Using genetic techniques to guide management and design of Marine Protected Areas

Rob ToonenHawai'i Institute of Marine Biology,

School of Ocean & Earth Sciences & TechnologyUniversity of Hawai'i at Mānoa

January 2008

Recent Sea Grant Awards:2004-05 Marker development for Carijoa riisei ($9,986)

2004 $47,408 HURL 2005 $74,933 HURL 2005-06 $71,910 HCRI 2005-06 $92,552 HISC2006-07 $57,403 WestPac ($344,206 total)

Supported personnel: Sam KahngDaniel WagnerGreg Concepcion

Resulting Publications:1)Kahng, S.E. & A. Salih. 2005. Localization of fluorescent pigments in a nonbioluminescent, azooxanthellate octocoral suggests a photoprotective function. Coral Reefs 24(3):435-436.2)Kahng, S.E. & R.W. Grigg. 2005. Impact of an alien octocoral (Carijoa riisei) on black corals in Hawaii. Coral Reefs 24(4):556-562.3)Kahng, S.E. & J.E. Maragos. 2006. The deepest zooxanthellate, scleractinian corals in the world? Coral Reefs. 25(2):254.4)Kahng S.E. 2006. Ecology and ecological impact of an alien octocoral, Carijoa riisei, in Hawaii. Ph.D. thesis, University of Hawaii, p2845)Concepcion, G., M. Medina & R.J. Toonen. 2006. Novel mtDNA intron primers from scleractinian corals. Molecular Ecology Notes. 6:1208–1211 6)Wagner, D., S. Kahng & R.J. Toonen. 2007. New report of nudibranch predators of the invasive octocoral Carijoa riisei in the Hawaiian Islands. Coral Reefs. 26:411 7)Kahng, S.E. & C. Kelley. 2007. Vertical zonation of habitat forming benthic species on the deep reef (60-150m) in the Au’au Channel, Hawaii. Coral Reefs8)Concepcion, G., M. Crepeau, D. Wagner, S.E. Kahng & R.J. Toonen. Online first. An alternative to ITS - a hypervariable, single-copy nuclear intron in corals, and its use in detecting cryptic species within the octocoral genus Carijoa. Coral Reefs. 9)Kahng, S.E., D. Wagner, N. Rothe, Y. Benayahu. In press. Sexual reproduction in Carijoa riisei (Octocorallia: Clavulariidae) in Hawaii. Bulletin of Marine Science10)Concepcion, G., S.E. Kahng, M. Crepeau, E.C. Franklin, S. Coles & R.J. Toonen. In review. Molecular data refute a Caribbean introduction and suggest multiple origins for the invasive snowflake coral in Hawaii. Molecular Ecology. 11)Concepcion G.T., & R.J. Toonen. In prep. Microsatellite markers for 3 species of Hawaiian corals: Acropora cytherea, Montipora capitata, and Fungia scutaria. Journal of Heredity. 12)Wagner, D. S. Kahng & R.J. Toonen. In prep. Evaluation of the specialist nudibranch Phyllodesmium poindemei for possible biocontrol of the invasive snowflake coral Carijoa riisei in Hawaii. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 13)Wagner, D. S. Kahng & R.J. Toonen. In prep. Temperature and salinity tolerances of the invasive snowflake coral Carijoa riisei in Hawaii, and implications for possible control. Marine Biology. 14)Kahng, S.E., Y. Benayahu, H. Lasker. In prep. Sexual reproduction in alcyonacean octocorals. Marine Ecology Progress Series

Primary results from this work:

1)Quantified the spread and effect of Carijoa on native Black Corals

Primary results from this work:

1)Quantified the spread and effect of Carijoa on native Black Corals

2)Developed new genetic markers now adopted by NSF-funded Tree of Life Consortium

Primary results from this work:

1)Quantified the spread and effect of Carijoa on native Black Corals

2)Developed new genetic markers now adopted by NSF-funded Tree of Life Consortium

3)Ecology of specialist predator and evaluation of potential bio-control

Primary results from this work:

1)Quantified the spread and effect of Carijoa on native Black Corals

2)Developed new markers now adopted by NSF-funded Tree of Life Consortium

3)Ecology of specialist predator and evaluation of potential bio-control

4)Refute the Caribbean origin of Carijoa in Hawaii, and document native status of Carijoa in Pacific

"[Our] discovery of the sponge Desmapsamma anchorata and the octocoral Carijoa riisei on an Indonesian reef enlarges the widespread dispersion of these invasive Atlantic species in the Indo-Pacific area" Calcinai et al. 2004 JMBAUK 84:937-941.

Recent Sea Grant Awards:2004-05 Marker development for Carijoa riisei ($9,986)

2004 $47,408 HURL 2005 $74,933 HURL 2005-06 $71,910 HCRI 2005-06 $92,552 HISC2006-07 $57,403 WestPac ($344,206 total)

2003-04 Marker development for Opihi ($9,992)2004-06 $88,540 SeaGrant2006-07 $71,535 HCRI ($160,075 total)2008-10 $800,000 NSF (in prep)

Supported personnel: Chris BirdAdam Baker

Resulting Publications:

1)Toonen, R.J. & C.B. Wee. 2005. An experimental comparison of sediment-based biological filtration designs for recirculating aquarium systems. Aquaculture 250: 244– 255. 2)Bird, C.J., B.S. Holland, B.W. Bowen, and R.J. Toonen. 2007. Contrasting population structure in three endemic Hawaiian limpets (Cellana spp.) with similar life histories. Molecular Ecology 16:3173-3186.3)Bird, C. E. & C. M. Smith. In review. Between the waves: the effects of wave-domination on physical and biological patterns on a Hawaiian rocky shore. Limnology and Oceanography.4)Bird, C.E., S. Karl & R.J. Toonen. In review. A method for standardizing estimates of FST within and among studies. Evolution. 5)Bird, C. E., B. Holland, R. Cowie, and R. Toonen. In prep. Shell game: Geographic variation in the cryptic nature of shell characters in Cellana exarata and Cellana sandwicensis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.6)Bird, C. E. and R. J. Toonen. In prep. Identification and quantification of the larvae of three marine limpets in mixed samples using quantitative PCR. Marine Ecology Progress Series.7)Bird, C. E. & C. M. Smith. In prep. Complex algal mediated indirect interactions between an Indo-pacific sea urchin and endemic Hawaiian limpet. Ecology.8)Szabo, Z., B. Bowen & R.J. Toonen. In prep. Improved methods for preservation and extraction of DNA from invertebrates. Coral Reefs.

Primary results from this work:

1)NWHI endemic Cellana melanostoma is not a valid species

Primary results from this work:

1)NWHI endemic Cellana melanostoma is not a valid species

2)Management of all 3 species as a single fishery is unfounded

3)Population structure of each species differs dramatically among islands – each island must be managed separately

Primary results from this work:

1)NWHI endemic Cellana melanostoma is not a valid species

2)Management of all 3 species as a single fishery is unfounded

3)Population structure of each species differs dramatically among islands – each island must be managed separately

Primary results from this work:

1)NWHI endemic Cellana melanostoma is not a valid species

2)Management of all 3 species as a single fishery is unfounded

3)Population structure of each species differs dramatically among islands – each island must be managed separately

4)Use of an exemplar species to represent ecosystems for management or MPA design is highly unreliable

Recent Sea Grant Awards:2004-05 Marker development for Carijoa riisei ($9,986)

2004 $47,408 HURL 2005 $74,933 HURL 2005-06 $71,910 HCRI 2005-06 $92,552 HISC2006-07 $57,403 WestPac ($344,206 total)

2003-04 Marker development for Opihi ($9,992)2004-06 $88,540 SeaGrant2006-07 $71,535 HCRI ($160,075 total)2008-10 $800,000 NSF (in prep)

2006-08 Genetic diversity & abundance for MPA design ($51,716)2007-08 $69,728 HISC2007-12 $1,498,879 ONR (pending)

Supported personnel: Kim WeersingMatt DunlapChris Bird

Conventional wisdom:Dispersal distance is positively correlated with

Pelagic Larval Duration (PLD).

n = 25, r2 = 0.61 (Shanks et al. 2003)

n = 32, r2 = 0.802 (Siegel et al. 2003)

Resulting Publications thus far:

1)Weersing, K.A. & R.J. Toonen. In review. How well does pelagic larval duration really correlate with genetic estimates of gene flow in marine systems? Ecology Letters.

(n=135, r2 = 0.028, p = 0.063)

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