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Marine Genetic Resources in Patent Data
Paul Oldham, Stephen Hall & Colin Barnes
United Nations University & One World Analytics
Image: Available GBIF coordinates for 3,432 marine species appearing in patent data
The Problem of Scale• Patents provide a window into human innovations
involving biodiversity but present challenges of scale;
• An estimated +1.2 million accepted species and 8.7 million predicted species (+/-1.3 million) (Mora 2011). 219,714 marine accepted species in WoRMS;
• Over 60 million patent documents in multiple languages;
• Digital data in the form of taxonomic databases (GBIF) and electronic patent data provide a means to map and monitor activity involving marine biodiversity;
Mora et al (2011) How Many Species are There on the Earth and in The Ocean? PLoS Biology.
GBIF is the key international data
depository for taxonomic data and
linked to the CoL and EOL
Marine data from OBIS. Provides
access to geographicaloccurrences
ABSPAT INDEX
Patent data can be mined using parallel computing to identify
6 million species names from the
Global Name Index
ABSPAT = Access and Benefit Sharing Patent Index. An offline index of species in patent documents.
Publication Year19
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0K
2K
4K
6K
8K
10K
Num
ber of Pub
lications
Trends
Application Grant 0K 2K 4KNumber of Publications
0 200 400 600Occurrences in Claims
kluyveromyces drosophilarumaequorea victoria
beneckea parahaemolyticarenilla reniformis
chaetomium globosumsulfolobus solfataricus
thermoplasma acidophilumportulaca oleraceamodulus moduluseuglena gracilis
chondrus crispusbeneckea alginolytica
salmo salaroncorhynchus mykisslimulus polyphemus
debaryomyces hanseniiserenoa repens
668
688
702
723
741
852
930
1,195
1,638
1,806
2,097
2,293
3,825
4,157
262
140
88
103
170
73
2
185
368
82
571
595
281
30
Marine Species (Ranked on Patent Publications)
0K 2K 4KPublications
0 500 1000Claims
GENENTECH (﴾ROCHE)﴿
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA REGENTS
BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY
BAYER CROPSCIENCE AG
BAYER AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
BASF PLANT SCIENCE GMBH
MARTEK BIOSCIENCES CORPORATION
BASF SE
NOVOZYMES A/S
MONDOBIOTECH LABORATORIES AG
STAUFFER CHEMICAL COMPANY
THE SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
SUMITOMO CHEMICAL COMPANY, LIMITED
L'OREAL
CROPDESIGN N.V.
INVITROGEN CORPORATION 146
157
163
165
173
178
197
206
241
259
283
285
296
501
538
601
3,456
7
1
28
10
69
9
9
10
1
84
8
6
2
14
8
152
6
Applicants
IPC Sub Class
20K 40KPublications
0K 20K 40KClaims
Genetic EngineeringPharmaceuticals/Medicinal Preparations
PeptidesFermentation/Enzyme Using Chemical Synthesis
Testing Enzymes/Microorganisms - DNA SequencingAnalysing Chemical/Physical Properties
Nucleic AcidsBiocides
New PlantsHeterocyclic Compounds
Animals (new varieties)Foodstuf fs & Non Alcoholic Beverages
CosmeticsCarbocyclic Compounds
Animal Feedstuf fsApparatus for Microbiology
Combinatorial Libraries
Technology Areas
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Patent family data allows patents
linked to MGRs to be identified
worldwide over time
First Draft of Global
Occurrences of Marine Species in
Patent Data
Species Name:Aequorea victoria
Kingdom:AnimaliaKingdom:Animalia
Brief Description of the species:A bioluminescent jellyfish Brief Description of the species:A bioluminescent jellyfish Brief Description of the species:A bioluminescent jellyfish
Occurrences in Claims: 281Occurrences in Claims: 281 Number of Publications: 3825Number of Publications: 3825
A bioluminescent jellyfish found along the western coast of north America including Vancouver Island. A species most noted for the production of Green Fluorescent Protein.The primary source of GFP which is used as a reporter of gene expression.
A bioluminescent jellyfish found along the western coast of north America including Vancouver Island. A species most noted for the production of Green Fluorescent Protein.The primary source of GFP which is used as a reporter of gene expression.
A bioluminescent jellyfish found along the western coast of north America including Vancouver Island. A species most noted for the production of Green Fluorescent Protein.The primary source of GFP which is used as a reporter of gene expression.
A bioluminescent jellyfish found along the western coast of north America including Vancouver Island. A species most noted for the production of Green Fluorescent Protein.The primary source of GFP which is used as a reporter of gene expression.
Species Name:trichodesmium erythraeum
Kingdom:BacteriaKingdom:Bacteria
Brief Description of the species:‘Sea Sawdust’, a marine filamentous cyanobacteria that is nitrogen fixing.
Brief Description of the species:‘Sea Sawdust’, a marine filamentous cyanobacteria that is nitrogen fixing.
Brief Description of the species:‘Sea Sawdust’, a marine filamentous cyanobacteria that is nitrogen fixing.
Occurrences in Claims: 62Occurrences in Claims: 62 Number of Publications: 119Number of Publications: 119
They are among the most important of the marine varieties of nitrogen fixing bacteria, and are being extensively studied for their role in nutrient cycling in the ocean. Trichodesmium is thought to fix nitrogen on such a scale that it accounts for almost half of the nitrogen-fixation within marine systems on a global scale. Occurs between China, Japan, South Korea and tip of western Australia.
They are among the most important of the marine varieties of nitrogen fixing bacteria, and are being extensively studied for their role in nutrient cycling in the ocean. Trichodesmium is thought to fix nitrogen on such a scale that it accounts for almost half of the nitrogen-fixation within marine systems on a global scale. Occurs between China, Japan, South Korea and tip of western Australia.
They are among the most important of the marine varieties of nitrogen fixing bacteria, and are being extensively studied for their role in nutrient cycling in the ocean. Trichodesmium is thought to fix nitrogen on such a scale that it accounts for almost half of the nitrogen-fixation within marine systems on a global scale. Occurs between China, Japan, South Korea and tip of western Australia.
They are among the most important of the marine varieties of nitrogen fixing bacteria, and are being extensively studied for their role in nutrient cycling in the ocean. Trichodesmium is thought to fix nitrogen on such a scale that it accounts for almost half of the nitrogen-fixation within marine systems on a global scale. Occurs between China, Japan, South Korea and tip of western Australia.
Species Name:Riftia pachyptila
Kingdom:AnimalKingdom:Animal
Brief Description of the species:Giant Tube WormBrief Description of the species:Giant Tube WormBrief Description of the species:Giant Tube Worm
Occurrences in Claims: 4Occurrences in Claims: 4 Number of Publications: 25Number of Publications: 25
Large tubeworms which live around hydrothermal vents. With sunlight not available directly as a form of energy, the tubeworms rely on bacteria in their habitat to oxidize hydrogen sulphide using dissolved oxygen in the water for respiration. Occurs off coast of Ecuador & Galapagos, Pacific Coast of Mexico
Large tubeworms which live around hydrothermal vents. With sunlight not available directly as a form of energy, the tubeworms rely on bacteria in their habitat to oxidize hydrogen sulphide using dissolved oxygen in the water for respiration. Occurs off coast of Ecuador & Galapagos, Pacific Coast of Mexico
Large tubeworms which live around hydrothermal vents. With sunlight not available directly as a form of energy, the tubeworms rely on bacteria in their habitat to oxidize hydrogen sulphide using dissolved oxygen in the water for respiration. Occurs off coast of Ecuador & Galapagos, Pacific Coast of Mexico
Large tubeworms which live around hydrothermal vents. With sunlight not available directly as a form of energy, the tubeworms rely on bacteria in their habitat to oxidize hydrogen sulphide using dissolved oxygen in the water for respiration. Occurs off coast of Ecuador & Galapagos, Pacific Coast of Mexico
Species Name:Euphausia superba.
Kingdom:AnimalKingdom:Animal
Brief Description of the species:Antarctic Krill. Brief Description of the species:Antarctic Krill. Brief Description of the species:Antarctic Krill.
Occurrences in Claims: 33 (Krill = 337)Occurrences in Claims: 33 (Krill = 337) Number of Publications: 109 (Krill = 2234)Number of Publications: 109 (Krill = 2234)
The keystone species for Antarctic ecosystems. The waters around the Antarctic continent harbour possibly the largest plankton assemblage in the world upon which the krill feed. The biomass of Antarctic krill is estimated to be 125 to 725 million tonnes.
The keystone species for Antarctic ecosystems. The waters around the Antarctic continent harbour possibly the largest plankton assemblage in the world upon which the krill feed. The biomass of Antarctic krill is estimated to be 125 to 725 million tonnes.
The keystone species for Antarctic ecosystems. The waters around the Antarctic continent harbour possibly the largest plankton assemblage in the world upon which the krill feed. The biomass of Antarctic krill is estimated to be 125 to 725 million tonnes.
The keystone species for Antarctic ecosystems. The waters around the Antarctic continent harbour possibly the largest plankton assemblage in the world upon which the krill feed. The biomass of Antarctic krill is estimated to be 125 to 725 million tonnes.
MGR occurrence records outside
the EEZ and Hydrothermal
VentsSource: Hydrothermal Vents, InterRidge Vents Database. www.interridge.org
Identifying Origins• Disclosure of origin debates involve two issues:
• a) Technical disclosure of the origin or source of genetic resources in a patent application;
• b) The consequences of disclosure or a failure to disclose;
• In practice samples may be obtained from sources such as: commercial suppliers, public collections, genomics databases (in silico), universities, or through in situ collection.
Oldham & Burton (2010) Defusing Disclosure in Patent Applications. UNU study. UNEP/CBD/COP/10/INF/44
M. jannaschii genome. Univ
Illinos, TIGR, Univ John Hopkins 2003.
Granted only for gene fragments
The 1980 Bayh-Dole Act Disclosure Statement for
Federal Funding Facilitates Monitoring
Non-Monetary Benefit-Sharing
• Patents provide a good proxy indicator for intended commercial research and development;
• In debates on access and benefit-sharing considerable emphasis is also placed on non-monetary benefit sharing. However, this is difficult to quantify and to ‘see’;
• A way forward is provided by examining the data that accompanies scientific literature to reveal networks of collaboration, knowledge transfer and funding in scientific research on marine genetic resources.
Country Collaboration Network for
publications on Marine Genetic
Resources 2011-2013.
Organization Network for
Marine Genetic Resources
2011-2013. Sample Data
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Draft Funding Network Marine Research Sample Web of Science.
Size = Publication Counts
Best Practices for Monitoring• Improving coverage of marine species in analysing patent
data (i.e. using WoRMS);
• Evidence based analysis of origins/sources in patents;
• Improving coverage & validating geocoding in GBIF data to remove noise;
• Using existing geocoded resources for deep sea locations;
• Using existing best practice and technical advice in patent analysis from the WIPO Patent Landscaping Group;
• Making indexed data available in an accessible and useful format;
Thank-you The research in this presentation was made possible
with support from:
The UK Intellectual Property Office
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), UK
Institute of Advanced Studies, United Nations University
Contact: [email protected]
Background Image: Copyright Kate Whitley/Wellcome Trust, London
One World Analytics is a trading name of POMC Consulting Ltd., UK.