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Microbiology: A Systems
Approach, 2nd ed.
Chapter 20: Infectious Diseases
Affecting the Cardiovascular and
Lymphatic Symptoms
20.1 The Cardiovascular and
Lymphatic Systems and Their Defenses
• Cardiovascular System
– Blood vessels and heart
– Moves blood in a closed circuit
– Also known as the circulatory system
– Provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients and
carries away carbon dioxide and waste products
The Heart
• Divided into two halves, each half divided into an upper and lower chamber
• Upper chambers: atria; lower chambers: ventricles
• Covered by the pericardium
• Three layers to the wall of the heart (from outer to inner)– Epicardium
– Myocardium
– Endocardium
Defenses of the Cardiovascular and
Lymphatic Systems
• Cardiovascular system is highly protected, however, if microbes do invade they gain access to every part of the body
• Bloodstream infections are systemic infections; often with the suffix –emia
– Viremia
– Fungemia
– Bacteremia
– Septicemia (can lead to septic shock)
• Defenses in the bloodstream- leukocytes
20.2 Normal Biota of the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• None
• Some microorganisms may be present
transiently (filtering out of tissues) but they do
not colonize the systems in the healthy state
20.3 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
System Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
• Endocarditis– Inflammation of the endocardium
– Usually refers to an infection of the valves of the heart
– Acute and subacute, with similar symptoms (in subacutethe symptoms develop more slowly and are less pronounced)
– Fever, anemia, abnormal heartbeat
– Sometimes symptoms similar to heart attack
– Abdominal or side pain may be reported
– Petechiae over the upper half of the body and under the fingernails may be present
– In subacute cases, may have enlarged spleen
Septicemias
• Occurs when organisms are actively multiplying in the blood
• Many different bacteria and a few fungi can cause this condition
• Fever- prominent symptom
• Patient appears very ill, may have an altered mental state, shaking chills, and gastrointestinal symptoms
• Often exhibits increased breathing rate and respiratory alkalosis
• Low blood pressure
Plague
• Three possible manifestations
– Pneumonic plague: respiratory disease
– Bubonic plague
• Bacterium injected through a flea bite
• Enters the lymph and is filtered by a lymph node
• Infection causes inflammation and necrosis of the node
• Results in a swollen lesion called a bubo, usually in the groin or axilla
• Incubation period: 2 to 8 days, ending with the onset of fever, chills, headache, nausea, weakness, and tenderness of the bubo
– Septicemic plague: when the case progresses to massive bacterial growth in the blood
Tularemia
• Sometimes called rabbit fever, because it has been associated with outbreaks of disease in wild rabbits
• Pathogen of concern on the lists of bioterrorism agents
• Tick bites: most frequent arthropod vector
• Incubation period of a few days to 3 weeks
• Symptoms: headache, backache, fever, chills, malaise, and weakness
• Further symptoms tied to the portal of entry: ulcerative skin lesions, swollen lymph glands, conjunctival inflammation, sore throat, intestinal disruption, pulmonary involvement
Lyme Disease
• Nonfatal
• Evolves into a slowly progressive syndrome that mimics neuromuscular and rheumatoid conditions
• Early symptom: rash a the site of a tick bite
• Other early symptoms: fever, headache, stiff neck, and dizziness
• Second stage: cardiac and neurological symptoms develop
Infectious Mononucleosis
• Majority caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
• Most of the remainder caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Sore throat, high fever, and cervical lymphadenopathy
• Long incubation period- 30 to 50 days
• Also may exhibit a gray-white exudates in the throat, skin rash, and enlarged spleen and liver
• Sudden leukocytosis
• Fatigue
Hemorrhagic Fever Diseases
• Caused by viruses in one of four families:
• Arenaviridae
• Filoviridae
• Flaviviridae
• Bunyaviridae
Yellow Fever
• Capillary fragility
• Disrupts the blood-clotting system
• Begins with fever, headache, and muscle pain
• Sometimes progresses to oral hemorrhage,
nosebleed, vomiting, jaundice, and liver and
kidney damage
Dengue Fever
• Usually mild
• Sometimes it can progress to dengue
hemorrhagic shock syndrome
• Causes severe pain in muscles and joints
Ebola and Marburg
• Related viruses, cause similar symptoms
• Extreme manifestations of of hemorrhagic events with extensive capillary fragility and disruption of clotting
• Patients bleed from their orifices, mucous membranes, and experience massive internal and external hemorrhage
• Often manifest a rash on the trunk in early stages
Lassa Fever
• Most cases asymptomatic
• In 20% of the cases a severe hemorrhagic
syndrome develops
• Chest pain, hemorrhaging, sore throat, back
pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes
encephalitis
• Patients who recover often suffer from
deafness
Nonhemorrhagic Fever Diseases
• Brucellosis
– On the CDC list of possible bioterror agents
– Bacteria is carried into the bloodstream by
phagocytic cells, creating focal lesions in the liver,
spleen, bone marrow, and kidney
– Fluctuating pattern of fever accompanied by chills,
profuse sweating, headache, muscle pain and
weakness, and weight loss
Q Fever
• Abrupt onset of fever, chills, head and muscle
ache, and occasionally a rash
• Sometimes complicated by pneumonitis,
hepatitis, and endocarditis
Cat-Scratch Disease
• Symptoms start after 1 to 2 weeks
• Cluster of small papules at the site of
inoculation
• In a few weeks, lymph nodes swell and can
become pus-filled
• Only about 1/3 of patients experience high
fever
Trench Fever
• Highly variable symptoms
• 5- to 6-day fever
• Leg pains, especially in the tibial region
• Headache, chills, and muscle aches
• Macular rash can occur
• Endocarditis can develop
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
• 2 to 4 days incubation
• First symptoms: sustained fever, chills, headache, and muscular pain
• Distinctive spotted rash within 2 to 4 days after the prodrome
• In most severe untreated cases, enlarged lesions merge and become necrotic
• Other manifestations: cardiovascular disruption; conditions of restlessness, delirium, convulsions, tremor, and coma
Malaria
• The world’s dominant protozoan disease
• 10- to 16-day incubation period
• First symptoms: malaise, fatigue, vague aches, and nausea with or without diarrhea
• Next symptoms: bouts of chills, fever, and sweating
• Symptoms occur at 48- or 72-hour intervals
• The interval, length, and regularity of symptoms reflect the type of malaria
Anthrax
• Can exhibit its primary sumptoms in various
locations of the body
– Cutaneous anthrax
– Pulmonary anthrax
– Gastrointestinal tract
– Anthrax meningitis
• Cutaneous and pulmonary forms most
common
HIV Infection and AIDS
• Retrovirus: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
– Hybrid virus- genetic sequences from two separate monkey SIVs
• The disease: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
• Spectrum of clinical disease associated with HIV infection
• Symptoms directly tied to two things: the level of virus in the blood and the level of T cells in the blood
Symptoms
• Initial infection: vague, mononucleosis-like symptoms that soon disappear (initial high levels of virus)– Within days, about 50% of the T helper cells with memory
for the virus are destroyed
• Period of asymptomatic infection that varies in length from 2 to 15 years– During this period the number of T cells in the blood is
steadily decreasing
– Once T cells reach low enough levels, symptoms of AIDS ensue
• Initial symptoms of AIDS: fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, and neurological changes
Other Symptoms as the Disease
Progresses
• Opportunistic infections or neoplasms
• Severe immune deregulation, hormone
imbalances, metabolic disturbances
• Pronounced wasting of body mass
• Protracted fever, fatigue, sore throat, and
night sweats
• Lesions in the brain, meninges, spinal column,
and peripheral nerves
Adult T-Cell Leukemia and Hairy-Cell
Leukemia
• Leukemia: general name for at least four different malignant diseases of the WBC forming elements originating in the bone marrow
• Some acute, others chronic
• Many causes- two of which are thought to be viral– Adult T-cell leukemia by HTLV-I
– Hairy-cell leukemia by HTLV-II
• Signs and symptoms include easy bruising or bleeding, paleness, fatigue, and recurring minor infections