Political Ideologies - Midterm1

8/8/2019 Political Ideologies - Midterm1

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Contemporary

RevolutionaryIdeas


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Vladimir Lenin Father of the Russian Bolshevik Revolution Defines state as a special organization of

force: it is an organization of violence forthe suppression of some class

He did not only describe imperialism asthe last stage but also call it as moribund

stage of capitalism


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Vladimir Lenin


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Imperialism Tied to the growth of monopoly

capitalism The stage when advanced

economies came to be dominated

by finance capital and by bankswhich were themselvesconcentrated in cartels


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Effects of Imperialism Monopoly capital created a tendency to

retard and stagnate technical progress

Super profits of the imperialist statemade it possible to bribe and upperstrata of the proletariat that foster, give

shape to and strengthen opportunism


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Mao Tse Tung Maos revolutionary strategy of

protracted peoples war withthe poor peasants as vanguardsof the revolution constituted

one of his most originalcontributions to political theory


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Mao Tse Tung


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Mohandas Gandhi Mahatma Great Soul Gandhi developed

the Satyagraha based party on Christ

teachings and Hindu scriptures which hecalled non-violent non cooperation

This approach was a form of passive

resistance and civil disobedience or thepeaceful resistance of citizens to cooperatewith their government in order to winconcessions from it


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Mohandas Gandhi


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Note:The first people power revolt

in the Philippines may alsobe considered as an exampleof the Gandhian approach


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Political Ideologies


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IdeologyDoctrines, opinions, or way

of thinking of an individual,class, etc.


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Ideology by Kay LawsonA system of beliefs and

attitudes about social andeconomic institutions and

processes


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Four Major Ideologies


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Conservatism Practice of preserving what is

established; a disposition to opposechange in established institutionsand methods

Six basic principles Order,Continuity, Loyalty, Protection ofIndividual Freedom, Piety andN

ationalism


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Liberalism Believes that man is capable of

reason and rational action and

should be helped by thegovernment to fulfill his potentials

Government must never force

assistance on unwilling citizens

Also value to maintain personalfreedom


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Note: Endorsed by Rousseaus Social

Contract Theory, the idea that human beings consent to be ruledby others, but only on condition

that the individual right andliberties are maintained


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Socialism Believes that man is naturally

sociable and cooperative and thatthe establishment of a socialist government and the abolition of

exploitative work arrangementsencourage these natural tendencies


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Note: Socialists believed that the solution

is to limit or even abolish outrightthe institution of private property,which they say should be owned by

the State, and that in returncontrolled by the workers orproletariat.


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Types of Socialism


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Early SocialistArgued for the abolition of

private property or simply actedout the idea by establishingcommunal ownership of land

and other goods


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Utopian Socialists Believed that human beings

should and could work togetherfor their common welfare insmall communities


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Marxist Socialists Believed that human history is

moving inexorably through fivestage of economic developmentcharacterized by a different modeof production and different form ofclass struggle over ownership of the means of production.


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Communism This will be achieved when the

control over the means of production will be restored tothe workers, probably means of

a violent insurrection or apeoples war.


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Soviet CommunismAdded to the ideas of Marx, the

teaching of Lenin which state thatonly upon the emergence of imperialism that it would be able toreach the stage of socialism; thatthe communist revolution leads atfirst, only to socialist system


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Chinese CommunismSignification of Marxism-

Leninism and theprogpagation of theteachings of Mao Ze Dong


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Democratic SocialismAlso known as Moderate

Socialist Thought


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Basic Tenets of DS Society is based on class struggle

It is important to organize theworking class to have a voice in thelocal and national government

Revolution is not essential toachieve a socialist society


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Anarchism Most misunderstood version of socialism

The breakdown of law and order and thereign of chaos

No person should have the right toexercise authority over another person

Breakdown of existing order, the only wayto shatter patterns of exploitation


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Syndicalism Last variation of socialism which sees

the trade union, rather than small

community as the organization best qualified to replace the modern Stateand allows the workers to assume

controls of their own affairs To be achieved through such direct

action as general strikes and sabotage


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FascismAnchored on the idea that what

matters most is the nation itself It argues that citizens can prosper

only when the nation prospers, and

ends up placing the destiny of thenation above that of its people


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FascismAll human interactions are subject to

the absolute discipline of the State and

its leader

A system characterized by a rigid one-party dictatorship, the forcible

oppression of the opposition, theretention of private ownership undercentralized government control


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Note:

The term fascism was first used by Italiandictator Benito Mussolini in 1919. The term

comes from the Italian word fascio, whichmeans union or league.

Also refers to the ancient Roman symbol ofpower, the fasces, a bundle of sticks bound

to an ax, which represented civic unity andthe authority of Roman officials to punishwrongdoers.


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Political Labels


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Leftism Taking a positive view of human

nature and believing that thechange and progress are necessaryand possible to improve the humancondition


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Left Dictionary defines as liberal, radical

or progressive and right, taking asomewhat more pessimistic view ofhuman nature, placing greateremphasis on the importance ofmaintaining order, piety andcontinuity


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Authoritarian / Totalitarian Political system in which political

power is concentrated in the handsof the few and privileged group,the difference being that in thetotalitarian system, more effort ismade to exercise that power in allareas of human existence.


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Nationalism

Pervading spirit or feeling that national interests are moreparamount than private or internalinterests, and it does not constitutea separate ideology


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Note:

Democracy like authoritarianism

is not a political ideology but rather a description of therelationship between citizens

and their leader

Documents

Political Ideologies - Midterm1