How social and culture influences health?

Step 1

1. Obesity : - having too much body fat - Medical condition characteristic by excessive accumulation of fat in the

body which can increase risk of heart disease and high blood preassure.2. Westernisation :

- proccess of imitation by a society or culture of the country

- the western country that are considered better than local culture. 3. Urbanisation : movement of people from rural to urban 4. Mechanization : proccess doing work with machine5. Lifestyle :

- a pattern of life which is manifested in the form of activity, that is experessed in behaviour in daily life that is different individual.

6. Social : - relationship and living with other in order to fulfill basic needs.

- Everything of human behavior which describe relationship non individualies

7. Sedentary lifestyle : - a type of lifestyle irregular or physical activity

- A lifestyle for some people in the group, who don’t to change place or stay in one place

8. Obesity prevelance : - how often obesity disease occur in a group of people.

9. Culture : - something that born in society and grow in community.

- A way of life that developed and shared by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation, and not easy to be change.

Step 2

1. How to prevent the obesity ?2. How culture affect public health ? 3. What are the obstecles of healthy life ?4. Why westernitation can influence obesity ? 5. What are risks that can result from obesity ? 6. What are the solution of the obstecles of healthy life ?7. How the relationship between change in culture with social demands that

could affect health ? 8. What are the aspect social economy , biological, religy, culture that

influence health status ? 9. What is the relationship between westernitation and urbanitation ? 10.What are the impact of unhealthy lifestyle ?11. How to live a healthy life ?12.What is the factor of sedentary lifestyle ? 13.What is the factor that causes obesity ?14.What can we do when we have patient with different culture ? 15.What are the advantage and disadvantage of health culture change ? 16.What is the characteristic of culture ?

Step 3

1. How to prevent the obesity ?- Change eating habit

- Control pattern eat

- Selectfood that will consume ( vegetable, reduce the consumtion of sugar, food high in energy and fat like junk food)

- Portion control

- Often excercise

- Always consistent with the planning of a healthy lifestyle

- Prevent before the baby birth and when the baby born mom can give ASI

Increase consumption of fruits and vegetablesIncrease physical activityIncrease breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusivityDecrease consumption of sugar drinksDecrease consumption of high-energy-dense foods, which are high in calories

2. Why westernitation can influence obesity ? - Junk food : contain much fat and colestrol make heart disease

3. What are risks that can result from obesity ? - Diabetes melitus

- Stroke

- Heart disease

- malfunction of reproduction system

- some cancers

- osteo artritis.

4. What is the factor that causes obesity ?- Genetic factor

- Hormonal

- Drugs

- Asupan makan

- Physical Activity

- Over eating.

- Eat high fat and sugar food

- Slow metabolism

6. factor that influence obesity

1. Lack of Energy Balance

A lack of energy balance most often causes overweight and obesity. Energy balance means that your energy IN equals your energy OUT.

Energy IN is the amount of energy or calories you get from food and drinks. Energy OUT is the amount of energy your body uses for things like breathing, digesting, and being physically active.

To maintain a healthy weight, your energy IN and OUT don't have to balance exactly every day. It's the balance over time that helps you maintain a healthy weight.

The same amount of energy IN and energy OUT over time = weight stays the sameMore energy IN than energy OUT over time = weight gainMore energy OUT than energy IN over time = weight loss

Overweight and obesity happen over time when you take in more calories than you use.

2. Other Causes An Inactive Lifestyle.

Many Americans aren't very physically active. One reason for this is that many people spend hours in front of TVs and computers doing work, schoolwork, and leisure activities. In fact, more than 2 hours a day of regular TV viewing time has been linked to overweight and obesity.

Other reasons for not being active include: relying on cars instead of walking, fewer physical demands at work or at home because of modern technology and conveniences, and lack of physical education classes in schools.

People who are inactive are more likely to gain weight because they don't burn the calories that they take in from food and drinks. An inactive lifestyle also raises your risk forccoronary heart disease,high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, and other health problems.

3. Environment

Our environment doesn't support healthy lifestyle habits; in fact, it encourages obesity. Some reasons include:

Lack of neighborhood sidewalks and safe places for recreation. Not having area parks, trails, sidewalks, and affordable gyms makes it hard for people to be physically active.Work schedules. People often say that they don't have time to be physically active because of long work hours and time spent commuting.Oversized food portions. Americans are exposed to huge food portions in restaurants, fast food places, gas stations, movie theaters, supermarkets, and even at home. Some of these meals and snacks can feed two or more people. Eating large portions means too much energy IN. Over time, this will cause weight gain if it isn't balanced with physical activity.Lack of access to healthy foods. Some people don't live in neighborhoods that have supermarkets that sell healthy foods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables. Or, for some people, these healthy foods are too costly.Food advertising. Americans are surrounded by ads from food companies. Often children are the targets of advertising for high-calorie, high-fat snacks and sugary drinks. The goal of these ads is to sway people to buy these high-calorie foods, and often they do.Genes and Family History

Studies of identical twins who have been raised apart show that genes have a strong influence on a person's weight. Overweight and obesity tend to run in families. Your chances of being overweight are greater if one or both of your parents are overweight or obese.

Your genes also may affect the amount of fat you store in your body and where on your body you carry the extra fat. Because families also share food and physical activity habits, a link exists between genes and the environment.

Children adopt the habits of their parents. A child who has overweight parents who eat high-calorie foods and are inactive will likely become overweight too. However, if the family adopts healthy food and physical activity habits, the child's chance of being overweight or obese is reduced.

4. Health Conditions

Some hormone problems may cause overweight and obesity, such as underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), Cushing's syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

Underactive thyroid is a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't make enough thyroid hormone. Lack of thyroid hormone will slow down your metabolism and cause weight gain. You'll also feel tired and weak.

Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which the body's adrenal glands make too much of the hormone cortisol. Cushing's syndrome also can develop if a person takes high doses of certain medicines, such as prednisone, for long periods.

People who have Cushing's syndrome gain weight, have upper-body obesity, a rounded face, fat around the neck, and thin arms and legs.

PCOS is a condition that affects about 5–10 percent of women of childbearing age. Women who have PCOS often are obese, have excess hair growth, and have reproductive problems and other health issues. These problems are caused by high levels of hormones called androgens.

5. Medicines

Certain medicines may cause you to gain weight. These medicines include some corticosteroids, antidepressants, and seizure medicines.

These medicines can slow the rate at which your body burns calories, increase your appetite, or cause your body to hold on to extra water. All of these factors can lead to weight gain.

6. Emotional Factors

Some people eat more than usual when they're bored, angry, or stressed. Over time, overeating will lead to weight gain and may cause overweight or obesity.

7. Smoking

Some people gain weight when they stop smoking. One reason is that food often tastes and smells better after quitting smoking.

Another reason is because nicotine raises the rate at which your body burns calories, so you burn fewer calories when you stop smoking. However, smoking is a serious health risk, and quitting is more important than possible weight gain.

8. Age

As you get older, you tend to lose muscle, especially if you're less active. Muscle loss can slow down the rate at which your body burns calories. If you don't reduce your calorie intake as you get older, you may gain weight.

Midlife weight gain in women is mainly due to aging and lifestyle, but menopause also plays a role. Many women gain about 5 pounds during menopause and have more fat around the waist than they did before.

9. Pregnancy

During pregnancy, women gain weight to support their babies’ growth and development. After giving birth, some women find it hard to lose the weight. This may lead to overweight or obesity, especially after a few pregnancies.

10. Lack of Sleep

Research shows that lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity. For example, one study of teenagers showed that with each hour of sleep lost, the odds of becoming obese went up. Lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity in other age groups as well.

People who sleep fewer hours also seem to prefer eating foods that are higher in calories and carbohydrates, which can lead to overeating, weight gain, and obesity.

Sleep helps maintain a healthy balance of the hormones that make you feel hungry (ghrelin) or full (lepton). When you don't get enough sleep, your level of ghrelin goes up and your level of leptin goes down. This makes you feel hungrier than when you're well-rested.

Sleep also affects how your body reacts to insulin, the hormone that controls your blood glucose (sugar) level. Lack of sleep results in a higher than normal blood sugar level, which may increase your risk for diabetes.

Sourch : national heart lung and blood institute. United state of America. 2012http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe/causes

5. How culture affect public health ? - Culture has a strong influence on what and how people eat or in other

words cultural pattern affect people in choosing food. This is evident from the presence of some specific types of food that have more value in the society and when person consume that food will increase it prestige in society

Culture is a pattern of ideas, customs and behaviours shared by a particular people or society. It is constantly evolving. The speed of cultural evolution varies. It increases when a group migrates to and incorporates components of a new culture into their culture of origin. Children often struggle with being ‘between cultures’– balancing the ‘old’ and the ‘new’. They essentially belong to both, whereas their parents often belong predominantly to the ‘old’ culture. One way of thinking about cultures is whether they are primarily ‘collectivist’ or ‘individualist’. Knowing the difference can help health professionals with diagnosis and with tailoring a treatment plan that includes a larger or smaller group. The influence of culture on health is vast.  It affects perceptions of health, illness and death, beliefs about causes of disease, approaches to health promotion, how illness and pain are experienced and expressed, where patients seek help, and the types of treatment patients prefer. 

Both health professionals and patients are influenced by their respective cultures. Canada’s health system has been shaped by the mainstream beliefs of historically dominant cultures. Cultural bias may result in very different health-related preferences and perceptions. Being aware of and negotiating such differences are skills known as 'cultural competence'. This perspective allows care providers to ask about various beliefs or sources of care specifically, and to incorporate new awareness into diagnosis and treatment planning.  Demonstrating awareness of a patient’s culture can promote trust, better health care, lead to higher rates of acceptance of diagnoses and improve treatment adherence. - See more at: http://www.kidsnewtocanada.ca/culture/influence#sthash.bYwlrcUS.dpuf

Collectivistic and individualistic cultures can give rise to different views on human health, as well as on treatment, diagnoses and causes of illness. Depending on where a patient ‘fits’ along their cultural continuum, including  extended family in discussions about disease origin, diagnosis and treatment may be helpful. Consent for certain diagnostic and therapeutic interventions may be needed from extended family members.

Acceptance of a diagnosis, including who should be told, when and how.

Acceptance of preventive or health promotion measures (e.g., vaccines, prenatal care, birth control, screening tests, etc.).

Perception of the amount of control individuals have in preventing and controlling disease.

Perceptions of death, dying and who should be involved. Use of direct versus indirect communication. Making or

avoiding eye contact can be viewed as rude or polite, depending on culture.

Willingness to discuss symptoms with a health care provider, or with an interpreter being present.

Influence of family dynamics, including traditional gender roles, filial responsibilities, and patterns of support among family members.

Perceptions of youth and aging. How accessible the health system is, as well as how well it

functions.

Sourch :

Coverdell, Paul D. World wise schools: Culture matters workbook: Thirteen cultural categories; American and host country views compared. Peace Corps.

Juckett, Gregory.  Cross cultural medicine. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(11):2267-74.

Management Sciences for Health, U.S. Provider’s Guide to Quality and Culture.  Cutural Groups.

SickKids Hospital (Toronto, Ontario), Centre for Innovation and Excellence in Child and Family-centred Care. The Clinical Cultural Competence E-Learning Modules Series.  

6. What are the obstacles of healthy life ?- Lazy attitude

- Facilities and inadequate infrastructurs

- Lack of wearness

- Lack of knowledge

- Economic factors

- Culture

7. How to live a healthy life ?- Serve healthy food

- Diet with healthy

- Dont eat much junk food

- Eat a lot of fresh vagetable and fruit

- Do some excercise for your body regulary

- Avoid smooking and alcohol

- Avoid in healthy habits8. What are the impact of unhealthy lifestyle ?

-9. What is the factor of sedentary lifestyle ? 10.How the relationship between change in culture with social demands that

could affect health ?

11.What are the aspect social economy , biological, religy, culture that influence health status ?

12.What is the characteristic of culture ? Answer

characteristics :1. Adaptive

- That is , a culture is a mechanism hearts maintain Patterns of Life .

2. Learned- That is , culture obtained from the Learning Process FOR cultured ,

BECAUSE Operates Only Man will instinctively Life Without A Culture .

3. Changed- That is , Culture and Developing Dynamic EVERY Now , depending

on time and place the course of Culture .

4. DO NOT realize Posted community- That is , A Cultural adherents not realize that they are the hearts

Patterns of Culture , the Cultural BEEN BECAUSE attached hearts Himself .

5. DO NOT Operate overall Unknown- That is , ALL ' society NO Which Operates know an entire culture , Just

The Facts to Know Form - social fact .

6. give And limiting behavior patterns- That is , providing distance hearts Culture Interaction and restrict

people's behavior patterns .

7. NOT Survive longer in an area is remote- That is, the culture will NOT hearts a long Survive ' The remote

community , with the causes of the lack of regeneration process in the future would Coming .

8. Shared- That is , a culture is a set of Principles and Beliefs well , so that the man

would try to preserve WITH How to deploy to Other PeopleResourch : Oleh Koentjaraningrat . 2009 . Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi . Jakarta : Rineka Cipta

13.What can we do when we have patient with different culture ? 14.What are the advantage and disadvantage of health culture change ? 15.What is the relationship between westernitation and urbanitation ?

Culture