“Protozoa, Algae, - mnurcholis.lecture.ub.ac.idmnurcholis.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2013/05/3_Protozoa-Rickettsia-My... · Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus •Eukaryotic

Mochamad Nurcholis

Food Science DepartmentAgricultural Technology Faculty Brawijaya University 2013

“Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma,

Rickettsia, and Virus”

Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus

OVERVIEW

Protozoa Algae Mycoplasma

Rickettsia Virus


PROTOZOA

Protozoa


• Eukaryotic organisms

• Unicellular

• Most of them are motile

• Protist family

• Like animal behavior (ex : movement)

• 10-52 micrometers (can grow as large as 1 mm)

• Exist throughout aqueous and soil environment

PROTOZOACHARACTERISTICS


Motility :• Flagella : whip-like tails

• Cilia : hair-like structures

• Pseudopodia : foot-like structures

• Other do not move at all

Digestion :• Absorb food by their cell membranes

• Digest food by stomach-like compartments (vacuoles)



Life Cycle• Proliferative stages (ex : trophozoites)

• Dormant cysts : can survive harsh conditions (extreme temperature, harmful chemicals, limit of nutrients and oxygen for a period time)

• Some reproduce sexually

• Some reproduce asexually



Classification :• Ciliates

• Mastigophorans

• Apicomplexans

PROTOZOA CLASSIFICATION






Sub Groups :• Flagellates (e.g., Giardia lamblia)

• Amoeboids (e.g., Entamoeba histolytica)

• Sporozoans (e.g., Plasmodium knowlesi) – Apicomplexa

– Myxozoa

– Microsporidia

• Ciliates (e.g., Balantidium coli)



Euglena

Amoeba

PROTOZOA(Euglena & Amoeba)


PROTOZOA(Paramecium)


Human Diseases :• Malaria

• Amoebiasis

• Giardiasis

• Toxoplasmosis

• Cryptosporidiosis

• Trichomoniasis

• Chagas disease

• Leishmaniasis

• Sleeping Sickness

• Dysentery

PROTOZOA& HUMAN DISEASES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria


ALGAE

Algae


• Autotrophic organisms

• Photosynthetic

• Eukaryotic organisms

• Unicellular to Multicellular

• Giant kelps grow to 65 meters in length

• The largest and most complex marine forms are called seaweeds.

ALGAECHARACTERISTICS


• Lack of various structures that characterize land plants.

• Leaf-like phyllids of bryophyta

• Rhizoid in non vascular plants and roots



Life Cycle :• Asexual phase : seaweeds cells are diploid

• Sexual phase : the cells are haploid

• Fusion of the male and female gametes

• Asexual reproduction : permits efficient population increases, but less variation

• Sexual reproduction always more variation





Archaeplastida :

• Chlorophyta (green-algae)

• Rhodophyta (red-algae)

• Glaucophyta

Rhizaria, Excavata :

• Chlororachinophytes

• Euglenids

ALGAECLASSIFICATION


Chromista, Alveolata :• Heterokonts : Bacillariophyceae, Axodine,

Bolidomonas, Eustigmatophyceae, Phaeophyceae(brown algae), Chrysophyceae (golden algae), Rapidophyceae, Synurophyceae, Xanthophyceae(yellow-green algae)

• Cryptophyta

• Dinoflagellates

• Haptophyta

ALGAECLASSIFICATION


ALGAECLASSIFICATION


Uses :• Agar (red algae group)

• Alginates (Macrocystis group)

• Stabilizing substance/Carrageenan (Chondrus crispus)• Energy sources : biohydrogen, biodiesel, ethanol,

vegetable fats and oils (DHA, EPA)

• Fertilizer

• Nutrition (Chlorella & Spirullina : rich of vitamin & minerals)

• Pollution control

• Pigments : bioactive compound

THE ROLE OF ALGAE


Pigment Cosmetics Bioenergy Omega System

THE ROLE OF ALGAE


MYCOPLASMA

Mycoplasma


• Genus : bacteria (0,1 micrometer)

• Lack of cell wall

• Unaffected by antibiotic such as penicillin or other beta lactam

• Parasitic or saprotophic

• Pathogenic in human

• Caused atypical pneumonia

• Caused respiratory disorders

• Caused pelviv inflammatory diseases (M. Genitalium)

MYCOPLASMA CHARACTERISTICS


MYCOPLASMA TYPE


MYCOPLASMA CHARACTERISTICS

Respiratory disorders


MYCOPLASMA DISEASES


RICKETTSIA

Rickettsia


• Non motile

• Gram negative

• Non spore forming

• Pleomorphic bacteria

• Cocci (0,1 micrometer), rods (1-4 micrometer in length)

• Obligate intracelluler parasites

• Replication within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic

RICKETTSIA CHARACTERISTICS


• Rickettsia aeschlimannii • Rickettsia africae• Rickettsia akari• Rickettsia asiatica• Rickettsia australis• Rickettsia canadensis• Rickettsia conorii• Rickettsia cooleyi• Rickettsia felis• Rickettsia heilongjiangensis• Rickettsia helvetica• Rickettsia honei• Rickettsia hulinii

RICKETTSIA TYPE


RICKETTSIA CASE


RICKETTSIA INFECTION


VIRUS

Virus


• Adolf Meyer (1883) : bintik2 kuning pd daun tembakau• Loffler & Frosch (1887) : Foot Mouth Disease Virus• Dimitry Ivanovsky (1892) : penyebab mozaik tembakau

< bakteri• Beijerinck (1897) : partikel patogen < bakteri, hidup pd m.

hidup & reproduksi• Twort & d’Herelle (1915) : bakteriofage pd E.coli• Stanley (1935) : - kristal Tobbaco Mozaic Virus

- protein dan asam nukleat pada virus

Sejarah Virus


• Virus virion (racun) penyebab penyakit

• Hanya dapat hidup dan berkembangbiak dalamjaringan hidup lain (intraseluler parasit obligat)

• Tidak dapat melakukan metabolisme• Aseluler (tidak memiliki protoplasma dan

membran inti)• Dapat dikristalkan• Ukuran 20-300 mµ• Tubuh Virus : Protein, Lipid, KH & Asam Nukleat

VIRUS


Komponen Virus

http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Image:Virus-types.png


Bentuk Virus


• Adsorbsi dan Infeksiujung ekor virus menempel pada dd sel inang

• Penetrasi Sel InangVirus mengeluarkan enzim lysozim, menghancurkan dd sel inang

• EklifaseDNA Virus mengambil alih fungsi as. nukleat dan fungsi metabolisme sel inang, terjadi replikasi as.nukleat

• Pembentukan Virus BaruSetiap DNA hasil replikasi menyusun materi virus baru

• Lisis Sel InangSel inang pecah, virus baru siap menginfeksi sel lainnya

Daur Litik


• Adsorbsi, Infeksi & penetrasi (= daur litik)• Penggabungan

as.nukleat virus bergabung dng as.nukleat sel inang(profage), penyusunan materi virus baru

• Pembelahansel inang membelah, profage ikut membelah, menghasilkansel inang yg mengandung profage

• Sintesisas.nukleat virus memisahkan diri, membentuk dan merakitpartikel virus baru

• Lisis Sel Inangsetelah virus baru terbentuk, sel inang akan lisis

Daur Lisogenik


1. Berdasarkan Simtomatology- Penyakit Merata

Rubela, Smallpox, yellow fever, DHF,enterovirus,dll.

2. Penyakit Organ Khusus• Susunan Saraf : poliomielitis, meningitis,

rabies, ensefalitis, herpes, gondong• Saluran nafas : influenza, pneumonia virus,

selesma• Kulit : herpes simpleks, kutil dll.

Klasifikasi Virus


Penyakit Organ Khusus

• Mata : konjunctivus adenovirus, enterovirus• Hati : hepatitis, yellow fever, enterovirus, herpes

virus, rubela• Kelenjar liur : itomegalovirus, gondong• Saluran pencernaan : rotavirus, norwalk,

adenovirus enterik• Alat seksual :AIDS, herpes, hepatitis B, retrovirus

Klasifikasi Virus


Berdasarkan Materi Genetik1. Virus DNA

parvovirus, papovavirus, adenovirus, herpesvirus, poxvirus, hepadnavirus, dll

2. Virus RNApikornavirus, kalsivirus, togavirus, koronavirus, retrovirus, arenavirus, arbovirus, reovirus, flavivirus, bunyavirus, paramiksovirus, ortomiksovirus, rabdovirus

Klasifikasi Virus


• Interferonprotein yg dihasilkan sel normal sbg respon thdinfeksi virus mencegah replikasi virus

• Profageutk mengubah fenotip sel inang shg lebihmenguntungkan

• Vaksinvirus yg telah dilemahkan, patogenitas turun ttpiantigenitas tetap.

Peranan Virus

Food Science DepartmentAgricultural Technology Faculty Brawijaya University 2013

TERIMA KASIH

Documents

“Protozoa, Algae, - mnurcholis.lecture.ub.ac.idmnurcholis.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2013/05/3_Protozoa-Rickettsia-My... · Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus •Eukaryotic