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Quality Measurement in Perioperative Care Michael A. Gropper, MD, PhD Professor and Vice Chairman Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care Professor of Physiology Director, Critical Care Medicine Investigator, Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California San Francisco Definition: Medical Quality Medical quality is the degree to which health care systems, services and supplies for individuals and populations increase the likelihood for positive health outcomes Institute of Medicine, 1990 ICU Quality Indicators

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Quality Measurement in Perioperative Care

Michael A. Gropper, MD, PhD

Professor and Vice Chairman

Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care

Professor of Physiology

Director, Critical Care Medicine

Investigator, Cardiovascular Research Institute

University of California San Francisco

Definition: Medical Quality

Medical quality is the degree to which health care systems, services and supplies for individuals and populations increase the likelihood for positive health outcomes

Institute of Medicine, 1990

ICU Quality Indicators

Is Mortality a Quality Measure?

Maybe:

• Only if appropriate risk‐adjustment occurs

• What is impact of palliative care?

• What is impact of ability to transfer in/out?

• Regional differences in end of life care

• How about disease‐specific mortality?

• More than 90% of deaths are unrelated to unsafe care

Who is looking at your hospital?

• The public/media• Agency for Healthcare Reseach in Quality• University Healthsystems Consortium (UHC)• The Joint Commission (TJC)• Leapfrog Group• Institute for Healthcare Improvement• National Quality Forum (NQF)• Volunteer Hospital Association (VHA)

The 100,000 Lives Campaign:

Getting Started

Institute for Healthcare Improvement

Six Changes That Save Lives• Deployment of Rapid Response Teams…at the first sign of patient decline 

• Delivery of Reliable, Evidence‐Based Care for Acute Myocardial Infarction…to prevent deaths from heart attack 

• Prevention of Adverse Drug Events (ADEs)…by implementing medication reconciliation 

• Prevention of Central Line Infections…by implementing a series of interdependent, scientifically grounded steps called the “Central Line Bundle”

• Prevention of Surgical Site Infections…by reliably delivering the correct perioperative antibiotics at the proper time 

• Prevention of Ventilator‐Associated Pneumonia…by implementing a series of interdependent, scientifically grounded steps called the “Ventilator Bundle”

Leapfrog ICU Standard“Hospitals fulfilling this standard will operate adultICUs that are managed by physicians board‐certified(or ‐eligible) in critical care medicine who:1. are present during daytime hours and provideclinical care exclusively in the ICU; and,2. at other times can return more than 95% of ICUpages within 5 minutes and, 95% of the time,arrange for a FCCS certified physician orphysician extender to reach the ICU patientwithin 5 minutes.”

Intensivist StaffingPronovost et al, JAMA 2002

Intensivist Staffing(Pronovost et al, JAMA, 2003)

www.leapfroggroup.org

Surgical Care Improvement Project

• National campaign started in 2005

• Initiated by CMS and CDC

• To prevent surgical morbidity and mortality by 25% over 10 years (by 2010)

• Steering committee of 10 organizations

SCIP Participants1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

2. American College of Surgeons

3. American Hospital Association

4. American Society of Anesthesiologists

5. Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

7. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

8. Department of Veterans Affairs

9. Institute for Healthcare Improvement

10. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations

Antibiotics Received within 1 hr Prior to Surgical Incision

Benchmarking Outcomes NSQIP VA Hospitals 30d Mortality

Khuri.  Ann Surg, 2005

84,750 Patients from NSQIP database

Incidence of Complication

Ghaferi et al, NEJM 2009

Complication rates were the

same, but mortality was

different at different hospitals

Are Hospital Rankings Objective? 

Or are hospital rankings subjectiv

e?

University Healthsystems Consortium (UHC) Quality and Safety Measures

UHC Quality Rankings: Objective

The example of catheter related bloodstream infection

Epidemiology of CRBSI

• > 5 million central venous catheters inserted each year

• CRBSI occurs with 3‐5% of catheters and affects more than 250,000 patients per year in the US

• Mortality: 5‐35%–2500 to 20,000 deaths per year

Cost of CRBSI

Shorr et al, CHEST 2003

Mandatory Insertion Tracking

108 ICU’s in MichiganInterventions:

Handwashing, full barrier precautions, chlorhexidine prep, avoiding femoral lines, asking about removal on rounds

CRBSI PreventionPronovost et al, NEJM 2006

Reduction in CRBSIPronovost et al, NEJM 2006

CRBSI Reduction Program at UCSF• UCSF’s cost is $80,000 per CRBSI• Attributable mortality is 35%• In 2004:  19,536 patient days, 12,052 line days

– CRBSI rate = 3.7/1000 line days, 45 CRBSI’s– 45 x $80K = $3.6M– Expected 16 deaths

• Program implemented early 2005– Medical center hired 3 patient safety practitioner RN’s– Maximum sterile barrier precautions– Chlorhexidine skin prep– Emphasis on handwashing– Implementation of antibiotic impregnated catheters– Line removal checklist in ICU– Line insertion checklist

CRBSI Reduction at UCSF• In 2006:  24,408 patient days (20% increase), 12,769 line days– CRBSI rate = 1.7/1000 line days, 22 CRBSI’s– Expected 8 deaths (versus 16 in 2004)

• Expected (@2004 rate) =  47 CRBSI’s• Expected deaths = 16• Estimated 8 lives saved

2004:  47 CRBSI’s x $80K = $3,760,0002006:  22 CRBSI’s x $80K = $1,760,000

estimated savings   = $2,000,000

Pay for Performance

• Reward quality with financial incentives large enough for structural change

• Effectuate health system changes to reduce errors and improve quality and to reduce cost and improve efficiency of care

• Encourage MD’s to broaden care beyond the office visit (population management)

• Put greater responsibility on MD’s to “get it right the first time”

Pay for Performance Affects YOU!• Under the rules adopted by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), payments will be withheld from hospitals for care associated with treating certain catheter‐associated urinary tract infections, vascular catheter‐associated infections, mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, and five other medical errors unrelated to infections (bed sores, objects left in patient’sbodies, blood incompatibility, air embolism, and falls). The new rules went into effect in October 2008.

JAMA. 2010;304(18):203

Variation in Reporting CRBSI

JAMA. 2010;304(18):203

Postoperative Glycemic Control:  Bittersweet…

Intensive insulin therapy

Hyperglycemia is common in critically ill patients, and has beenassociated with:

1. Neuropathy2. Skeletal muscle wasting3. Increased growth hormone concentrations4. Increased susceptibility to infection5. Prolonged mechanical ventilation6. Hyperglycemia impairs neutrophil phagocytosis

Hypothesis:  Glycemic control with insulin infusion will decrease the incidence of the above complications

Mortality by Mean Glucose Value

Krinsley, JS. Mayo Clin Proc, 2003

Intensive Insulin Therapy in Critically Ill Patients(Van den Berghe et al.  N Eng J Med 2001)

Randomization

Conventional Intensive

>215 mg/dL

180 to 200 mg/dL (10.0 and 11.1

mmol/L)

>110 mg/dL

80 to 110 mg/dL (4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L)

Blood glucose level when insulin infusion

was started

Infusion adjusted to maintain blood

glucose

In hospitalmortality

Blood streaminfections

ARF requiringdialysis

Red celltransfusions

Critical illnesspolyneuropathy

Benefits of intensive insulin therapy compared to conventional insulin therapy

34

46 41 50 44

Effect on Mortality

P=0.4 P=.02

Published last week…

NEJM 2008:358:125-29

Intensive Insulin Therapy“After the first safety analysis, involving 488 patients, intensive insulin therapy was terminated early by the data and safety monitoring board, owing to an increased number of hypoglycemic events, as compared with conventional insulin therapy; hypoglycemia was reported in 30 of 247 patients in the intensive‐therapy group (12.1%) and in 5 of 241 patients in the conventional‐therapy group (2.1%, P<0.001).”

NEJM 2008:358:125-29

Survival

NEJM 2008:358:125-29P=0.36

Randomized, prospective trial of 6104 patientsGlucose targets of 81-108 mg/dl versus 180 mg/dl or less

Primary endpoint was death within 90 days of randomization

NICE‐SUGAR

NEJM 2009

NICE SUGAR: Outcomes

NEJM 2009

But the Joint Commission still wants glycemic control!

Cardiac Surgical Patients with Controlled Postoperative Glucose

Teamwork Reduces Mortality

Neily et al, JAMA, 2010

Source: TSI data extracted 1/10/2011UHC for expected mortality rate

UCSF MEDICAL CENTER / MOFFITT - LONG & MT. ZION HOSPITALSIn-Hospital Mortality Rate - All Ages / Observed : Expected

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Observed RateExpected RateObserved/Expected

Conclusions• Quality measures are increasingly reported to the public

• We as surgical and anesthesia providers should take the lead in developing safety initiatives, and in ensuring accurate, risk‐adjusted reporting

• We need to understand variability in outcomes and resource utilization

• Pay for performance is starting now, but shouldn’t punish accurate reporting

• Make your case to hospital administration that quality is cost‐effective

• Initiatives like glycemic control are being pushed before strong evidence exists for their adoption