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8/7/2019 Medical Instrumentations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/medical-instrumentations 1/13
Fundamentals of
Medical Instrumentations
The fundamental purpose of a medical
instrument is to enhance the capabilities of
human beings to help themselves and
each other.
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What is a Medical Instrument?
Definition: Device including
instrument, tool, machine or
implant for monitoring or
sensing, diagnostics, or therapeutics or surgery
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Types of Instruments:
1. Sensing/Monitoring� A device that measures physiological
parameters such as pressure, flow, pulse,
analytic concentration, or temperature� Examples
± Thermometer
± Blood Pressure
± Pulse Oximeter
± Glucose Monitor
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Types of Instruments:
2. Diagnostic� A device that gathers
information leading to the
identification of a disease or
disorder � Examples
± Imaging (X-Ray, CT, MRI, PET)
± Chemical Analyzers (Clinical
Chemistry)± Optical Diagnostics DNA
MicroArrays
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Types of Instruments:
3. Therapeutic� A device that is used to treat a disease or disorder.
� Examples include:
± Simple crutch± Drug delivery
± Surgical Tools (scalpel, laser)
± Orthopedic implants
± Soft tissue implants
± Pacemakers
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Basic Generic Instrument
Biological
SystemTransducer
Signal
Processor
Sensing/
Monitoring
Diagnosis
Therapeutics/
Surgery
Feedback
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Transducer
� Sensor plus pre-processing/amplifier
� Transform physiological signal intoa form that the signal processor
can read� Must have good sensitivity andaccuracy
� Should have low noise andsufficient dynamic range
� Must be effective and stableacross entire physiological range
� Sensor can range from nanoscalestructures to room-sized devices
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Signal Processor
� Can be as simple as driving aneedle meter or a level on a scaleor as complex as a computer reconstructing a threedimensional image fromthousands of pictures
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Feedback
� Traditionally involved a
physician or therapist
observing the patient
� More recently feedback
occurs in a ³closed loop´
with sensors and/or
monitors
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Use of Senses
� Touch/Hearing used to
quantify temperature,
pulse rate, and heart beat
as well as therapy
� Stethoscope invented in
1819 to enhance sounds.
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Use of Senses
� Sight used on both the inside
and outside of the body
� Candles and magnifiers used� Ophthalmoscope used to probe
ears, eyes and nose
� Endoscope probes deeper in
body where there is no light
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Use of Senses
� Taste and Smell have been
used to diagnose body fluids
and wounds
� Urine of diabetics tastes sweet
� Clinical chemistry labs provide
sample analysis in hospitals
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