LE 1 final review

terrorism

• Terrorism is motivated by a number of reasons:1. Political ideologies: bringing about changes in

the political climate in a country.2. Religious ideologies: as demonstrated by

radical Islamic factions, the Irish IRA and some other Asian groups.

3. To correct social injustices.4. Monetary gain is rarely a terror objective.

Terrorist Targets

• Targets can be domestic or international1. Both World Trade Center bombings were

from international terrorists.2. Oklahoma City, Atlanta Olympic Park,

Birmingham Abortion Clinics were domestic terrorists attacks.

Terror weapons

• Terrorist use a variety of weapons1. Explosives: can be improvised ( road side bombs

in Iraq) Home made (like the pressure cooker bombs used in the Boston Marathon) or nuclear (which concerns the governments the most)

2. Chemical: the release of poison gases or poison chemicals into the environment.

3. Biological: the release of germs like anthrax into the environment.

B-NICE

• What does the acronym B-NIC stand for? B-Biological N-Nuclear/Radiological I-Incendiary C-Chemical E-Explosive Agents

Public Safety Reaction

• The primary goal of local public safety personnel is the securing injured victims.

• Next they would secure the scene.• If possible locate suspects.• The personal safety of the responding officer

is always an over riding consideration.

Search and Rescue Operations

• The main goal of any S&R op is the safe return of any victim.

• Victims first have to be located• After being located, render any first aid to

stabilize them for transport.• Last is the recue element: removing them

from an area of high risk/hazard to one of safety.

stress

• To help reduce stress, any public safety officer should:

• 1. eat a healthy diet• 2. exercise regularly• 3. get plenty of rest• 4. maintain a good attitude• 5. keep up with training

First Aid

• 1. most bleeding can be control with direct pressure to the wound.

• 2. all homes should have at least 2 escape plans that include areas to meet in case of a fire, tornado, sever weather.

• 3. all homes should have emergency supplies that include a first aid kit, drinking water, non-perishable food, blankets and flash light.

First Aid

• A person suffer from shock has a severely depressed blood circulation and the brain is not getting enough oxygen. Shock can be caused by injury or loss of blood due to injury.

• Treatment: • re-establish blood to brain.• Stop external bleeding• Lower head, raise feet.

Fire extinguisher use

• Remember the acronym PASS• P- pull the pin• A- aim the base of the fire• S- squeeze the handle• S- Sweep back and forth

CRP

• The rescuer helps victim with breathing and circulation. If someone needs CPR, there is really no wrong way to do it.

• Steps: determine if victim is breathing and has no pulse.

• Start compressions and rescue breathing until help arrives or you cannot continue.

Incident Command Centers

• ICC are used for large scene disasters or crime scenes that require to co-ordination of two or more agencies.

• Examples would be: large fire, flooding, terror attack, major accident on the expressway.

After Action

• All public safety incidents must be documented.

• Reports should be printed and in first person• Most departments now use computers to aid

in report writing• The officer that signs the report is called the

officer of record. Officers that help are called assisting officers.

Rank Structure

• Most public safety agencies are headed up by a chief or director.

• The rank structure in almost all departments follow a military model.

• Chief, Director or Sheriff is at the top, then major, captain, lieutenant, sergeant, corporal and officer or deputy is generally entry level.

Miranda v. Arizona

• The Miranda case help establish a number of procedure the police must follow when questioning a suspect.

1. The suspect has the right to remain silent. They do not have to say anything but must identify themselves.

2. If they cannon afford an lawyer, one will be appointed and paid for by the state.

Miranda cont.

• A suspect can make a statement, but it must be voluntary and not forced by the police.

• The police can trick or lie to the suspect in an effort to get them to talk, but they cannot be beaten or held in cognito.

Basic searches

• The police can search if they have a warrant, incident to a legal arrest, with permission, to secure evidence in plain sight, with exigent circumstances, to secure weapons under Terry, abandoned property, to secure an area during an arrest as in Chimel v. California (protective sweep) and during hot pursuit.

Levels of proof

• Articulable suspicion: someone is doing something at some time that gets the officer’s attention. This is time, place, manner dependent.

• Limited detention stop: officer can stop someone for a short time to determine if there is probable cause.

Levels of proof cont.

• Probably cause: there is enough information available to the officer to make the reasonable person think that some crime has been committed or about to be committed.

• Proof beyond a reasonable doubt: is the level of proof needed in court to get a conviction. The more serious the crime, the higher the level of proof is.

Stages of a case through the system

• Arrest: the officer has probable cause and takes the suspect to jail where they are booked. Photos and fingerprints are taken and the incident is recorded into police records.

• First appearance, preliminary hearing: suspect is taken to a magistrate where probable cause is determined. If PC is found, most of time a bond is set.

• In the case of felonies, the case goes to the grand jury. If the GJ finds a true bill, the suspect is indicted.

Case in the System cont.

• In the case of a misdemeanor, the suspect goes to a lower level court. At this court the most penalty a person can get is 1 year in jail and a $1000 fine.

• In the case of a felony, the suspect then goes to arraignment. The suspect must now enter a plea and if they cannot afford a lawyer one is appointed at this time.

Cases cont.

• At arraignment, if the suspect pleads guilty or nolo, he is given a penalty by the judge. If he pleads not guilty a trial date is set. About 90% of all case are plead out.

• At the trial, the state must prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt, this is called “the state’s burden.” If the state fails to prove their case, the suspect must be found not guilty.

• If the suspect is found guilty, the judge gives them a penalty.

Constitutional Amendments

• 1st: right to free speech, assemble, press, travel, petition

• 2nd: right to bear arms• 4th: searches must be reasonable.• 5th: due process, remain silent• 6th: fair trial, attorney, jury trial, public trial, call

witnesses, challenge state’s evidence• 8th no cruel or unusual punishment• 14th due process at all stages

Career development

• When filling out a job application, you must be truthful. Getting caught in a lie could result in not getting the job, getting fired later from the job or even getting arrested if the information required was subject to legal documentation. Ex. Saying you’re a doctor when you really are not, saying you’re a lawyer when you really or not.

Jobs / professions cont.

• A person cannot use their position for personal gains. This is un-ethical and maybe even illegal.

• Mis-use of authority by police is called police corruption. An officer guilty of corruption will certainly get fired and probably go to jail, too.

General information

• The place where an officer works or what he does is called jurisdiction. For example: a Douglasville officer has authority over state crimes that occur in Douglasville. An FBI agent has authority in the whole USA, but only over federal crimes.