Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Introduction to BiochemistryIntroduction to Biochemistry

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Most Specific to Most GeneralMost Specific to Most GeneralLeast Inclusive to Most InclusiveLeast Inclusive to Most Inclusive

OrganismOrganismSpeciesSpeciesPopulationPopulationCommunityCommunityEcosystemEcosystemBiosphereBiosphere

Levels of Organization of the Levels of Organization of the ORGANISMORGANISM

Most General to Most SpecificMost General to Most Specific

OrganismOrganismOrgan systemOrgan systemOrganOrganTissueTissueCellCellMoleculeMoleculeAtomAtom

ATOMATOM

Smallest unit of matter, that is Smallest unit of matter, that is made up of subatomic particles. made up of subatomic particles.

Atoms are the chemical building Atoms are the chemical building blocks from which EVERY part of blocks from which EVERY part of the organism is made. the organism is made.

Examples: C H N O P SExamples: C H N O P S

MoleculeMolecule

Formed as different atoms form Formed as different atoms form chemical bonds with each other. chemical bonds with each other.

Example: glucose Example: glucose molecular formula molecular formula

CC66HH1212OO66

CellCell

Basic unit of life. First level of the Basic unit of life. First level of the organism that is considered alive. organism that is considered alive.

Made up of organelles like the Made up of organelles like the nucleus that are made up of nucleus that are made up of macromolecules like protein, macromolecules like protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.acids.

TissueTissue

Collection of similar cells that Collection of similar cells that work together to form a certain work together to form a certain function.function.

Example: Example: muscular tissue, movementmuscular tissue, movementnervous tissue, communicationnervous tissue, communication

Organ Organ

Collection of different tissues Collection of different tissues that work together to perform that work together to perform highly specialized functions.highly specialized functions.

Example: The heartExample: The heart

Organ SystemOrgan System

Collection of different organs that Collection of different organs that work together to perform a major work together to perform a major function for the entire organism.function for the entire organism.

Example: The digestive system, Example: The digestive system, which is made up of organs like which is made up of organs like the stomach, esophagus, teeth, the stomach, esophagus, teeth, and intestines.and intestines.

OrganismOrganism

All the organ systems work All the organ systems work together to create a whole together to create a whole organism that can survive and organism that can survive and flourish. flourish.

Atomic StructureAtomic Structure

ParticleParticle ChargeChargeLocationLocation

1.1. ProtonsProtons

NeutronsNeutrons

ElectronsElectrons

Atomic StructureAtomic Structure

ParticleParticle ChargeCharge LocationLocation

1. Protons1. Protons (+)ve(+)ve

NeutronsNeutrons 00

ElectronsElectrons ( - )ve ( - )ve

Atomic StructureAtomic Structure

ParticleParticle ChargeCharge LocationLocation

1. Protons1. Protons (+)ve(+)ve - nucleus- nucleus

NeutronsNeutrons 00 - nucleus- nucleus

ElectronsElectrons ( - )ve ( - )ve - around - around the the

nucleusnucleus

2. The number of protons in one atom of an 2. The number of protons in one atom of an element determines the atom’s element determines the atom’s identityidentity, , and the number of electrons determines and the number of electrons determines behaviorbehavior of an element. of an element.

3. The atomic number tells you the number 3. The atomic number tells you the number of of protonsprotons in one atom of an elements. It in one atom of an elements. It also tells you the number of also tells you the number of electronselectrons in a in a neutral atom of that element. The atomic neutral atom of that element. The atomic number gives the “identity” of an element number gives the “identity” of an element as well as its location on the periodic as well as its location on the periodic Table. No two different elements will have Table. No two different elements will have the the samesame atomic number. atomic number.

4. The 4. The atomic massatomic mass of an element is the of an element is the average mass of an element’s naturally average mass of an element’s naturally occurring atom, or isotopes, taking into occurring atom, or isotopes, taking into account the account the number of neutronsnumber of neutrons of each of each isotope. isotope.

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

A single atom that has the SAME # of A single atom that has the SAME # of protons, but can have a DIFFERENT protons, but can have a DIFFERENT number of neutrons. number of neutrons.

Example: Carbon-12 Example: Carbon-12

Carbon-13 Carbon-13

Carbon-14Carbon-14

5. The 5. The mass numbermass number of an element is the total of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleusnucleus of the atom. of the atom.

6. The mass number is used to calculate the 6. The mass number is used to calculate the number of number of protonsprotons and and neutronsneutrons in one atom of in one atom of an element. In order to calculate the number of an element. In order to calculate the number of neutrons you must subtract the neutrons you must subtract the number of number of protonsprotons from the from the mass numbermass number. .

Element Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons

Hydrogen H 1 0 1

Carbon C 6 6 6

Nitrogen N 7 7 7

Oxygen O 8 8 8

Phosphorus P 15 16 15

Sulfur S 16 16 16

SummarySummary

1.1. Atomic # = # of protonsAtomic # = # of protons

2.2. # of protons = # of electrons# of protons = # of electrons

3.3. Mass number = # of protons + # of neutronsMass number = # of protons + # of neutrons

4.4. Atomic Mass = average mass of all of an Atomic Mass = average mass of all of an atoms isotopes (units amu)atoms isotopes (units amu)