PREFACE

Thank you to God Almighty for His blessing and help in finishing this Physics Report. This report looks at how to measure an object using a ruler, vernier caliper and micrometer screws. Because, as we all know that measurement tool was not as easy as expected. This is my report after studying the direct way of measuring objects by using the ruler , vernier caliper and micrometer screw. This report will describe the results of my experiment when measuring an object. For this, I hope I am making this statement can be a link so we can measure an object, using all of these three tools. In conclusion, I would like to thank all those who helped me in this experiment, as well as in creating this report. I hope that this report can provide benefits for all of us.

Publisher

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE …………………………………………………1

TABLE of CONTENTS………………………………………..2

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………...3

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TEORY ………………………4-5

EXPERIMENT

RULER …………………………………………………………6

VERNIER CALIPER …………………………………………..7

MICROMETER SCREW ……………………………………....8

DISCUSSION

RULER …………………………………………………………9

VERNIER CALIPER …………………………………………..10

MICROMETER SCREW ……………………………………...11

CONCLUSION……………………………………………… 12

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………..13

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INTRODUCTION

Background

Now that science cannot be found anywhere. Including the science of physics. We can get it from many

sources, such as the Internet, books and so on. It certainly has a goal that we get a lot of prior knowledge

of physics. In physics is the study of the track. Many people who have not been able to use measuring

tool with a good and correct. In particular, the ruler, micrometer screw and sliding. One of the things that

you can do to overcome this by providing the necessary information for people who have not been able to

master the measuring instrument to have capability and experience in the use of measuring instruments.

Problem formulation

1) how to measure the length using a ruler

2) how to measure the diameter of an object by using a vernier caliper

3) how to measure the thickness of an object by using a micrometer screw

Goal1. Student are able to use Ruler to determine length , to use Micrometer Screw to determine thickness and to use Vernier Caliper to determine diameter.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TEORY

Measuring Instrument

Measuring of Length

To measure lengths, we can use a ruler,vernier caliper and micrometer screw based on the size and

property of the object.

To choose the right instrument,we need to consider either the scale or the form of it. For example , to

measure a relatively long length we can use a measuring tape.

In addition to rulers,we can also use vernier caliper to measuring length. A caliper (British spelling also calliper) is a device used to measure the distance between two opposing sides of an object. A caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-facing points. The tips of the caliper are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured, the caliper is then removed and the distance read by measuring between the tips with a measuring tool, such as a ruler. The main components of vernier calipers include inside jaws, outside jaws, main scale, vernier scale and depth bar.the difference between the wide of the main scale and vernier scale is 0,1mm. the width of one scale on the main scale is set at 1mm while on the vernier scale is set at0,9mm. vernier caliper is more accurate thean the ordinary ruler. Its better to be used for the measurement of the length , inner or outer diameter of an object.

Parts of a vernier caliper:

1. Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter or width of an object

2. Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of an object

3. Depth probe: used to measure depths of an object or a hole

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4. Main scale: scale marked every mm

5. Main scale: scale marked in inches and fractions

6. Vernier gives interpolated measurements to 1/10 mm or better

7. Vernier gives interpolated measurements in fractions of an inch

8. Retainer: used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring of a measurement

To measure the diameter of a small pipe, the thickness of a thin plate,paper or blade, a

micrometer screw gauge(commonly shortened to micrometer) is used. The micrometer has two

scales : the main scales on the sleeve and the circular scale on the thimble. To read the

measurement on a micrometer, we need to pay attention to the position of a mark on the main

scale which concides with a mark on the thimble scale.

REPEATED MEASUREMENT.

This formula is used to locate or determine the length of an object, if carried out many

experiments

X= ∑Xi : N

∆X = ⅟N N∑Xi²-(∑X)² : N-1

Relative Uncertainty

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∆X : X x 100%

EKSPERIMENT

Instrument and Materials

Ruler

Paper (1/4 of A4 size)

Procedure

Use the ruler to measure the length of paper 10 times repeatedly

Record the reading values of the rule from each measurement

Analyze the data then make the report and summary

Data Record

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i Xi

1 21 cm

2 21 cm

3 21 cm

4 21 cm

5 21 cm

6 21 cm

7 21 cm

8 21 cm

9 21 cm

10 21 cm

Vernier caliper

Instrument and Materials

Vernier caliper

Pipe

Procedure

Use the vernier caliper to measure the diameter of pipa 10 times repeatedly

Record the reading values of the vernier caliper from each measurement

Analyze the data then make the report and summary

Data record

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i Xi

1 3,3 cm

2 3,444 cm

3 3,444 cm

4 3,48 cm

5 3,3 cm

6 3,3 cm

7 3,3cm

8 3,3 cm

9 3,3 cm

10 3,3 cm

Micrometer Screw

Instrument and Materials

Micrometer Screw

Coins Rp 500 ; Rp 100 and Rp 200

(I use Rp 200 coin)

Procedure

Use the ruler to measure the thickness of the coin 10 times repeatedly

Record the reading values of the Micrometer Screw from each measurement

Analyze the data then make the report and summary

Data Record

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i Xi

1 2,15 cm

2 2,08 cm

3 2,38 cm

4 2,04 cm

5 2,05 cm

6 2,12 cm

7 2,07 cm

8 2,08 cm

9 2,09 cm

10 2,06 cm

DISCUSSION

RULERAnalyze Data

i Xi (Xi)²

1 21cm 441cm

2 21cm 441cm

3 21cm 441cm

4 21cm 441cm

5 21cm 441cm

6 21cm 441cm

7 21cm 441cm

8 21cm 441cm

9 21cm 441cm

10 21cm 441cm

N= 10 ∑Xi = 210 ∑(Xi) ²= 4410

X= ∑Xi : N = 210 : 10 = 21

∆X = ⅟N N∑Xi²-(∑X)² : N-1

= ⅟10 10.4410-(210)² : 9

= ⅟10 44100-44100 : 9

= ⅟10 0 : 9

= 0,1

The length of the paper is L = X ± ∆X

L = (21 ± 0,1) cm

Relative uncertainty = 0,1 : 21 x 100%

= 0,005% = 1 SF

Summary : paper length (21 ± 0.1) cm and measured 10 times the current paper are fixed.

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VERNIER CALIPER

Analyze data

X= ∑Xi : N = 33,38 : 10 = 3,338

∆X = ⅟N N∑Xi²-(∑X)² : N-1

= ⅟10 10.111,46-1114,2 : 10-1

= ⅟10 1114,6-1114,2 : 9

= ⅟10 0,4 : 9

= ⅟10 0,04

= ⅟10 . 0,2

= 0,02

The length of the paper is L = X ± ∆X

L = (3,338 ± 0,02)

Relative uncertainty = 0,02 : 3,338 x 100%

=0,005 % = 1 SF

Summary: diameter of the pipe is (3,338 ± 0,02) cm inches and each measure is a result that is not the

same, but there comes a time of measurement i.e., which has the same result of measurement 1, 5,6,7,8,9

and 10

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i Xi (Xi)²

1 3,3 cm 10,89 cm

2 3,444 cm 11,56 cm

3 3,444 cm 11,56 cm

4 3,48 cm 12,11 cm

5 3,3 cm 10,89 cm

6 3,3 cm 10,89 cm

7 3,3cm 10,89 cm

8 3,3 cm 10,89 cm

9 3,3 cm 10,89 cm

10 3,3 cm 10,89 cm

N= 10 ∑Xi = 33,38 ∑(Xi) ²= 111,46

MICROMETER SCREW

Analyze Data

X= ∑Xi : N = 21,12 : 10 = 2,112

∆X = ⅟N N∑Xi²-(∑X)² : N-1

= ⅟10 10.44,64-446,05 : 10-1

= ⅟10 446,4 – 446,05 : 9

= ⅟10 0,350 : 9

= ⅟10 0,038

= ⅟10 . 0,19

= 0.019

The length of the paper is L = X ± ∆X

L = 2,112 ± 0,019

Relative Uncertainty = 0,019 : 2,112 x 100 %

= 0,009 % = 1 SF

Summary: Thickness of the coin is (2.112 ± 0.019) cm and the results of the measurements does not have

the same currency

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i Xi (Xi)²

1 2,15 cm 4,6 cm

2 2,08 cm 4,33 cm

3 2,38 cm 5,66 cm

4 2,04 cm 4,16 cm

5 2,05 cm 4,20 cm

6 2,12 cm 4,49 cm

7 2,07 cm 4,28 cm

8 2,08 cm 4,32 cm

9 2,09 cm 4,36 cm

10 2,06 cm 4,24 cm

N= 10 ∑Xi=

21,12cm

∑(Xi) ²=44,64

cm

CONCLUSIONThe conclusion is that any different measurement results. But if we try to do the experiment, the certainty of the measurement results will be known.

BIBLIOGRAPHYPurwoko and Fendi.2009.physics for senior high school year X.Jakarta:Yudistira.Wahono,Edi.2008.panduan fisika praktis SMA.Yogyakarta:Pustaka Widyatama.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometer_screw

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