Laporan Praktikum Kimia Industri Unpad- Hand Soap

8/16/2019 Laporan Praktikum Kimia Industri Unpad- Hand Soap

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^TASGS ^TAMWJSE MG]GTOGH MFH

SFDWH ]FHOFH CFET (Bfhm Safp)

LFÂTFH

Mefkujfh uh tuj ̀ g`ghube sflfb sftu tuofs ̀ ftf jule fb ̂ rfjteju` Jeèf

Ehmustre

MESWSWH ALGB

JGLA@ÂJ 7D

Sehtf @friefhe 6=>46>64>>>6 Fhhesf Vahetf Iermf 6=>46>64>>=2

Ifmblfh I. 6=>46>64>>>9 Ftejf H. 6=>46>64>>72

Wliy M.H. Bf`mfhe 6=>46>64>>62 @fulfhf @ubf``fm 6=>46>64>>92

Ejdfr Fr-Tu`fesbf 6=>46>64>>42 @geof Jurhefwfte 6=>46>64>>95

Gèllg 6=>46>64>>3> Frhgl F`flef ^. 6=>46>64>>?9

Ifrrfs If`glf Mbeyf 6=>46>64>>=7 Ietre Iermfuse Fsbfme 6=>46>64>>29

WHEYGTSE]FS ̂ FMKFMKFTFH

IFJWL]FS @F]G@F]EJF MFH EL@W ̂ GHOG]FBWFH FLF@

MG^FT]G@GH JE@EF

LFDATF]ATEW@ JE@EF @F]GTEFL

4>67


2/21

6

^TASGS ^TAMWJSE MG]GTOGH MFH

SFDWH ]FHOFH CFET (Bfhm Safp)

E. ]WKWFH ^GTCADFFH

]ukufh mfre prfjteju` pg`duftfh sfduh (sfpaheiejfse) ehe fmflfb ;

6. @g`pglfkfre mfh `g`prfjtgjjfh prasgs pramujse mgtgrogh mfh sfduh

tfhofh cfer.

4.

@f`pu `ghoetuho jglfyfjfh gjahaè pg`duftfh mgtgrogh mfh sfduh

tfhofh cfer, B^^, Defyf pramujse, Apgrfseahfl, Jguhtuhofh, DG^, mfh

^D^

3.

@f`pu `grfhcfho prasgs pramujse pg`duftfh mgtgrogh mfh sfduh

tfhofh cfer sjflf sgè ja`grsefl

EE.

^TEHSE^ ^GTCADFFH

^grcadffh ehe memfsfrjfh pfmf prehsep sgdfofe dgrejut ;

6. Sfpaheiejfse

Suftu prasgs bemraleses gstgr mflf` sufsfhf dfsf uhtuj `g`dghtuj suftu

fjabal mfh ofrf` mfre fsf`hyf.

4. Sflteho aut

^rasgs pghoghmfpfh suftu zft fjedft lfrutfh lgwft kghub ( supgrsfturftgm )

3. Lejg Messalvg Lejg

Jgcghmgruhofh suftu sghyfwf uhtuj lfrut mflf` pglfrut yfho `gèleje

tehojft jgpalfrfh yfho rglftei sf`f.

EEE. TGFJSE

(Salaàhs & Ibrylg, 4>66).


3/21

4

EY.

]GATE MFSFT

Bemraleses gstgr mflf` sufsfhf dfsf uhtuj `ghobfseljfh ofrf`

jfrdajselft mesgdut sfpaheiejfse jfrghf `grupfjfh prasgs yfho meouhfjfh uhtuj

`g`duft sfduh. Sgcfrf trfmeseahfl, gstgr trestgfrft mfre olesgral-fsf` stgfrft

C6?B37CAAB mebemraleses mghofh hftreu` bemrajsemf `ghobfseljfh hftreu`

stgfrft, C6?B37CAAHf, ja`pahgh utf`f mfre sfduh. Bemraleses mghofh JAB

`ghobfseljfh jfleu` jfrdajselft, yfho meouhfjfh mflf` sfduh cfer (Clfymgh, gt

fl ., 4>64)

Of`dfr 6, Tgfjse Sfpaheiejfse Fsf` @erestft (Clfymgh, gt fl ., 4>64).

Sfduh fmflfb surifjtfh yfho meouhfjfh mghofh fer yfho meouhfjfh uhtuj

`ghcuce mfh `g`dgrsebjfh. sfduh `gèleje dfhyfj dghtuj, sflfb sftuhyf fmflfb

sfduh cfer. Sfduh cfer `grupfjfh pramuj yfho strftgoes, jfrghf sfft ehe

`fsyfrfjft àmgrh sujf pramuj yfho prfjtes mfh gjahaès. ^ghoouhffh sfduh

cfer kuof tglfb `glufs, tgrutf`f pfmf sfrfhf-sfrfhf pudlej. Kejf metgrfpjfh pfmf

suftu pgrùjffh, fer dgrsfduh sgcfrf gigjtei `ghofhojft pfrtejgl mflf` suspghse

ùmfb medfwf algb fer dgrseb. Sfduh cfer `gèleje `fhifft mfh jgouhffh yfho

temfj jflfb mghofh sfduh-sfduh dgrdghtuj lfehhyf (^frfètf & Frtfte, 4>>3).

Surifjtfh `grupfjfh sghyfwf arofhej yfho mflf` àlgjulhyf `gèleje

sgmejethyf sftu ouous bemraielej mfh sftu ouous bemraiadej. Fpfdelf metf`dfbjfh

jg suftu cferfh pfmf jahsghtrfse rghmfb, `fjf mfpft `ghoudfb jfrfjtgrestej

tgofhofh pgrùjffh mfh fhtfrùjf cferfh tgrsgdut. Fhtfrùjf fmflfb dfoefh

me`fhf muf ifsf sfleho dgrtgù/jahtfj. ^grùjffh yfetu fhtfrùjf me`fhf sftu

ifsf jahtfj mghofh ofs, defsfhyf umfrf (^frfètf & Frtfte, 4>>3).


4/21

3

Of`dfr 4, @esgl pfmf Sfduh, Wtf`fhyf pfmf Mgtgrkgh (Dfbl gt fl , 4>63)

Ouous bemraielej àlgjul surifjtfh mfpft dgrùftfh pasetei, hgoftei

`fupuh temfj dgrùftfh. Kghes ùftfh tgrsgdut fjfh `ghghtujfh kghes surifjtfh

yfho tgrdghtuj (Bue & @ftbgsah, 6559) ;

f. Dgrùftfh hgoftei surifjtfh fheahej

d. Dgrùftfh pasetei surifjtfh jfteahej

c.

Dgrùftfh pasetei mfh hgoftei surifjtfh fìatgrej (f`pbalytg,

zwettgr eah)

m.

]emfj dgrùftfh surifjtfh haheahej.

@algjul mfre zft sgpgrte sfduh mfh mgtgrkgh duftfh lgdeb jgcel mfre pfrtejgl

jalaem. _flfu mflf` lfrutfh pgjft àlgjul-àlgjul ehe `g`dghtuj forgoft

dgrujurfh jalaem, zft yfho àlgjulhyf tgrforgofse lfhosuho pfmf pglfrut yfho

medgrejfh `g`dghtuj pfrtejgl dgrme`ghse jalaem mesgdut jalaem dgrfsasefse ftfu

jalaem fsasefse (Dfbl gt fl ., 4>63).

Forgoft jalaem mfre àlgjul sfduh mfh mgtgrkgh yfho tgrdghtuj mflf`

pglfrut mesgdut sgdfofe èsgl. Dgdgrfpf cahtab jalaem fsasefse mefhtfrfhyf (Dfbl

gt fl ., 4>63);


5/21

=

Mespgrse cferfh mflf` dghtuj gùlse mesgdut gùlseiejfse. Bfl ehe mfpft

tgrkfme mghofh foetfse sgku`lfb jgcel mfre sftu cferfh mghofh mghofh ifsf rufbhyf

sftu sf`f lfeh. Bfl ehe tgrkfme lgdeb dfej mghofh `glgwftjfh cf`purfh muf cferfh

`glflue callaem èll yfho mejghfl sgdfofe baàoghezgr (Dfbl gt fl ., 4>63);

Of`dfr 3, ^grfhfh Gùlseiegr pfmf Sfduh (Dfbl gt fl ., 4>63)

@ulf-ùlf rgfjse pghyfduhfh dgrkflfh lf`dft jfrghf èhyfj mfh lfrutfh

fljfle `grupfjfh lfrutfh yfho temfj sfleho lfrut ( E`èscedlg). Sgtglfb tgrdghtuj

sfduh `fjf jgcgpftfh rgfjse fjfh `ghehojft, sgbehoof rgfjse pghyfduhfh

dgrseift sgdfofe rgfjse futajftfletej, me `fhf pfmf fjberhyf jgcgpftfh rgfjse fjfh

`ghuruh lfoe jfrghf ku`lfb èhyfj yfho sumfb dgrjurfho (Flgxfhmgr gt fl .,

659=).

Of`dfr =, Dghtuj-dghtuj Gùlse fhtfrf Fer mfh @ehyfj (Dfbl gt fl ., 4>63)


6/21

7

Y.

FLF] MFH DFBFH

7.6 Flft

6. Dftfho ^ghofmuj

4.

Oglfs Jeèf

3. Bat ^lftg / ^g`fhfs Glgjtrej

=. Hgrfcf Fhfletes

7.

^fhce Stfehlgss Stggl

9. Spftulf

?.

_fmfb plfstej

7.4

Dfbfh

7.4.6 Mgtgrogh âwmgr

Iarùlfse Wù` (Dfses 6 jo pramuj)

6. Hf-LFS (]gxfpbah) ; 67> orf`

4.

Hftreu` jfrdahft ; 47> orf`

3. Sameu` Sulift ; =57 orf`

=. S]^^ ; 4>> orf`

7.

C@S ; 7 orf`

9. ADF ; 6,7 orf`

?. ^friu` ; sgcujuphyf

7.4.4 Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer

Iarùlfse Wù` (Dfses 6 jo pramuj)

6. Surifjtfh (Sameu`/ Fàheu` Lfuryl Sulift) ; ?7 orf`

4.

^glg`dut (Cfd-3> mfh olycgreh) ; => orf`

3. ^ghofwgt (@gtbyl-pfrfdgh) ; 6 orf`

=.

^ghoa`plgj (GM]F) ; 6 orf`

7. ^gwfhoe (^friu`) ; sgcujuphyf

9. ^ghoftur jgjghtflfh (HfCl) ; sgcujuphyf

?.

^ghoftur pB (Fsf` setrft) ; sgcujuphyf

2. Mgèh wftgr ; sf`pfe 6 L


7/21

9

YE.

^TASGMWT

9.6 Mgtgrogh âwmgr

Dfbfh-dfbfh sgpgrte C@S sgdfhyfj 7 orf`, ADF 6,7 orf`,

samf fsb 47> orf`, samf LFS 7> orf`, sameu` sulift =57 orf` mfh

S]]^ 4>> orf` mete`dfho mghofh `ghoouhfjfh te`dfhofh. Sgtglfb

mete`dfho, dfbfh-dfbfh tgrsgdut me`fsujjfh mflf` wfmfb yfho tglfb

mesgmefjfh. Dfbfh-dfbfh yfho tglfb me`fsujjfh jg mflf` wfmfb,

mefmuj sf`pfe rftf. Sgtglfb sgùf dfbfh tgrcf`pur mghofh rftf, sgcfrf

pglfh-pglfh pfriu` metf`dfbjfh jg mflf` cf`purfh dfbfh tgrsgdut.

Lflu mefmuj jg`dfle. Sgtglfb etu, pramuj kfme me`fsujjfh jg mflf`

jg`fsfh plfstej, lflu meduhojus yfho rfpft mfh medgre lfdgl.

9.4 Sfduh ]fhofh

Sgdfhyfj ?7 orf` sameu` lfuryl sulift mete`dfho jgùmefh

melfrutjfh mflf` 7>>`l fer mgèhgrfl mflf` sgdufb rgfjtar (pfhce

stfehlgss-stggl). Cf`purfh mflf` rgfjtar tgrsgdut jgùmefh mepfhfsjfh

meftfs ja`par lestrej (pg`fhfs), mefmuj behoof cf`purfh tgrcf`pur

dfej. Cf`purfh mefhojft mfh metf`dfb mghofh CFD-3> sgdfhyfj =>

orf`, mefmuj jg`dfle behoof lfrut mghofh dfej. Sglfhkuthyf cf`purfh

metf`dfb mghofh 7> orf` olesgreh, 6 orf` pghofwgt (@gtel ^frfdgh),

mfh pgwfrhf bekfu sgcujuphyf mesgrtfe pghofmujfh fofr sglurub zft

yfho metf`dfbjfh mfpft tgrlfrut mfh tgrcf`pur mghofh dfej. Sgdfhyfj 6

orf` GM]F mete`dfho mfh me lfrutjfh mflf` 7>`l fer jgùmefh

metufhojfh jgmflf` rgfjtar dgrese cf`purfh dfbfh sgdglu`hyf. Sgtglfb

cf`purfh me fmuj rftf, pB cf`purfh me cgj `ghoouhfjfh ehmejftaruhevgrsfl. Jgùmefh pB meftur fofr lfrutfh sfduh tfhofh cfer hgtrfl

(pB0?) mghofh pghf`dfbfh fsf` setrft. Lfhojfb tgrfjber fmflfb

`ghoftur jgjghtflfh lfrutfh sfduh tfhofh cfer mghofh `ghf`dfbjfh

ofrf` mfpur (hftreu` jlaremf) sgcujuphyf.


8/21

?

YEE. MF]F ^GHOF@F]FH MFH ^GTBE]WHOFH

?.6 ]fdgl ^ghof`ftfh

?.6.6 ^g`duftfh Mgtgrkgh ^awmgr

[ft ^grlfjufh Bfsel

Sameu` LFS

Samf Fsb

Sameu` Sulift

S]^^

C@S

ADF

Mete`dfho 7> orf`

Mete`dfho 47> orf`

Mete`dfho =57 orf`

Mete`dfho 4>> orf`

Mete`dfho 7 orf`

Mete`dfho 6,7 orf`

Sglurub dfbfh tglfb

mete`dfho

Dfbfh-dfbfh yfho tglfb

mete`dfho

Me`fsujjfh mflf`

wfmfb plfstej

Mecf`purjfh mghofh

`grftf

Sg`uf dfbfh tgrcf`pur

^friu` Metf`dfbjfh Mgtgrkgh tglfb kfme

Mgtgrkgh duduj bfsel

pramujse

Me`fsujjfh mflf`

jfhtuho plfstej

Mesgogl mfh medgre

lfdgl

?.6.4 ^g`duftfh Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer

[ft ^grlfjufh Bfsel

Surifjtfh (]gxfpbahg) Mete`dfho ?7 orf`

Me`fsujjfh mflf`

pfhce

Melfrutjfh mflf` 7>>

`L fjufmgs

Lfrutfh mepfhfsjfh

Surifjtfh lfrut, tgrdghtuj

dusf


9/21

2

Cacamefèhg Mete`dfho 3> orf`

Me`fsujjfh mflf`

lfrutfh surifjtfh

Cf`purfh mefmuj Cf`purfh lfrutfh

CFD-3> Mete`dfho => orf`

Me`fsujjfh mflf`

cf`purfh lfrutfh Sgùf dfbfh tgrcf`pur

Olesgreh Mete`dfho 7> orf`

Me`fsujjfh mflf`

cf`purfh lfrutfh

Cf`purfh mefmuj Sgùf dfbfh tgrcf`pur

^gwfrhf Metf`dfbjfh Lfrutfh dgrwfrhf bekfu

Cf`purfh lfrutfh sfduh

cfer

Meuke pB mghofh

ehmejftar uhevgrsfl

Meftur pB fofr hgtrfl

mghofh fsf` setrft

sgcujuphyf Meuke lfoe pB sgtglfb

pghf`dfbfh setrft

Metf`dfb HfCl fofr

jghtfl

Lfrutfh memehoehjfh

pB lfrutfh ~ 5

pB lfrutfh ~ ?

Sfduh tfhofh cfer kfme

Sfduh tfhofh cfer bfsel

pramujse

Me`fsujjfh mflf`

jfhtuho plfstej Mesgogl mfh medgre

lfdgl


10/21

5

?.4 ^grbetuhofh

?.4.6 Defyf Ehvgstfse

@amfl ]gtfp;

]e`dfhofh ; Tp =4>.>>>,- (jfpfsetfs 6>> jo)

Tgfjtar (mru` dgjfs 6>> L) ; Tp ?7.>>>,-

@atar pghofmuj ; Tp 9.7>>.>>>,- (jfpfsetfs 6> jo)

Sestg` pg`fhfs & jahtral ; Tp 64.>>>.>>>,-

_fmfb-wfmfb ; Tp 4>>.>>>,-

^grlghojfpfh lfehhyf ; Tp 67>.>>>,- +

]atfl @amfl ]gtfp ; Tp 65.3=7.>>>,-

@amfl Jgrkf

^grsgmeffh dfbfh dfju mfh jg`fsfh ; Tp 7=>.>>>,-

^grsgmeffh dfbfh kfme ; Tp 6.437.>>>,- +

]atfl @amfl Jgrkf ; Tp 6.??7.>>>,-

?.4.4 ]atfl Ehvgstfse

]atfl @amfl 0 @amfl ]gtfp + @amfl Jgrkf

0 Tp (65.3=7.>>>,-) + (6.??7.>>>,-)

0 Tp 46.64>.>>>,-

?.4.3 Defyf Apgrfseahfl, B^^, DG^ mfh ^D^ uhtuj Mgtgrogh ^awmgr

Defyf Apgrfseahfl (uhtuj Mgtgrogh ^awmgr )

Defyf dfbfh dfju mfh jg`fsfh ;

a

Sam. Lfurel Sulift ; Tp 46.>>>,- (pgr jo)

a Samf Fsb ; Tp 3.7>>,- (pgr jo)

a Sam. Sulift ; Tp 4.>>>,- (pgr jo)

a S]^^ ; Tp =.47>,- (pgr jo)

a C@S ; Tp 3>.>>>,- (pgr jo)

a ADF ; Tp 76.?7>,- (pgr jo)

a ^friu` ; Tp 67>.>>>,- (pgr jo) +

]atfl Defyf Dfbfh Dfju ; Tp 494.7>>,-


11/21

6>

^ghyusutfh pgrflftfh (mgprgsefse flft) ; Tp 66.>5>.>>>,-

Defyf apgrfseahfl pghkuflfh ; Tp 7.6>3.>>>,- +

]atfl Defyf Apgrfseahfl ; Tp 69.=77.7>>,-

^grbetuhofh B^^ Mgtgrogh âwmgr

Bfrof pajaj dfbfh dfju

a Sam. LFS >,67>jo x 46.>>>/jo ; Tp 3.67>,-

a Sam. Fsb >,47>jo x 3.7>>/jo ; Tp 2?7,-

a Sameu` Sulift >,=57jo x 4.>>>/jo ; Tp 55>,-

a S]^^ >,4jo x =.47>/jo ; Tp 27>,-

a

C@S >,>>7jo x 3>.>>>/jo ; Tp 67>,-

a ADF >,>>67jo x 76.?7>/jo ; Tp ?2,-

a ^friu` >,>>3jo x 67>.>>>/jo ; Tp =7>,- +

]atfl B^^/jo pramuj ; Tp 9.7=3,-

Defyf B^^/jo pramuj ; Tp 9.7=3,-

Fpfdelf pramuj tgrsgdut mekufl pgr uhet Tp 6>.>>>,- `fjf ;

Jguhtuhofh/ jo 0 B^^/ jo – Bfrof âjaj ^ghkuflfh/jo

0 Tp 6>.>>>,- - Tp 97=3,- 0 Tp 3=7?,-

Jguhtuhofh/ bfre 0 Jguhtuhofh/ jo x Jfpfsetfs ^ramujse/ bfre

0 Tp 3=7?,- x 7>> jo/bfre

0 Tp 6.?42.7>>,-/ bfre

^grbetuhofh Drgfj Gvgh ̂ aeht (D^^) Mgtgrogh âwmgr

DG^ 0 Defyf apgrfseahfl/ dulfh ; bfrof kufl

0 Tp 69.=77.7>>,- ; Tp 6>.>>>,-

0 6.9=9 dufb

DG^/ bfre 0 DG^ ; 47 bfre 0 6.9=9 dufb ; 47 bfre 0 99 dufb/bfre

^grbetuhofh ^fy Dfcj ̂ gream (^D^) Mgtgrogh âwmgr

^D^ 0 Z(]atfl Ehvgstfse) ; Z(]frogt ^ghkuflfh/bfre – DG^/bfre) x jguhtuhofh/

jo x bfre jgrkf/dlhP P


12/21

66

0 Z(Tp 46.64>.>>>,-) ; Z (6>> dufb/bfre – 99 dufb/bfre) x Tp 3=7?,-/jo x

47 bfre)P P

0 Z(Tp 46.64>.>>>,-) ; (4.532.=7>)P

0 2 dulfh

?.4.= Defyf Apgrfseahfl, B^^, DG^ mfh ^D^ uhtuj Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer

Defyf Apgrfseahfl (uhtuj Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer)

Defyf dfbfh dfju mfh jg`fsfh ;

a Surifjtfh ; Tp 36.>>>,-

a CFD- 3> ; Tp 67.>>>,-

a

Olycgreh ; Tp 47.>>>,-

a @gtel ^frfdgh ; Tp 66>.>>>,-

a GM]F ; Tp 7>.>>>,-

a ^friu` ; Tp 4>>.>>>,-

a Hftreu` Jlaremf ; Tp 4.>>>,-

a Fsf` Setrft ; Tp 6>.>>>,-

a Mg`eh wftgr ; Tp 7>>,>> +

]atfl Defyf Dfbfh Dfju ; Tp ==3.7>>,-

^ghyusutfh pgrflftfh (mgprgsefse flft) ; Tp 66.>5>.>>>,-

Defyf apgrfseahfl pghkuflfh ; Tp 7.6>3.>>>,- +

]atfl Defyf Apgrfseahfl ; Tp 69.939.7>>,-

^grbetuhofh B^^ Mgtgrogh ^awmgr

Bfrof pajaj dfbfh dfju

a

Surifjtfh >,>?7% x Tp 36.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 4.347,>>

a CFD- 3> >,>=>% x Tp 67.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 9>>,>>

a Olycgreh >,>7>% x Tp 47.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 6.47>,>>

a @gtel ^frfdgh >,>>6% x Tp 66>.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 66>,>>

a GM]F >,>>6% x Tp 7>.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 7>,>>

a ^friu` >,>>3% x Tp 4>>.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 9>>,>>

a Hftreu` Jlaremf >,>>7% x Tp 4.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 6>,>>

a

Fsf` Setrft >,>>6% x Tp 6>.>>>,>>/ jo ; Tp 6>,>>


13/21

64

a Mgèh wftgr 6 x Tp 7>>,>>/ letgr ; Tp 7>>,>> +

]atfl B^^/jo pramuj ; Tp 7=77,-

Defyf B^^/jo pramuj ; Tp 7=77,-

Fpfdelf pramuj tgrsgdut mekufl pgr uhet Tp 6>.>>>,- `fjf ;

Jguhtuhofh/ jo 0 B^^/ jo – Bfrof âjaj ^ghkuflfh/jo

0 Tp 6>.>>>,- - Tp 7=77,- 0 Tp =7=7,-

Jguhtuhofh/ bfre 0 Jguhtuhofh/ jo x Jfpfsetfs ^ramujse/ bfre

0 Tp =7=7,- x 7>> jo/bfre

0 Tp 4.4?4.7>>,-/ bfre

^grbetuhofh Drgfj Gvgh ̂ aeht (D^^) Sfduh Cfer

DG^ 0 Defyf apgrfseahfl/ dulfh ; bfrof kufl

0 Tp 69.939.7>>,- ; Tp 6>.>>>,-

0 6.99= dufb

DG^/ bfre 0 DG^ ; 47 bfre 0 6.99= dufb ; 47 bfre 0 9? dufb/bfre

^grbetuhofh ^fy Dfcj ̂ gream (^D^) Sfduh Cfer

^D^ 0 Z(]atfl Ehvgstfse) ; Z(]frogt ^ghkuflfh/bfre – DG^/bfre) x jguhtuhofh/

jo x bfre jgrkf/dlhP P

0 Z(Tp 46.64>.>>>,-) ; Z (6>> dufb/bfre – 9? dufb/bfre) x Tp =7=7,-/jo x

47 bfre)P P

0 Z(Tp 46.64>.>>>,-) ; (3.?=5.947)P

0 9 dulfh

YEEE. ^G@DFBFSFH

2.6 Sfduh ]fhofh Cfer

^grcadffh jfle ehe dgrtukufh uhtuj `g`pglfkfre mfh `g`prfjtgjfh

prasgs pg`duftfh mgtgroght pawmgr, `ghobetuho jglfyfjfh gjahaè

pg`duftfh mgtgroght pawmgr B^^, defyf pramujse, apgrfseahfl, jguhtuhofh,


14/21

63

DG^, ^D^, mfh `f`pu `grfhcfho prasgs pg`duftfh mgtgroght pawmgr sjflf

sgè ja`grsefl.

Iarùlfse mgtgroght cujup sgmgrbfhf yfetu Hftreu` LFS, Hftreu`

jfrdahft, Sameu` sulift, S]^^, C@S (Cfrdaxyl @gtbyl Cgllulasg), ADF

(Aptecfl Dretbgheho Foght ), mfh pfriu`. Dgoetu puh mghofh cfrf

pg`duftfhhyf. ]fbfp fwfl, meùlfe mghofh `g`pgrsefpjfh dfbfh-dfbfh

dfju sgsufe mghofh iarùlf ftfu mgtgroght pawmgr yfho fjfh meduft. Dfbfh-

dfbfh dfju sumfb tgruke jufletfshyf, temfj pulf cfcft ftfu rusfj dfej iesej

`fupuh jeèf (yfho metfhmfe mghofh fmfhyf pgrudfbfh dfu, wfrhf, dghtuj,

ftfu jgjghtflfh pfmf dfbfh tgrsgdut). @ghoujur dfbfh yfho fjfh meprasgs,

desf melfjujfh mghofh cfrf `ghe`dfho dgrfthyf ftfu `ghoujur valu`ghyf,

tgrofhtuho mghofh dfses fpf yfho meouhfjfh mflf` iarùlf ftfu rgsgphyf.

Jgtgletefh mfh jgfjurftfh pghe`dfhofh `grupfjfh ifjtar pghteho tgrbfmfp

bfsel fjber pg`duftfh mgtgroght pawmgr.

Sgùf dfbfh mecf`purjfh mghofh cfrf pghf`dfbfh sftu pgr sftu

tefp dfbfh, lflu mejacaj sf`pfe baàogh. Dfbfh utf`f pg`dghtuj mgtgrogh

fmflfb surifjtfh. Surifjtfh yfho meouhfjfh fmflfb Hf-LFS (Hftreu` Lfury

Suliahftg). ]gxfpbah fmflfb sflfb sftu `grgj mfofho mfre Sameu` LFS

yfho `grupfjfh suftu surifjtfh.

Of`dfr 7, Strujtur Hftreu` Lfurel Suliahft.

Surifjtfh (Surifcg Fctevg Foghts) `grupfjfh dfbfh yfho mfpft

`ghuruhjfh tgofhqfh pgrùjffh suftu cferfh mfh pfmf dfoefh fhtfrùjf

ifsf (dfej cfer-ofs `fupuh cfer-cfer) sgbehoof `g`pgrùmfb pghygdfrfh

mfh pg`grftffh. Suifjtfh `grupfjfh dfbfh fjtei mfre mgtgroght yfho

dgriuhose uhtuj `ghehojftjfh mfyf dgrseb. Cere mfre jgfjteifhhyf fmflfb

jgdgrfmffh dusf kejf melfrutjfh mflf` fer. LFS `gèleje iuhose sgdfofe

dfbfh fjtei pgrùjffh yfho fjfh dgrpgrfh mflf` pghcucefh. LFS `gèleje

seift bemraiadej mfh seift bemraielej yfho dgriuhose uhtuj `ghogùlsejfh


15/21

6=

jatarfh mghofh lfutfh cuce sgbehoof mfpft tgrfhojft mflf` prasgs

pghcucefh.

Sgtglfb etu, metf`dfbjfh Hftreu` jfrdahft yfho dgriuhose uhtuj

`ghehojftjfh mfyf dgrseb. Hftreu` jfrdahft mesgdut kuof samf fsb, yfho

sgcfrf iesej dgrdghtuj jrestfleh mghofh jgùrhefh 55% . Samf fsb

`grupfjfh sghyfwf ofrf` dfsf yfho dgrpgrfh mflf` pghoghmfpfh eah-eah

laof` yfho `ghoofhou prasgs pghcucefh sgpgrte Cf4+ mfh @o4+ . Samf fsb

`glfrut mflf` fer mghofh `glgpfsjfh jflar sgbehoof fjfh `g`dgrejfh gigj

pfhfs metfhofh delf zft tgtsgdut tgrjfhmuho mflf` jahsghtrfse dgrlgdeb.

Hftreu` jfrdahft yfho metf`dfbjfh temfj dalgb tgrlflu dfhyfj, jfrghf mfpft

`ghygdfjfh pfhfs me julet jgtejf meouhfjfh pfmf wfjtu `ghcuce. Dfbfh ehe

bfhyf `grupfjfh dfbfh pghuhkfho mflf` pg`duftfh mgtgroght.

Sglfhkuthyf metf`dfbjfh Sameu` sulift yfho `grupfjfh dfbfh

pghoese (Iellgr). Sameu` sulift dgrdghtuj pawmgr dgrwfrhf puteb mghofh

mghsetfs cujup dgsfr sgjetfr 6>>> o/L mfh ùmfb lfrut mflf` fer. Dfbfh ehe

dgriuhose uhtuj `ghoese sglurub cf`purfh dfbfh dfju yfho sgcfrf temfj

lfhosuho temfj `g`dgrejfh gigj tgrbfmfp mfyf cuce mgtgrogh. ^ghf`dfbfh

dfbfh ehe `ghcfpfe bf`per 7>% pfmf sgtefp iaùlfse mgtgroght. Bfl ehe

dgrtukufh uhtuj `ghf`dfb `fssf mfre pramuj mgtgrogh supfyf `ghkfme lgdeb

dfhyfj. Jfrghf jgdgrfmffhhyf mflf` mgtgroght bfhyf metehkfu mfre sese

gjahaès. Sglfeh etu hftreu` sulift kuof `g`puhyfe jg`f`pufh yfho cujup

dfej uhtuj `glfrut mflf` fer, mfh jfrghf mghsetfshyf sfhoft dgsfr sgbehoof

temfj `g`pghofrube pB lfrutfh. Jgùrhefh hftreu` sulift yfho

mepgrmfofhojfh fmflfb 55% mfh sesfhyf fmflfb fer.

Jgùmefh metf`dfbjfh S]]^ (Sameu` ]repalypbaspbftg) yfho dgrupf jrestfleh dgrwfrhf puteb mghofh mghsetfr 2>> o/L mfh dgrdghtuj

sgmejet jfsfr ftfu orfhulf. S]]^ dgriuhose sgdfofe dfbfh pghuhkfho uhtuj

`ghehojftjfh mfyf dgrseb mgtgrogh. S]]^ `g`dfhtu mfyf cuce mgtgrogh

mflf` jahmese fer sfmfb sgbehoof surifjtfh kghes hah eahej fjfh `ghoghmfp

fjedft dgrgfjse mghofh Cf4+ mfh @o4+ sgbehoof iuhose mfre surifjtfh

`ghuruh.


16/21

67

Of`dfr 9, Strujtur Hftreu` ]repaleiasift (S]]^).

Dfbfh tf`dfbfh lfehyf fmflfb C@S mfh ADF. Jgmuf dfbfh ehe

`grupfjfh dfbfh tf`dfbfh, sgbehoof jgdgrfmffhhyf temfj bfrus sglflu fmf

mflf` iarùlfse mgtgroght. C@S (Cfrdaxyl @gtbyl Cgllulasg) dgrdghtuj

pawmgr dgrwfrhf puteb yfho `gèleje seift jghtfl kejf melfrutjfh mflf` fer.Dfbfh ehe dgriuhose fofr jatarfh temfj `ghg`pgl lfoe pfmf jfeh. C@S temfj

tfbfh dfjtgre sgbehoof lfrutfh ehe fjfh dgrfra`f dusuj kejf tgrlflu lfl`f

mese`pfh. Sgmfhojfh ADF (Aptecfl Dretbgheho Foght ) yfho dgrdghtuj

sgrduj jgjuheho-juhehofh dgriuhose uhtuj `gùtebjfh jfeh. Dfbfh ehe

tgrsusuh ftfs sghyfwf arofhej yfho `gèleje seift iluargscghsg yfho

`gh`duft dfbfh yfho mecuce `ghkfme lgdeb cgrfb mfh dgrseb. Bfsel

pghcucefh `ghoouhfjfh ADF fjfh tgradsgrvfse mghofh dfej `ghoouhfjfh

lf`pu ultfvealgt me`fhf dfbfh yfho `ghofhmuho ADF fjfh cg`grlfho

sgmfhofjfh yfho temfj `g`fjfe ADF fjfh tgrlebft jusf`.

Sgùf dfbfh yfho tglfb metf`dfbjfh bfrus tgrcf`pur sgùf sf`pfe

baàogh mfh sgùf dfbfh tgrmestreduse `grftf. Lfhojfb tgrfjber fmflfb

pghf`dfbfh dfbfh pgwfhoe yfetu pfriu`. Dfbfh ehe `grupfjfh dfbfh

tf`dfbfh mflf` iarùlfse mgtgroght, tgtfpe jgdgrfmffhhyf `grupfjfh sflfb

sftu bfl yfho pghteho. ^friu` mesg`pratjfh jg mflf` mgtgroght. Bfl ehe

melfjujfh fofr pfriu` mfpft tgrmestreduse sgcfrf `grftf pfmf tefp dfoefh

mgtgroght. Jfrghf jgtejf mesg`pratjfh mfh melfjujfh pghofmujjfh tgrbfmfp

mgtgroght tgrsgdut, `fjf pfriu` fjfh lgdeb ùmfb tgrmestreduse jfrghf lgdeb

rehofh. Mgtgrogh duduj yfho tglfb kfme lflu me`fsujjfh mflf` jfhtuho

plfstej, mesgogl mfh medgre lfdgl.


17/21

69


^grcadfffh jfle ehe dgrtukufh uhtuj `g`pglfkfre mfh `g`prfjtgjfh

prasgs pramujse sfduh tfhofh cfer, `ghobetuho jglfyfjfh gjahaè

pg`duftfh sfduh tfhofh cfer B^^, defyf pramujse, apgrfseahfl, jguhtuhofh,

DG^, ^D^, mfh `f`pu `grfhcfho prasgs pramujse pg`duftfh sfduh tfhofh

cfer sjflf sgè ja`grsefl.

^rasgs pg`duftfh sfduh ehe meùlfe mghofh `g`pgrsefpjfh dfbfh

yfho fjfh meouhfjfh sgdfofe dfbfh dfju sgsufe mghofh mfitfr iarùlf ftfu

rgsgp sfduh tfhofh cfer yfho fjfh meduft. Dfbfh-dfbfh yfho fjfh meouhfjfh

mflf` pgrcadffh ehe bfrus tglfb tgruke jufletfshyf, temfj jgmfluwfrsf mfh

temfj pulf cfcft ftfu rusfj dfej iesej `fupuh jeèf (yfho metfhmfe mghofh

fmfhyf pgrudfbfh dfu, wfrhf, dghtuj, ftfu jgjghtflfh pfmf dfbfh tgrsgdut).

^grtf`f-tf`f Sameu` Lfuryl Sulift ftfu yfho defsf mesgdut mghofh

SLS melfrutjfh mflf` fquf mgèh sgdfhyfj ¶ 7>> `L. SLS dgriuhose

sgdfofe surifjtfh. Surifjtfh ftfu surifcg fctevg foght `grupfjfh suftu

àlgjul f`pbepftec ftfu f`pbepbelec yfho `ghofhmuho ouous bemraielej mfh

lepaielej mflf` sftu àlgjul yfho sf`f. Sgcfrf uù` jgouhffh surifjtfh

fmflfb uhtuj `ghuruhjfh tgofhofh pgrùjffh, tgofhofh fhtfrùjf,

`ghehojftjfh jgstfdelfh pfrtejgl yfho tgrmespgrse mfh `ghoahtral kghes

iar`fse gùlse, yfetu èsflhyf ael eh wftgr (A/_) ftfu wftgr eh ael (_/A).

Of`dfr ?, @gjfhes`g Jgrkf Surifjtfh (Surifcg Fctevg Foghts).

Lfrutfh mepfhfsjfh mfh sf`del sgjfle-sgjfle mefmuj behoof SLS

`glfrut, jgùmefh mefhojft. ^g`fhfsfh mfh pghofmujfh dgrtukufh uhtuj

`gpgrcgpft jglfrutfh cf`purfh. Mghofh fmfhyf pg`fhfsfh mfh pghofmujfh

fjfh `ghehojftjfh ghgroe jehgtej àlgjul-àlgjul me mflf` lfrutfh mfh

`ghobfseljfh irgjughse tu`dujjfh fhtfr àlgjul `ghehojft sgbehoof


18/21

6?

lfrutfh mfpft `g`pgrcgpft pghobaàoghfh lfrutfh. Fjfh tgtfpe pghofmujfh

temfj dalgb melfjujfh tgrlflu juft mfh sgreho jfrghf SLS yfho meouhfjfh

dgrseift surifjtfh, sgbehoof delf pghofmujfh tgrlflu juft ftfu sgreho

mejbfwfterjfh te`dulhyf dusf yfho mfpft `ghoofhoou prasgs sglfhkuthyf.

Sgtglfb lfrutfh SLS tgrdghtuj, Cfd-3> metf`dfbjfh mfh mefmuj

behoof `grftf. Cfd-3> mesehe dgriuhose sgdfofe pglg`dut. Jgùmefh

metf`dfbjfh cacamefèmg yfho `grupfjfh dfbfh pg`dghtuj dusf.

Sglfhkuthyf metf`dfbjfh olysgreh mfh jgùmefh mesusul mghofh

pghf`dfbfh @gtbylpfrfdgh mfh pgwfrhf bekfu, jgùmefh sglurubhyf mefmuj

behoof `grftf. Olycgreh metf`dfbjfh sgdfofe pglg`dut. Sgmfhojfh

@gtbylpfrfdgh dgrtehmfj sgdfofe pghofwgt.

@gtbylpfrfdgh fmflfb sflfb sftu mfre pfrfdghs yfho `gèleje

strujtur àlgjul CB3(C9B=(AB)CAA). @gtbylpfrfdgh `grupfjfh `gtbyl

gstgr mfre fsf` p-bemrajsedghzaft. @gtbylpfrfdgh `grupfjfh pghofwgt

uhtuj `fjfhfh mfh jas`gtej.

Of`dfr 2, Strujtur @gtel ^frfdgh

Sgtglfb etu, GM]F metf`dfbjfh jg mflf` lfrutfh yfho dgrwfrhf

juheho. Hfùh sgdglu`hyf GM]F melfrutjfh tgrlgdeb mfbulu mflf` fer

sgdfhyfj 7> `L. GM]F dgriuhose sgdfofe zft pghoa`plgjs, me `fhf GM]F

fjfh `ghoa`plgjsjfh eah Cf4+ mfh @o4+. bfl tgrsgdut dgrtukufh uhtuj

`ghourfhoe jgsfmfbfh fer.

Of`dfr 5, Strujtur Gtelghmefèh ]gtrffsgtft (GM]F).


19/21

62

Sgtglfb etu, pB lfrutfh meftur mghofh pfhf`dfbfh fsf` setrft

dgrjfmfr 7>% behoof `ghcfpfe pB hgtrfl ftfu pB ? mghofh `ghoouhfjfh

jgrtfs lfjùs. Kejf lfrutfh medefrjfh mflf` jahmese fsf`, `fjf fjfh

dgrfjedft `ghe`duljfh jgoftflfh pfmf julet.

Fsf` setrft `grupfjfh fsf` arofhej lg`fb yfho metgùjfh pfmf

mfuh mfh dufb tu`dubfh oghus Cetrus (kgruj-kgrujfh). Sghyfwf ehe

`grupfjfh dfbfh pghofwgt yfho dfej mfh flfè, sglfeh meouhfjfh sgdfofe

pghf`dfb rfsf `fsf` pfmf `fjfhfh mfh èhu`fh rehofh. Jgfsf`fh fsf`

setrft memfpftjfh mfre teof ouous jfrdajsel CAAB yfho mfpft `glgpfs pratah

mflf` lfrutfh. Kejf bfl ehe tgrkfme, eah yfho mebfseljfh fmflfb eah setrft. Setrft

sfhoft dfej meouhfjfh mflf` lfrutfh pghyfhoof uhtuj `ghoghmflejfh pB

lfrutfh.

Of`dfr 6>, Strujtur Fsf` Setrft.

Jg`f`pufh fsf` setrft uhtuj `ghojbglft laof` `ghkfmejfhhyf

dgrouhf sgdfofe dfbfh sfduh mfh mgtgrkgh. Mghofh `gho-jglft laof` pfmf

fer sfmfb, fsf` setrft `gùhojehjfh sfduh mfh mgtgrkgh `g`dghtuj dusf

mfh dgriuhose mghofh dfej tfhpf pghf`dfbfh zft pghobelfho jgsfmfbfh.

Mgèjefh pulf, fsf` setrft meouhfjfh uhtuj `gùlebjfh dfbfh pghujfr eah

yfho meouhfjfh pfmf flft pghobelfho jgsfmfbfh mghofh `ghobelfhojfh eah-

eah laof` yfho tgrfjuùlfse pfmf dfbfh pghujfr eah tgrsgdut sgdfofe

ja`plgjs setrft.

Jgjghtflfh sfduh meftur mghofh `ghf`dfbjfh pfmftfh ofrf`

hftreu` jlaremf, HfCl kghub. HfCl mfpft `ghehojftjfh jgjghtflfh mfre

sfduh cfer jfrghf me mflf` HfCl tgrjfhmuho eah Hf+ yfho mfpft `ghoejft

fer. Mflf` ku`lfb sgmejet HfCl mfpft `ghehojftjfh jglfrutfh fjfh tgtfpe

mflf` ku`lfb yfho cujup dfhyfj HfCl mfpft `ghoghtfljfh, prasgs ehe

sgreho mesgdut mghofh sflteho-aut . Sgtglfb jgjghtflfh sfduh tgrcfpfe, sfduh

cfer lflu me`fsujjfh mflf` jfhtuho plfstej, mesgogl mfh medgre lfdgl.


20/21

65

ER.

JGSE@^WLFH


6. ^rasgs pramujse sfduh tfhofh cfer mfpft mepglfkfre mfh meprfjtgjjfh.

4.

Jglfyfjfh gjahaè pg`duftfh sfduh tfhofh cfer sgè ja`grsefl fhtfrf

lfeh;

B^^ ; Tp 7.=77/jo

Apgrfseahfl ; Tp 69.939.7>>

Jguhtuhofh ; Tp 4.4?4.7>>/bfre

DG^ ; 9? dufb/ bfre

^D^ ; 2 dulfh

3.

^rasgs pramujse pg`duftfh sfduh tfhofh cfer mflf` sjflf sgè ja`grsefl

mfpft merfhcfho.

5.4 Mgtgrogh ̂ awmgr

6. ^rasgs pramujse mgtgrogh pawmgr mfpft mepglfkfre mfh meprfjtgjjfh.

4.

Jglfyfjfh gjahaè pg`duftfh mgtgrogh pawmgr sgè ja`grsefl fhtfrf

lfeh;

B^^ ; Tp 9.7=3/jo

Apgrfseahfl ; Tp 69.=77.7>>/dlh

Jguhtuhofh ; Tp 6.?42.7>>/bfre

DG^ ; 99 dufb/bfre

^D^ ; 9 dulfh

3.

^rasgs pramujse pg`duftfh mgtgrogh pawmgr mflf` sjflf sgè ja`grsefl

mfpft merfhcfho.


21/21

MFI]FT ^WS]FJF

Flgxfhmgr K., Sberrtah, Swgrh M., Harres I.F., & @febl J.I., 659=, Dfelgy―s

Ehmustrefl Ael fhm Ift ^ramuct , 3rm Gm. Kabh _elgy & Sahs. Hgw Uarj.

Dfbl, F., Dfbl, D.S. & ]ule, O.M. 4>63. Gssghtefls ai ^bysecfl Cbgèstry,

@ultecalaur Gmeteah. S. Cbfhm Leètgm, Jbft`fhmu.

Clfymgh, K., Orggvgs, H. & _frrgh, S., 4>64. Arofhec Cbgèstry. 4hm gmeteah.

Lahmah; Axiarm Whevgrsety ^rgss.

^frfètf, Y. & Frtfte, U., 4>>3, “^g`fhifftfh Fdu Sfdut Jglfpf Sgdfofe

Sudstetuse Dfsf mflf` ^rasgs Sfpaheiejfse‐, Lfparfh ^ghgletefh Kurusfh

]gjhej Jeèf, Ifjultfs ]gjhej, Whevgrsetfs Mepahgoara.

Salaàhs, ]. & Ibrylg, C., 4>66. Arofhec Cbgèstry. 6>tb gmeteah. Hgw Uarj;

Kabh _elgy fhm Sahs, Ehc..

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