Forthoter and Lec.


SEMESTER- 5


pApER – mcbh 501

Immunology & mEdIcAl mIcRobIology (40 lEctuREs)

Unit I: Immunology

Immune System: Organs of Immune system- Spleen, thymus and lymph nodes, Cells of

Immune system- T cells- its types and receptors. B cells and its receptors.

Immune Response: Innate and acquired Immunity, Host defense mechanism- First, second

and third line of host defense, Primary and secondary responses.

Antigens and Antibodies: Antigens- Properties and types, Adjuvants. Immunoglobulins -

structure and types. Generation of antibodies.

Immunological techniques used in disease detection: Agglutination and precipitation

reactions. Hemagglutination, Immunofluorescence, ELISA, RIA, Coombs test (Direct and

Indirect).

Complement: Components and biological activities.

Vaccine: Inactivated, Attenuated, Toxoid.

Unit II: Medical microbiology

Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases: Epidemiological study. Transmission of diseases.

Types of diseases - Epidemic, pandemic, endemic and sporadic. Nosocomial infections.

Infection: Normal flora of human body. Infection and its types. Mechanism of

pathogenesis.

Antimicrobial Agents: Antibiotics - Mode of action. Development of resistance.

Transmission of drug resistance. Antiviral and antifungal drugs.

Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity- Immediate and delayed type. Skin tests.

Autoimmune diseases.

Microbial Diseases: Gram Positive Cocci - Staphylococcus aureus, Gram Negative Bacilli

- Vibrio cholarie, Acid fast bacteria - Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Anaerobic & Gram

positive bacilli - Clostridium tetani, Fungal skin infections - Dermatophytosis, Viral

disease – HIV and Hepatitis B.


pApER – mcbh 502

mIcRobIAl gEnEtIcs & molEculAR bIology (40 lEctuREs)

Unit I: Genome type:

Prokaryotic and Eeukaryotic structure of chromosome. Mitochondria DNA. Genotype &

phenotype. Mendelian genetics: deviation of Mendelian laws.

Unit II: Flow of hereditary characters:

Concept of central dogma, Replication of prokaryotic chromosome, Transcription of RNA,

Translation of protein, Concept of operon. induction and repression, lac & typ operon

system in bacteria.

Unit III: Mutation and Repair:

Spontaneous and induced mutation, types of mutation; base pair changes (transition,

transversion) frameshifts, deletion, inversions, tandem duplication, insertions. Major

physical and chemical mutagens and their mode of action. Isolation of microbial mutant

(auxotrophic, conditional lethal, resistant).

Type of repair systems like mismatch, base-excision, nucleotide excision, direct repair,

photoreactivation, SOS repair.

Unit IV: Gene transfer and Recombination:

Transposable elements: type, structure and function, Transposition.

Plasmid: Structure, properties and types of plasmids.

Transduction: U tube experiment, Generalized and specialized transduction, Abortive

transduction.

Conjugation: F factor, characters of donor and recipient. Steps in conjugation, sexduction,

formation of Hfr and F prime cells.

Transformation

Unit V: Molecular Biology

Signal transduction and control of transcriptional regulator, Conserved mechanism of

regulation, Signal integration, combinatorial control, Riboswitches, RNA interference,

miRNA, siRNA, Regulatory RNA.

Tumor cells and the onset of cancer, Development and Causes of Cancer, the genetic basis

of cancer, Oncogenic mutations in growth promoting proteins.


Signaling at the cell surface, Signaling molecules and their receptor; receptor proteins,

ligand binding and effector specificity, functions of cell surface receptors; Intracellular

signal transduction pathway; signaling networks, conserved intracellular protein functions

in signal transduction, appropriate cellular responses.

DNA library. DNA fingerprinting, hybridization technique.


pApER – mcbh 503

Immunology, mEdIcAl mIcRobIology & molEculAR bIology (pRActIcAl)

1. Estimation of hemoglobin by Sahli’s method.

2. Total count of W.B.C. & R.B.C.

3. Differential W.B.C. count.

4. Flocculation reaction - VDRL

5. Agglutination reaction - Widal test, Blood Grouping.

6. Immuno-diffusion techniques - ODD and RID.

7. Estimation of skin microflora (Bacterial and Fungal).

8. Isolation of bacterial Genomic DNA and Plasmid DNA.

9. Electrophoretic analysis of DNA.

10. Restriction analysis of bacterial genome / plasmid.


REcommEndEd books

1. Text of Microbiology, Author- Ananthanarayanan and Panikar.

2. Epidemiology and Infections, Author- Smith

3. Diagnostic Microbiology, Authors- Baron, Peterson and Finegold.

4. Immunology, Author- J. Kuby.

5. Fundamental Immunology, Author– W.E. Paul.

6. Fundamentals of Immunology, Authors– Coleman, Lombord and Sicard.

7. Essentials of Immunology, Authors- Roitt, I.M.

8. Medical Microbiology, Vol. 1 : Authors- Mackie and McCartney,

9. Microbiology in Clinical Practice, Authors- D.C. Shanson, Wright PSG, 1982.

10. Bailey and Scott’s, Diagnostic Microbiology. Authors- Baron EJ, Peterson LR and

Finegold SM. Mosby, 1990.

11. Genes XI, Author- B. Lewin.

12. Principles of Genetics, Authors- Gardner, Simmons and Snustad.

13. Concepts of Genetics, Authors- Klug and Cummings.

14. Microbial Genetics, Authors- Freifelder.

15. Genetics, Authors- Arora and Sandhu.

16. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. V Edition.

ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.


SEMESTER- 6


pApER – mcbh 601

bIotEchnology

Unit I: Tools used in Genetic Engineering

Tools and techniques in genetic engineering; Restriction endonucleases- Types and uses;

Isolation of Genomic and Plasmid DNA.

Unit II: Vectors

Classification and properties of vector, structural significance of plasmid and phage vector,

cosmid, phagemid.

Unit III: Cloning

Selection and isolation of functioning gene. Restriction and Ligation of vector. Transfer of

recombinant DNA - selection and screening of recombinant colonies, analysis of

recombinant clones.

Unit IV: Application

Methods for preparation of transgenic plants and animals (basic concept). Application of

genetic engineering (outline): insulin, antirabies vaccine, human growth factor. Biohazards

of genetic engineering and its ethical issues.

Unit V: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Genetically engineered microorganisms, GM crop: Bt cotton, Bt brinjal, delayed ripened

tomato and herbicide resistant plants.

Production of heterologous proteins: Insulin, Growth hormones, Interleukins and

plasminogen activator.

Recombinant vaccines: Subunit, Conjugate, DNA vaccines, vector vaccines.


pApER – mcbh 602

pRActIcAl IncludIng pRojEct woRk

Unit I: Statistical Analysis

Computation of frequency distribution, drawing of histogram and frequency polygon,

mean, median, mode, standard deviation and standard error from the data obtained from

any microbial experiment.

Unit II: Group Project

Any microbiological problem should be chosen as project topic. Each group consists of

maximum 6 students and minimum of 4 students.

Unit III: Excursion Visit to an Industry microbiological interest.


REcommEndEd books

1. Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. VI Edition. John

Wiley & Sons. Inc.

2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (2006). Cell and Molecular Biology. VIII

Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.

3. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. (2009). The World of the Cell.

VII Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.

4. Watson, J. D., Baker T.A., Bell, S. P., Gann, A., Levine, M., and Losick, R., (2008)

Molecular Biology of the Gene (VI Edition.). Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press, Pearson Pub.

Documents

MIDNAPORE · PDF fileB.Sc. (Hons.) Microbiology Page 5 Unit IV: Microbial Diversity Bacteria with unusual properties: Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Archaebacteria,