JECRC UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS FOR M.Sc. ZOOLOGY · disadvantages of census and sampling method, Classification of data, Tabulation, Methods of classification, Class intervals- exclusive

JECRC UNIVERSITY

SYLLABUS

FOR

M.Sc. ZOOLOGY

Semester Paper

code

Title of the paper Credits/paper Total

credits

I Zol -101 TAXONOMY AND EVOLUTION 4 20

Zol -102 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF

INVERTEBRATES 4

Zol -103 BIOCHEMISTRY 4

Zol -104 BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER

APPLICATION 4

Zol -105 PRACTICAL 3

Zol -106 SEMINAR 1

II Zol -201 BIOLOGY OF CHORDATES 4 20

Zol -202 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 4

Zol -203 GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

4

Zol -204 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND

BIOTECHNOLOGY 4

Zol-205 PRACTICAL 3

Zol-206 SEMINAR 1

III Zol -301 SPECIAL PAPER I/II/III 4 20

Zol -302 SPECIAL PAPER I/II/III 4



Zol-305 PRACTICAL 3

Zol-306 SEMINAR 1

IV Zol -401 ELECTIVE PAPER I 4 20

Zol -402 ELECTIVE PAPER II 4

Zol -403 ELECTIVE PAPER III 4

Zol -404 ELECTIVE PAPER IV 4

Zol-405 PRACTICAL 3

Zol-406 SEMINAR 1

OR

Zol-401 PROJECT TRAINING/DISSERTATION 20

SEMESTER-I

ZOL 101 - TAXONOMY AND EVOLUTION Credit-4

Credit-I 15 hours

Definition and basic concepts of biosystematics and taxonomy- Importance and applications of

biosystematics in biology. Definition and understanding of various taxonomic categories.

Species concepts and species categories –subspecies and infra species. Modern trends in

taxonomy- Chemotaxonomy. Cytotaxonomy. Molecular taxonomy. Neotaxonomy. Theories of

biological classification. hierarchy of categories

Credit-II 15 hours

Taxonomic procedures; collection, preservation, curetting and process of identification. Different

kinds of systematic Publications. Taxonomic characters of different kinds. Quantitative and

Qualitative analysis of variation. Process of typification, different zoological types and their

significance. Theories of biological classification.

Taxonomic Keys: their kinds, merits and demerits. Use of taxonomic keys. International Code

of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Interpretation and application of important rules,

Zoological nomenclature and formation of scientific names of different taxa.

Credit-III 15 hours

Concepts of evolution and theories of organic evolution with an emphasis on Darwinism

Neo- Darwinism : Gene pool, Gene frequency, Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium.

Detailed account of destabilizing forces- Natural selection, Mutation, Genetic drift, Migration,

Meiotic drive.

Variation, Mimicry

Credit-IV 15 hours

Genetics of speciation- Isolation; Isolating mechanisms- prezygotic and postzygotic isolating

mechanisms, factors affecting isolation and mechanism and role in evolution. Phylogenetic and

biological concepts of species. Patterns and mechanisms of reproductive isolation. Models of

speciation (Allopatric, sympatric, parapatric, peripatric) Co-evolution and sexual selection,

altruism, gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL (ALL LATEST EDITIONS)

The Biology of Biodiversity, M.Kato, Springer.

Principle of Animal Taxonomy; G.G Simpson. Oxford IBH Publishing Company.

Elements of Taxonomy. E. Mayer.

The diversity of life (The College Edition), E.O.Wilson. W.W.Northern & Co.

Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy. V.C. Kapoor. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.

LTD.

Advancement in Invertebrate Taxonomy and Biodiversity. Rajeev Gupta. Agrobios International.

Evolution of the vertebrates, Colbert. E.H. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.

Genes and Evolution. Jha A.P.John Publication, New Delhi

Evolutinary Genetics. Smith,J.M. Oxford University Press, New York.

Evolution. Strikberger, M.W.Jones and Barlett Publishers, Boston London

Evolution and population genetics, Rashmi Sisodia, Paragon, International Publishers.

Z-102 – STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF INVERTEBRATES Credit-4

Credit-I 15 hours

Organization of Body: Uni and multi cellular organisms,

Body cavity: Acoelome, Pseudocoelome , Coelome ( schizo and enterocoelous )

Fate of Blastopore (Protostome, Deuterostome) and Blastomeres (Determinate and

Indeterminate blastomeres)

Type of cleavage (Spiral and Radial)

Type of symmetry: Body planes, Asymmetry, Radial, biradial, bilateral symmetry

Segmentation: Pseudo, superficial and metameric

Locomotion: Flagellar, ciliary movement in Protozoa and Hydrostatic movement in

coelenterate, annelid and echinodermata,

Credit-II 15 hours

Nutrition and Digestion in invertebrates and lower Metazoa. Filter Feeding in Polycheata,

Mollusca and Echinodermata.

Respiration: respiratory organs in invertebrates (Gills, book lungs and trachea). Mechanism of

respiration, respiratory pigments.

Credit-III 15 hours

Excretion: Excretory organs in invertebrates (Coelomoducts, Nephridia and Malphigian tubules,

organ of bojanus, green gland), Mechanism of excretion

Nervous System : Primitive type (Coelenterata and Echinodermata) and Advanced type

(Annelida, Arthropoda (Crustacea and insecta) and Mollusca (Cephalopoda))

Credit-IV 15 hours

Reproduction: Asexual (Paramecium, Obelia) and sexual reproduction (annelida, arthropoda

and mollusca)

Larval forms of invertebrates, Evolutionary significance of larval forms.

Organization and general characters of Minor Phyla: Entoprocta, Ctenophora, Rhyncoela,

Bryozoa, Rotifera, Phoronida


Invertebrate structure and function. Barrington, E.J.W. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. London.

Invertebrate Zoology Barnes, RD. W.B.Saunders Co., Philadelphia

A Biology of higher invertebrates, Russel-Hunter, WD. McMillan Co. Ltd., London

Animal Parasitism. Cad. C.P.Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.

Student Text Book of Zoology. Vol.I.II and III. Sedgwick. A Central Book Depot, Allahabad.

Text book of Zoology. Parker, T.J., Haswell. W.A.Macmillan Co., London.

Invertebrates Richard C. Brusca , Gary J. Brusca and Nancy J. Haver

Invertebrate Zoology Lab Manual Robert L. Wallace, Walter K. Taylor

ZOL-103 – BIOCHEMISTRY Credit-4

Credit-I 15 hours

Bioenergetics -types of chemical bonds, pH, Acid, Base, Buffer, Concept of free energy. Laws

of thermodynamics and biological system, Enthalpy, Entropy.

Enzymes -Classification- (I.U.B. system), Specificity of enzyme action, Mechanism of enzyme

action, Enzyme kinetics - Michaelis-Menten equation, Enzyme inhibition ,Allosteric enzymes,

Iso-enzyme and ribozyme, conenzymes and cofactors, Factors influencing enzyme action.

Vitamins-Classification, structure, occurrence and functions of fat soluble vitamins,

Classification, structure, occurrence and biological functions of water soluble vitamins

Phenolics and alkaloids: structure, biological properties and functions

Credit-II 15 hours

Carbohydrates-Monosaccharides-Classification with examples, Biological roles of

monosaccharides, Disaccharides -Structure and biological roles, Polysaccharides -

Hompolysaccharides – Structure and biological roles, Heteropolysaccharide - Structure and

biological roles

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis, Fate of pyruvic acid, Citric acid cycle, Electron

transport system and oxidative phosphorylation; Redox potential, Chemiosmotic hypothesis;

inhibitors of electron transport chain, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis;

regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown, Pentose-phosphate pathway (HMP pathway),

Regulation of metabolism.

Credit-III 15 hours

Proteins -Amino acids –Classification, Peptide bond and peptides, Structure of protein -Primary

structure, Secondary structure (α-helix –parallel & antiparallel and β pleated sheet), Tertiary

structure, Quarternary structure. Brief note on protein domains, motifs, folds and Ramachandran

plot. Biological roles of proteins.

Protein Metabolism : Transamination, Deamination, Decaboxylation, fate of ammonia

(Ornithine cycle).

Amino acid metabolism : Biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids.

Credit-IV 15 hours

Lipids -Fatty acids – structure, nomenclature. Classification and Biological roles of lipids.

Prostaglandins – Chemical nature and functions.

Lipid Metabolism: β-oxidation of fatty acids, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, Biosynthesis of

cholesterol.

In born errors of metabolism


Deb A.C. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, New Book Agency Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta.

Nelson D.L. and Cox M.M. Lehninger Principles of biochemistry, MacMillan/Worth Publishers.

2000

Stryer L. Biochemistry. W.H.Freeman and Co. New York, 2001

Voet D. VoetJ.G. and Pratt C.W. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. Johan Wiley and sons Inc. New

York, 1999

Harper's biochemistry by Murray, Granner, Mays Rodwell, McGraw Hill Publication, 2000

Biochemistry, Berry, A.K. Emkey Pub. New Delhi.

H.S. Srivastava, Element of Biochemistry, Rastogi Publications Meerut.

Jain,J.L.Fundamentals of Biochemistry ,S.Chand publishers New Delhi.

Lenhninger, A.L. (2008), Principles of Biochemistry, Vth edition, CBS publishers and

distributors, Delhi

Oser, B.L, (1965) Hawk’s Physiological Biochemistry, Mc Graw Hill Book Co.

Eric E. Conn, Paul K. Stumpf, George Bruening, Roy H. Doi, (latest ) Outlines of

Biochemistry, Vth edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, (2007).

Devlin,T.M. (2006), A Text of Biochemistry with clinical correlations, John Wiley & Sons

ZOL 104-BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATION Credit-4

Credit-I 15 hours

Introduction : Biostatistics: Definition, Terms, Applications, Role of biostatistics in modern

research.

Data collection: Types of data: - Primary, secondary, qualitative, quantitative

Methods of data collection and classification:- Types of sampling method- Advantages and

disadvantages of census and sampling method, Classification of data, Tabulation, Methods of

classification, Class intervals- exclusive and inclusive method, Diagrammatic and graphical

presentation of data, Bar diagram – (types), Pie diagram, Histograms, Frequency polygon,

Frequency curve (types- skewness, kurtosis, ogive)

Credit-II 15 hours

Statistical Methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal, Mean, median, mode, quartile;

Range, Mean deviation, Quartiles deviation, variance, Standard deviation, Standard error, degree

of freedom, Standard error of mean.

Probability distributions : Basic concepts and definition: Laws of probability, Probability

distribution: -Binomial, Poisson and Normal

Credit-III 15 hours

Correlation and Regression Types of correlation, Methods to measure correlation, types of

Regression analysis, differences between regression and correlation analysis.

Statistical inference : Difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics; Testing of

hypothesis, Errors, Student’s t-test, F-test, Testing goodness of Fit, Chi-square test, Chi-square

distribution and characteristics, Applications of Chi-square test. Yate’s correction. Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) One-way classification. Two-way classification. Variance and coefficient

of variation

Credit-IV 15 hours

Computer Application : Introduction to computers: Computer application, basics, organization,

PC, mainframes and Super-computers, concept of hardware and software, concept of file, folders

and directories, Commonly used commands. Introduction in MS Office software concerning

Word processing, spread sheets and presentation software. Networking fundamentals, client,

server, LAN, WAN, Flp, TelNET, INTERNET, ICNET,WWW, HTML, e-mail, intoduction to

MEDLINE, CCOD and PUBMED for accessing biological information.


Agarwal, B.L. (1996) Basic statistics, New Age International(P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi.

Bailey, N.T.J. (1981) Statistical methods in Biology. Hodder and Stongtton, London.

Campell, R.C. (1978), Statistics for biologists. Blacker and Sons Publishers, Bombay.

Gupta, C.B. and Gupta, V. (2002) Statistical methods. Ikas Publishing House, New Delhi.

Rostogi, V. B. (2009) Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Ane’s Students Edition New Delhi.

Zar, J.H.(2003) Biostatistical Analysis - Fourth edition. Pearson Education. Delhi.

Snedecor, H. W. and Cochran, W. G. Statistical Methods. Affliated East-West Press, New Delhi.

LIST OF PRACTICALS FOR SEMESTER I

Composition assessment of taxonomic diversity in a habitat. (grassland, arid land, wet land etc.)

Use of taxonomic keys to identify at least 6-10 orders of insects (upto order level only).

Visit river/pond/ sea for study of zooplankton.

Collection, Preservation and curation of specimens

Identification of animals (Fishes/insects/any other) up to family/ generic / species level- minimum

specimens.

Preparation of dichotomous (simple bracket) keys; minimum ten sets from the identified

specimens.

Invertebrates

Identification, classification & study of distinguishing features of representatives from various

groups.

Phylum Protozoa- Polystomella, Formanifera, Opalina, Paramecium(Fission & conjugation)

Vorticella, Euglena, Trypanosoma,Monocytsis,Plasmodium.

Phylum Porifera-Sycon L.S & T.S, Spicules, Spongin fibres, Leucosolenia, Euplectella

Phylum Cnidaria- Obelia,( polyp & Medusa), Millepora, Physalia, Pennatula, Metridium,

Madrepora, Alcyonium, Gorgonia, Aurelia.

Phylum Helminthes- Ascaris, Taenia, Planaria Phylum Annelida- Pontobdella, Aphrodite, Leech,

Polygordius, Chaetopterus, Neries, Heteroneries, Arenicola.

Phylum Arthropoda- Cyclops, Peripatus, Balanus, Lepas, Hippa, Belostoma, Limulus, Eupagurus,

Julus, Scolopendra, Praying mantis.

Phylum Mollusca- Murex, Bulla, Cardium, Arca, Turritella, Pinctada, Cypraea, Octopus,

Nautilus.

Phylum Echinodermata- Echinus, Holothuria, Antedon, Asterias

Minor Phyla- Bugula, Plumatella, Crestatella, Pectinella,Phoronis, Dendrostoma

Larval Stages: Planula, Redia, Miracidium, Sporocyst,Cercaria,Metacercaria Trochophore,

Nauplius, Zoea, Mysis, Phyllosoma, Trilobite larva of Limulus, Velligar, Bipinnaria,

Echinopluteus, Auricularia, Tornaria

Mounting: Hydra, Obelia, paramecium, different zooplanktons.

Determination of pH of different solutions.

Identification of unknown carbohydrates (Glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Maltose,

Sucrose, Dextrin & Starch) by suitable tests.

Qualitative estimation of protein, carbohydrate and lipid in various tissues/food materials

Quantitative estimation of glycogen, glucose and ascorbic acid, sialic acid, total proteins, total

lipid, phospholipids and cholesterol.

Estimation of Enzymes: Acid and alkaline phosphates

Preparation of frequency tables, bar diagrams , histograms, frequency curves, ogives and pie

diagrams.

Calculation of standard deviation and coefficient of variation.

Estimation of significance between samples using Student’s t-test, F-test and Chi-square test.

Plotting of regression lines, calculation of correlation and regression analysis .

Analysis of variance (One-way & Two –way classification).

SEMESTER-II

ZOL-201 – BIOLOGY OF CHORDATES Credit 4

Credit-I 15 hours

Origin and outline classification of the chordates.

Salient features and Interrelationships of Hemichordata, Urochordata and Cephalochordata.

Life – histories of- Pyrosoma, Salpa. Doliolum and Oikopleura

General characters of Agnatha: Ostracoderms and Cyclostomes.

The early Gnathostomes (Placoderms).

Credit-II 15 hours

A general account of the Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Dipnoi and Crosspterygii.

Adaptive radiation in bony fishes.

Adaptive radiation of Amphibia.

Parental care in Amphibia, Neoteny in Amphibia

Basic types and outline classification of reptiles.

Living reptiles: a brief account of Rhynchocephalia.

Credit-III 15 hours

Birds. Origin of flight: Flight adaptations. Flightless Birds.

Origins of mammals: Primitive mammals (Prototheria and Metatheria).

General account on adaptive radiations in Eutherian mammals excluding detailed reference to

individual orders.

Organogenesis : Morphogenetic processes in epithelia and mesenchyme in organ formation,

Morphogenesis of the brain. Development of the eye, heart.

Embryonic adaptations : Development and physiology of extra-embryonic membranes in

amniotes. Evolution of viviparity. Development and types and physiology of the mammalian

placenta.

Credit-IV 15 hours

Metamorphosis in Amphihia: Structural and physiological changes during metamorphosis,

Endocrine control of metamorphosis.

Regeneration: Types of regeneration (physiological, reparative and compensatory hypertrophy)

regenerative ability in chordates. Morphological and histological process in amphibian limb

regeneration


Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Kent. C.G.

Evolution of chordata structure Smith. H.S. Hold Rinehart and Winstoin Inc., New York.

Text Book of Zoology, Sedgwick, A.A. Students Vol.II.

Elements of chordate anatomy, Weichert. C.K. and Presch W. McGraw hall Book Co., New

York.

An Introduction of vertebrates anatomy. Messers. H.M.

The Biology of Hemichordata and Protochordata. Barrington, E.J.W. Olter and Boyd.

Edinhourgh.

Vertebrate Body. Romer A.S. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Vertebrate Paleontology. Romer. A.S.University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Chordata structure and function. Waterman. A.J.Macmillan Co. New York.

Vertebrate evolution. Joysey.K.A. and T.S.Kemp. Oliver and Boyd. Edinbourgh.

The Phylogeny of vertebrate. Lovtrup.S.JohnWiley and Sons. London

ZOL 202 – TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES Credit-4

Credit I 15 Hours

Principle and application of:-Light microscopy and micrometry, Phase contrast microscopy,

Interference microscopy, Polarized microscopy, Fluorescence microscopy, Transmission electron

microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Confocal scanning microscopy

Ultracentrifugation :Differential and density gradient

Credit II 15 Hours

Principle and application of:-

Electrophoresis: Agarose, PAGE, isoelectro-focussing points and capillary electrphoresis

Chromatography: Paper, TLC, GLC, HPLC, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography

X-ray diffraction, Lamberts – Beer’s Law and Colorimetery,

Spectrophotometery:fluorescence,UV,NMR,, ESR.

Flow cytometery/fluorescence activated cell sorter

Credit III 15 Hours

Principle and application of : radiation techniques in biology, Radioisotopes and half life of

isotopes, Tracer techniques in biology, Auotoradiography, Geiger Muller counter, Scintillation

Counter

Principles and technique of :-Nucleic acid hybridization and cot curves, Sequencing of nucleic

acids, Blotting techniques (southern,northern and western), Polymerase chain reaction, Screening

of genomic and complementary DNA libraries

Assay : Definition and types - Chemical assays, Biological assays-in vivo and in vitro assays.

Credit IV 15 Hours

Principles of cytological and cytochemical techniques : Fixation chemical basis of fixation by

formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde, chromium salts, mercury salts , osmium salts, alcohol and

acetone, Chemical basis of staining of carbohydrate, protein lipids and nucleic acids.

Principles and techniques of Genetic Engineering : Basic techniques, Cutting and joining of

DNA molecules, Changing genes: site directed mutagenesis, Cloning strategies, DNA

transformation techniques and their application in agriculture, health, medicine and industry,

Introducing genes in animal cells, Application of recombinant DNA technology, Hybridoma

Technology.

Cell Culture techniques: Design and functioning of tissue culture laboratory, Cell proliferation

measurements, Cell viability testing, Culture media preparation and cell harvesting methods

Suggested reading material

• Animals Cell Culture - A practical approach, John R.W.Masters, IRL Press.

• Introduction to Instrumental analysis. Robert Braun. McGraw Hill International Edition

• Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ,(6th edition), K Wilson and J

Walker (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2007

• Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd edition), P Sheeler and D E Bianchi, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,

1987

• Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th edition), G Karp, John Wiley &

sons, Inc., 2005.

• Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age Int. Pub. New Delhi. 2000

• Bioinstrumentation, J G Webster, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2004

• Methods in Modern Biophysics, B Notting, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2003

• Spectroscopy for the Biological Sciences, G G Hames, John Wiley & Sons Inc.2005

ZOL 203 – GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY Credit-4

Credit-I 15 hours

Digestion and Metabolism : Nature of food-stuff, Various types of digestive enzymes and their

action in alimentary canal, Absorption and assimilation of food, Nervous and hormonal control

of digestion.

Circulatory system: Composition and function of blood, blood groups , Haemopoiesis, blood

clotting, Blood volume, blood volume regulation, homeostasis, anatomy of heart structure,

Myogenic heart, cardiac cycle, ECG – its principle and significance,.

Gas Exchange and Acid-base Balance : Respiratory organs (lungs), respiratory pigments.

Mechanism of breathing, Physiology of respiration, Oxygen and Carbon dioxide transport in

blood, The role of hemoglobin, control of breathing.

Credit-II 15 hours

Excretory system : Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial environments, physiology of

excretion-Functional architecture of nephron, formation and regulation of nitrogenous end

products, formation of urine and its hormonal control, Role of kidney in osmoregulation,

counter- current multiplier system, Waste elimination, micturition, Electrolyte balance, acid-base

balance.

Muscle Function and Movement : Types and properties of muscles, Anatomy of muscle,

Regulation of contraction, Excitation-contraction coupling, Molecular theory of muscle

contraction , cori cycle, muscle fatique, tetani.

Credit-III 15 hours

Nervous system: Functional architecture of neurons, Origin and propagation of nerve impulse

through neuron (myllenated, non-myllenated), Action potential, Synapses and neurotransmitters,

Reflex arc and reflex action.

Sensory Transduction : Sensing the environment, Auditory receptors, Chemoreceptors; taste

and smell, Mechanorceptors tactile systems and escape responses, Vision and Photoreception,

Thermoreception and infrared detection.

Credit-IV 15 hours

Stress Biology : Basic concepts of environmental stress and strain, Adaptation, Acclimation

and acclimatization, Concept of Homeostasis, Physiological response to oxygen deficient stress,

physiological response to body exercise, Meditation, yoga and their effects.

Endocrinology: Aims and scope of endocrinology, Discovery of hormones. Hormones as

messengers. Classification of hormones, endocrine glands (Pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, thyroid,

testes, ovary). Neuroendocrine system and neurosecretion, General principles, structure and

hormone action. neuroendocrine regulators in insects.


Animal Physiology Mechanisms and Adaptation. Eckert, R.W.H. Freeman and Company, New

York

General and Comparative Animal Physiology, Hoar, W.S.Prentice Hall of Indian.

Animal Physiology: adaptation and Environment, Schiemdt Neilsen. Cambridge

Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology, Prosser, C.L.Wiley-Liss Inc., New York.

Animals and Temperature: Phenotypic and Evolutionary Adaptation. Johnson, I.A., &

A.F.Bennett (eds.) Cambridge Univ.Press, Cambridge, UK.

Physiological Animal Ecology. Louw, G.N.Longman Harloss, UK.

General and Comparative Endocrinology, E.J.W.Barrington. Oxford. Clarendon Press.

Comparative Vertebratic Endocrinology. P.J.Bentley. Cambridge University Press.

Text Book of Endocrinology, R.H.Williams. W.B. Saunders.

Endocrine Physiology. C.R.Martin. Oxford Univ. Press.

Comparative Endocrinology, A. Gorbman et al. John Wiley & Sons.

ZOL 204 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY Credit-4

Credit-I 15 hours

DNA replication : Prokaryotic and eurokaryotic DNA replication, Mechanics of DNA

replication, Enzymes and Accessory proteins involved in DNA replication, Models of DNA

replication, Inhibitors of DNA replication

Recombination and repair : Holiday junction, gene targeting, gene disruption, FLP/FRT and

Crelox recombination, RecA and other recombinases, DNA repair mechanisms

Credit-II 15 hours

Transcription of mRNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes : Structural organisation and life

span of mRNA; monocistronic and polycistronic mRNA

Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription, Promoter (Pribnow, TATA, CAAT and

GC box), enhancer and silencer Sites, Transcription factors; Transcription activators and

repressors, Characteristic features of RNA polymerases of phages, prokaryotes and eukaryotes

and their functions, Post transcriptional modification of RNA- Capping, Polyadenylation ,

Splicing, RNA editing: site specific deamination and role of gRNAs

mRNA transport

Credit-III 15 hours

Genetic code : Characteristics of genetic code, Start codons and stop codons, Degeneracy of the

code: Wobble hypothesis and isoacceptor tRNAs

Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Aminoacylation of tRNA & initiation, elongation

and termination of protein synthesis, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases & initiation, elongation and

termination factors, Translational proof-reading, Differences in protein synthesis between

prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Translational inhibitors in prokaryotes and eukaryote – role of

tetracycline, streptomycin, neomycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, puromycin and diphtheria

toxin, Post- translational modification of proteins: protein folding (role of chaperones) and

biochemical modifications.

Credit-IV 15 hours

Molecular mapping of genome: Genetic and physical maps, Physical mapping and map-based

cloning, Southern hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization( FISH) for genome analysis.

Molecular markers in genome analysis (RFLP, RAPD and AFLP).

Transgenic animals and knock-outs : Production, Applications, Cloning of animals by

nuclear transfer, Embryonic stem cells, Care and breeding of experimental animals including

bioethics.


Benjamin Lewin (2004): Genes, Vol. VIII, Pearson Prentice Hall, Singapore

Brown, T.A. (2006): Genomes 3.Garland Science, New York.

Elliott, W. H and Elliott, D. C. (1997): Advanced molecular Biology, Viva Books,

New Delhi

Freifelder, D. (2003): Molecular Biology, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi

Gupta, P. K. (2005): Cell and molecular Biology, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi

Kumar, H. D. (2001): Molecular Biology, Vikas publications, New Delhi

Malacinski, G. M. (2005): Essentials of Molecular Biology, Narosa Publishing

House, New Delhi

Mayers, R.A (Ed) (1995). Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: A Comprehensive

Desk Reference.VCH Publishers, Inc., New York

Russel, P. J. (2009): Cell and Molecular Biology, Cengage learning

Veer Bal Rastogi (2008): Fundamentals of Molecular Biology, Ane Books India

Molecular Biology of the Gene. I.D Watson, N.H. Hopkins, J.W. Roberts, J.A. Steiz and AM

Weiner The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., Inc., California.

Molecular Cell Biology, J. Darnell H.Lodish and D. Baltimore Scientific American Books, Inc.,

USA.

Molecular Biology of the cell. B.Alberts, D.D.Bray, J.Lewis, M.Rafif, K. Roberts and

J.D.Watson. Garland Publishing inc., New York.

Old R. W. and Primrose S. B. Principles of Gene Manipulation An introduction to genetic

engineering. Blackwell Scientific Pub li- cation. London, 1989.

Lodish H, BerkA, Zipurjky S. L., Matsudaira P, Baltimore D. and Darnell 3. Molecular Cell

Biology W.H. freeman and company New York, 2000.

De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis Jr, E.M.F., Cell andiEMolecular Biology. K. M. Varghese

Cop. Bombay, 1998.

Glick B. R. and Pasternak 1.1. Molecular Biotechnology Principles and Applications of

Recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington, 1998.

Karp G. Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts and experiments. John Wiley and sons. Inc. New

York, 1999

Cooper, G .M. The cell A molecular approach. ASM Press, Washington DC, 2000.

LIST OF PRACTICALS FOR SEMESTER II

Museum specimens:

Lower Chordates: Salpa Asexual and Sexual stage, Doliolum oozoid, Botrylus, Herdmania, and

Amphioxus.

Cyclostomata: Petromyzon, Myxine,

Pisces; Rhinobatus, Pristis, Trygon, Chimaera, Polydon, Acipenser, Amia, Lepidosteus, Protopterus,

Lepidosiren, Neoceratodus,Notopterus, Exocetus, Echeneis, Pleuronectes, Diodon, Tetradon,Ostracion,

Syngnathus, Hippocampus, Anguilla, Labeo.

Amphibia: Icthyophis, Necturus, Proteus, Ambystoma, Axolotal, Salamander, Siren, Alytes, Pipa, Bufo,

Hyla, Rhacophorus.

Reptilia: Testudo, Chelonea, Sphenodon, Calotes, Hemidactylus, Phryosoma, Draco, Varanus,

Chamaleon, Cobra, Hydrophis, Viper, Pit Viper, Krait, Eryx, Gavialis, alligator, crocodile.

Aves: Talor Bird, Indian koel, Jungle fowl, Pavocristis, Columba, parrot, Wood packer, Bubo, ostrich,

Archéoptéryx.

Mammals: Ornithorhynchus, Echidna, Macropus, Hedgehog, Manis, Loris, Bat.

Microscopic Slides:

Lower Chordates: Herdmania spicules, ascidian tadpole larva, Amphioxus :T. S. passing through oral

hood, pharynx, testes, ovary, intestine and caudal regions, Ammocoete larva (whole mount).

Pisces: Placoid scale, Cycloid scale, Ctenoid scale.

Amphibia: V S skin of Frog, T S passing through stomach, duodenum, intestine, liver, pancreas, lung,

kidney, testes, ovary.

Reptelia: V S skin of lizard.

Aves: V S skin of bird, contour feather, down feather.

Mammals: V S skin of mammals, T S passing through stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, testes,

ovary, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, lung, bone, spinal cord.

Comparative Osteology:

Comparative account of Axial and Appendicular skeletons of Frog, Varanus, Fowl and Rabbit (both

articulated and disarticulated).

Skull of Reptiles (Anapsida and Diapsida).

pH meter and measurement of pH

Paper chromatography of amino acids, mixtures, identification of unknown amino acids and

sugars.

Thin layer chromatography of amino acids and sugars.

Photometric determination of haemoglobin in blood sample.

Determination of RBC,WBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC of the given sample of blood.

Demonstration of the blood clotting time, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, haemolysis and

crenation.

Determination of the glucose in serum/plasma.

Determination of SGPT and SGOT.

• Squash and smear preparations of testis of cockroach / grasshopper aceto-orecin and Fuelgen

staining of these preparations.

• Study of mitosis in onion root tip and meiosis in testes of insect or mammal.

• Study of giant chromosomes in the salivary gland of Chironomus larva or Drosophila

• Study of prepared microscope slides, including those showing various cell types, mitosis, meiosis

and giant chromosomes.

SEMESTER-III

LIST OF SPECIAL PAPERS (Any one is to be taken)

I Cell and Molecular Biology

II Environmental Biology

III Reproductive Biology

SPECIAL PAPER- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

CMB301- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY credit-4

credit-I 15 hours

Biomembranes: Universality of biomembranes, composition ( phospholipid. Intrinsic and

extrinsic proteins). Fluidity of biomembranes. Cell junctions (Gap, tight and demosomes etc.).

Transport across cell membrane : Mechanism of diffusion, Facilitated diffusion. Osmosis and

water channels/ movement, Uniporter-catalyzed transport. Difference between uniport-catalyzed

transport and passive diffusion, Intracellular ion environment and membrane electric potential.

Active transport - P-class ion pumps, F-class and V-class ion pumps and ABC superfamily. Ca ++

ATPase pump and Na+

/K+

ATPase pump.Cotransport by symportors and antiporters. Receptor

mediated endocytosis.

credit-II 15 hours

Cytoskeleton : Microfilaments; Actin cytoskeleton. Myosin(a) Structure and mechanism of

movement with actin. (b)Conformational changes in myosin during movement. Microtubules:

Microtubules structure and microtubule assembly from organizing centers, Microtubule

dynamics, Microtubule associated proteins (MAP’s) and cross-linking of microtubules,

Microtubules and mitosis, Cilia and Flagella- Structure and movements.

credit-III 15 hours

Cell-Cell adhesion and communication, Cadherin mediated Ca++

dependent homophilic

cell-cell adhesion. N-CAM’s mediate Ca++

independent homophilic cell-cell adhesion.

Cadherin containing junctions. Gap junctions and connexins. Cellmatrix adhesion.

Integrin-in cell matrix and cell-cell interaction. Integrin and cell to substratum

attachment. Collagen-Basic structure and assembly. Non-collagen components of

extracellular matrix (Laminin, fibronectin and cell surface proteoglycans).

Plant cell wall. Auxin and cell expansion. Cellulose fibril synthesis and orientation.

Plasmodesmata. credit-IV 15 hours

Cell-Cell Signaling: Endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signaling. Receptor Proteins-

Cell Surface receptors and intracellular receptors. Cell Surface receptors-G-protein

coupled receptors, ion channel receptors, tyrosine kinase-linked receptors and receptors

with intrinsic enzymatic Activity. Second messenger System - cAMP and IP3, DAG 7.5

MAP kinase cascade, JAK/STAT and TGF –β / Smad signaling, NF-kB signaling.

Signaling from plasma membrane to nucleus (a) CREB links cAMP signals to

transcription (b) MAP kinase. Signal- Mediated transport through Nuclear Pore, Nuclear

pore complex 8.2 Nuclear exports signals and transport of cargo proteins from nucleus to

cytosol. Nuclear localization signal and transport of cargo proteins from cytoplasm to

nucleus.

CMB302 - CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY credit-4

Credit I Cell Cycle : Bacterial cell cycle (Helmstetier - Cooper or I+C+D model). Partition and

cytokinesis. Eukaryotic cell cycle – G l, S, G 2 and M phases. Cell cycle and check

points. Molecular basis of cell cycle regulation, (a) Cyclins and cyclin - dependent

kinases.(b) Regulation of CDK cyclin activity. Credit II Cell Death: Apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis-its characteristics. Genes involved in

apoptosis.

Aging: The biology of senescence, Maximum life span and life expectancy. Causes of

aging: (a) General wear and tear and genetic instability.(b) Free radicals, oxidative

damage and antioxidants. (c) Telomerases and aging. Cancer; Tumor cells and onset of

cancer. Proto-oncogenesis and tumor suppressor genes. Mutation causing loss of cell

cycle. Mutations affecting genuine stability. Credit III

Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes. Molecular definition of gene. Chromosomal

organization of genes and non-coding DNA. Mobile DNA. Functional re-arrangements in

chromosomal DNA. Organizing cellular DNA into chromosomes. Morphological and functional

elements of eukaryotic chromosomes. Genetic analysis in Cell Biology. Mutation: type and

causes. Isolation and analysis of mutants. Genetic mapping of mutations. Molecular

cloning of genes defined by mutations. Credit IV

Regulation of Gene expression, Operon concept. Catabolic repression Positive and Negative

regulation. Inducers and corepressors. Regulation by attenuation: his and trp operons. DNA

binding proteins and gene regulation. DNA binding domains. Homeodomain proteins. Zinc

finger proteins. Winged-helix (Forked head) proteins. Leucine-Zipper proteins. Helix

Loop helix proteins.

CMB303 -CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY credit-4

Credit I Cytokines: Properties of cytokines, General structure of cytokines, Function of

cytokines, Cytokines related diseases. Bacterial septic shock, Bacterial toxic shock and

similar diseases, Lymphoid and myeloid cancers, Chagas disease. Immune system in

health and disease, Immune response to infectious disease. Credit II

Viral infections (a) Viral neutralization by humoral antibody. (b) Cell - mediated

antiviral mechanism. (c) Viral evasion of host defense mechanisms.

Bacterial infections (a)Immune responses to extra cellular and intracellular

bacteria.(b)Bacterial evasion of host defense mechanism.

Protozoa and diseases. Diseases caused by helminthes. Credit III

Vaccine: Active and passive immunization. Designing vaccines for active

immunization. Whole organism vaccine. Attenuated viral or bacterial vaccines.

Inactivated viral or bacterial vaccines.

Polysaccharide vaccines. Recombinant vector vaccines. DNA vaccines. Synthetic

peptide vaccines. Multivalent peptide vaccines. AIDS: Structure and types, genome

organization, replication, opportunistic agents and therapeutic agents.

Immunodeficiencies – Lymphoid and myeloid lineage. Credit IV Hypersensitivity: Type I, II, III and IV, In vivo and in vitro, Autoimmunity , Organ

specific autoimmune disease, Systemic autoimmune disease.

Tumor immunology: Tumor antigen. Tumor evasion. Immune system against tumors.

Therapies. Transplantation immunology . Acute ,hyperacute and chronic rejection .

Tissue matching( HLA typing ) Graft Vs host (GVH) reaction. Xenotrasplantation.

Immunosuppressive drugs, role of monoclonal antibodies in transplantation.

CMB304 -CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY credit-4

Credit I Immunology :Introduction - Innate and adaptive immunity, Cells and organs of the immune

system (Primary lymphoid organs, Secondary lymphoid organs , B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes

and Antigen presenting cells), Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (CMI),

Antigenecity, immunogenecity and Haptens, Factors influencing immunogenicity, Recognition

of antigen by B-and T-lymphocytes, Antigens,

Antibodies : Structure and functions of Antibody Molecules, Molecular structure of Ig,

Immunoglobulin classes (lgG, lgM, IgE and lgD and their biological activities.Generation of

Antibody diversity.

credit-II 15 hours

Antigen-Antibody Interactions : Strength of Antigen Antibody Interactions, Cross reactivity,

precipitation reactions ,agglutination reactions, Immunotechniques -Detection of molecules

using ELISA, RIA, Western Blot, Immunoprecipitaion. Monoclonal antibodies-Hybridoma

Technology and Applications, Production of monoclonal antibodies, Clinical uses of monoclonal

antibodies, Catalytic monoclonal antibodies (abzymes).

credit-III 15 hours

Immune effector Mechanisms : Cytokines & Antagonists, Compliment System-components &

functions, Compliment activation and regulations(classical ,alternate and

lectin pathways), Inflammation & hypersensitivity.

Major Histocompatability Complex ( MHC) : General organisation and inheritance of MHC,

MHC genes & molecules, Antigen processing and presentation –Endogenous and Exogenous

pathways.

credit-IV 15 hours

Immune system in Health and Diseases : Immune responses during bacterial (Tuberculosis)

parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections. Autoimmune diseases (organ specific and

systemic), Primary Immunodeficiency diseases( Bruton’s disease, Di-george Syndrome &

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Secondary immunodeficiency Diseases (AIDS).

Orgin,means of infection, course of infection, structure and types of HIV, viral multiplication,

mutation, diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy and AIDS vaccine.

Suggested Reading Material

Das Gupta, Modern Immunology

Janis Kuby (1997): Immunology. WH Freeman,New York

Roit, Essentials of Immunology.

Abbas AK Lichtman, AR. and Pahes, J.S. Molecular Immunology, WB Saunders & Co, London

Cruse. J.M.and Lewis, RE. Atlas of Immunology, CRC Press, New York.

Old R. W. and Primrose S. B. Principles of Gene Manipulation An introduction to genetic

engineering. Blackwell Scientific Pub li- cation. London, 1989.

Twyman R. M. and Wisden W. Advanced Molecular Biology A Concise Reference Viva Books

Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi: 1999

Meyers R.A. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology A comprehensive desk Reference. VCH

Publishers, Inc. New York, 1995

Lodish H, BerkA, Zipurjky S. L., Matsudaira P, Baltimore D. and Darnell 3. Molecular Cell

Biology W.H. freeman and company New York, 2000.

De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis Jr, E.M.F., Cell and Molecular Biology. K. M. Varghese

Cop. Bombay, 1998.

Freifelder D. Molecular Biology, Naroja Publishing House, New Delhi, 1997.

Karp G. Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts and experiments. John Wiley and sons. Inc. New

York, 1999

Malacinski G.M. and Freifelder D. Essentials of Molecular Biology Jones and Bartlett Publishers

Boston, 1999

Cooper, G .M. The cell A molecular approach. ASM Press, Washington DC, 2000.

Watson, J.D., Hopkins, N.H. Roberts, J.W Steitz, J.A. and Weiner A.M. Molecular Biology of the

Gene. The Benjamin/Cumings Pub. Co. Inc. California

PRATICALS:

1. Operation of various microscopes : Use of occulometer-standardization and measurements of cell

height, nuclear diameters and tabular diameters

Use of occular grid- standardization and counting of cells or nuclei in cross section or epithelium

2. Preparation of biological tissues and sectioning for :Paraffin wax histology by microtome Fresh-

frozen by cryostat Ultra-thin sectioning by ultratome

3. Cytochemistry :3.1 Carbohydrate (a) PAS method (b) Alcian blue method 3.2 Proteins (a) Mercury

bromophenol blue method (b) Ninhydrin method 3.3 Lipids (a) Phosphomolybic acid method (b) Copper

phthalocynin n method 3.4 Nucleic acid (a) Feulgen method (b) Methyle green- Pyronin method.

4. Biochemical methods :4.1 Determination of pK value of buffer 4.2 Determination of absorption

maximum of a solution 4.3 Determination of relationship between absorption and various concentration

of a solution using a colorimeter, spectrocolorimeter/spectrophotometer. 4.4 Preparation of standard curve

for proteins, lipids and carbohydrates 4.5 Quantitation of enzymes - alkaline and acid phosphatase

5. Separation and Preservation of serum : Liquid storage , Using preservative. Sterilization, By

freezing , By lyophilization

6. Permanent slides: Types of cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar epithelial cells, blood cells, nerve

cells, muscle cells), connective tissues of various types. adipose tissue, mitotic & meiotic chromosomes

and their different phases . Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and cancer cells of various types.

7. Separation techniques : Separation of proteins and DNA by agarose electrophoresis,

Separation of proteins and isoenzymes on SDS-PAGE and PAGE

Electroeluting of proteins,DNA/RNA from electrophoretic gels

Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography

Separation of phospholipids by TLC

8. Chromosomal Techniques : Preparation of salivary gland chromosomes from Drosophila /

Chironomous larva and stain with acetocarmine/aceto-orcein/ fuelgen

Preparation of mammalian chromosomes from bone marrow or testis and stain with Giemsa stain.

9. Precipitation techniques : Immunodiffusion method , Immunoelectrophoresis method

10. Histology of organs of immune system.

11. Bleeding of animals and preparation of serum.

12. Demonstration of agglutination reaction.

13 Demonstration of ELISA technique.

SPECIAL PAPER - ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

ENV301 : ENVIRONMENT & NATURAL RESOURCES Credit-4

Credit-I 15 hours

Environment and climate, Earth (core, mantle, tectonic plates); Atmosphere- structure and

composition;

Clouds and their formation

Cloud categories: low, middle, and high clouds: Cirrus (Ci), Cirrocumulus (Cc), and Cirrostratus

(Cs), Altocumulus (Ac), Altostratus (As), and Nimbostratus (Ns), Cumulus (Cu), Stratocumulus

(Sc), Stratus (St), and Cumulonimbus (Cb).

Element and factors of climate : External factors: solar radiation, Internal factors.

Global climate changes – causes and consequences.

Human population : Exponential growth – geometric growth or geometric decay-Malthusian

growth model –population momentum age structure – population pyramid, age structure diagram

Types of population pyramid, Population explosion.

Credit-II 15 hours

Ecosystem : Ecosystems-a) types, natural & artificial, agroecosystems, City ecosystems and

Spacecraft ecosystems. Functions of Ecosystems, Ecological energetics - Fixation and utilization

of energy- Primary production, factors affecting & measurements of primary production,

Lindmann’s work, Single channel, Y shaped and universal energy flow models, Place of man in

the food chain, Nutrient cycling, selection, diversity, decomposition and stability.

Development of ecosystems, Types and factors controlling, changes in the trends of ecological

attributes,

Human impact on ecosystems, Human settlements, Human cultural evolution, Environmental

crisis, Environmental protection and sustainable development.

Credit-III 15 hours

Resources of the Earth – Renewable & Non renewable

Natural resources-Renewable and nonrenewable natural resources. Depletion of natural resources

and its effects. Aquaculture. economically important crustaceans, mussels, oysters, clams and sea

weeds(in Brief). Marine products - Food value of fish, Fish meal, fish body oil, Fish liver oil,

Fish maw and other products. Forest products -major and minor products of both plant and

animal origin,

Economically important insects and their products-Honey, Lac and Silk.

Mineral resources with special reference to India.

Water as a resource –Characteristics of water. Major water compartments.

Hydrological cycle.

Water management and conservation – Rain water harvesting techniques.

Energy resources : Conventional energy sources (coal, Oil and natural gas and oil shale)

Non conventional energy sources -solar energy, wind energy,geothermal energy, hydropower,

biomass, biogas,Tidal energy, Energy from waste, Hydrogen, and Nuclear energy. Energy crisis

Credit-IV 15 hours

Biomes: Desert, Grassland, Tundra, Tropical and temperate forests, Deciduous and evergreen

rain forests; Ecozones of India

Species interactions: Herbivory, Carnivory, parasites, Prey –Predator, Commensalisms,

mutualism and Symbiosis

Conservation: Environmental degradation, role of men in changing the environment, IUCN

classification of endangered species, red data book, Restoration of wildlife populations by

reintroduction (Soft and hard release) and Captive breeding, in situ and ex situ conservation

National and international organizations

ENV302 : ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Credit-4 (60 Hrs)

Credit-I 15 hours

AIR POLLUTION : Primary air pollutants: occurrence, sources and sinks of the following

pollutants: (a) compounds of carbon, (b) compounds of sulphur, (c) compounds of nitrogen, (d)

gaseous halogens, (e) ozone, (f) mercury, (g) particulate matter

Method of sampling and monitoring of the following gaseous air pollutants (Two methods for

each pollutant)-(a) Oxides of Carbon, Hydrocarbons, (b) SO2, H2S, Mercaptans, (c) Oxides of

Nitrogen, Ammonia, (d) Ozone

Sample collection – settlement, filtration, particle count, evaluation by optical

microscopy, particle size analysis – projected diameter and statistical diameter

(Ferete’s diameter and Martin’s diameter). Interaction of air pollutants in the atmosphere

Secondary pollutants: photochemical-smog, Acid rain, and green house effect,

Effect of air pollution: (a) On materials, buildings, metals etc., (b) On vegetation, (c) On weather

and atmospheric conditions, (d)On human health- a brief survey of major air pollution episodes.

Acid rain , Global warming : The green house effect, green house gases, potential effect of

global warming, Noise pollution-sources, effects and abatement.

Credit-II 15 hours

WATER POLLUTION : Types and effects of water pollution, Plant nutrients and cultural

eutrophication, Toxic inorganic and organic materials, Biocides: Classification and types of

Biocides- Fungicides, Pyrethroids and pesticides. Effects of Biocides, Biological magnification

Toxic effects on non target organisms- hazards to man.

Heavy metals sources and effects of the following in the ecosystem and human population

Thermal pollution-sources, effects- cooling towers as control measures. Oil spills-sources

effects and control. Hazards of Radioactive materials in the environment, Biological effects of

ionizing radiations, Nuclear waste disposal. Carcinogens in the environment

Credit-III 15 hours

Water pollution abatement technology: (a) Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment systems

(b) Principles of design and operation of (1) screens (2) Grit chambers (3) Sedimentation tanks

(4) Oxidation ponds and (5) algal pond.

Design and operation of biological treatment systems: (1) Aerated lagoons (2)Activated sludge

process (3) Trickling filters (4) sludge digest.

Sewage and sewage treatment: composition, bacteriology of sewage treatment, stabilisation-

properties of sewage, categories of sewage, use of effluents in irrigation

Air pollution- abatement technology: basic principles of design and working of: (a) Bag filters

(b) Inertial collection- cyclones (c) Electrostatic precipitators (d) Scrubbers (e)Adsorption (f)

Device for controlling automobile emissions

Credit-IV 15 hours

TERRESTRIAL POLLUTION : Solid waste- garbage, rubbish, ashes, debris, street litter,

agricultural waste, mining waste, industrial waste, e-waste etc. Problems of solid waste disposal,

consequences of solid pollution.

Solid waste disposal methods: Sanitary land fill, plasma gasification, deep well injection,

incineration, recycling biogas.

ENV303 : ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Credit-4

Credit-I 15 hours

Environmental Health and Toxicology :Introduction of Environmental Health and Toxicology,

Fundamentals of Toxicology: Toxicants of Public Health (Pesticides, metals, solvents,

Radiation), Dose & Toxicity

Movement, distribution and fate of toxins: Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, Translocation

of Xenobiotics: Absorption, Biotransformation, Excretion

Measuring toxicity (Acute , Sub Chronic and Chronic), Environmental impact assessment

(EIA); Process and Methods, Risk Assessment, Sustainable Development

Credit-II 15 hours

Environmental Management: Solid Waste Management, E-Waste & Hazardous Waste,

Legislative approach for Waste management, Bioterrorism / Biological warfare

Climate disasters: Tsunami, earth quack, cyclone

Environmental awareness and education regarding conservation of wildlife

Impact of tourism related activities on environment, Basic principles of ecotourism, Island

ecology and tourism, Pollution related to tourism- solid and liquid waste from tourist destination

Wildlife: History, causes of depletion, Techniques of studying - Radiometry, photographic

identification of animals and remote sensing

Wildlife of India- Wild life schedules, Ecozones, National parks, sanctuaries, reserves

Management, special protection programs ( Tiger, Rhino, Lion tailed macaque, elephant)

Credit-III 15 hours

Microbial Interaction with Xenobiotic Inorganic Pollutants: Persistence and

Biomagnification of xenobiotic molecules, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins, Synthetic

Polymers, Microbial Interaction with some Inorganic pollutants, Acid mine drainage, Microbial

Conversions of Nitrate, Microbial Methylations, Microbial Accumulation of Heavy Metals and

Radionuclides

Biodegradability Testing and Monitoring the Bioremediation of Xenobiotic Pollutant :

Biodegradability and ecological side effect testing, Biosensor detection of Pollutants,

Bioremediation, Environmental modification for bioremediation, Microbial Seeding and

Bioengineering Approaches to the Bioremediation of Pollutants, Bioremediation of Marine Oil

pollutants, Bioremediation of air pollutants.

Microorganisms in Mineral and Energy Recovery and Fuel and Biomass Production:

Recovery of metals, Recovery of Petroleum, Production of Fuels, Production of Microbial

Biomass, Single-cell protein production

Credit-IV 15 hours

Microbial Control of Pests: Microbial control of plant and animal pests, Microbial control of

weeds and cyano bacterial blooms, Genetic engineering in biological control, Frost protection,

Bacillus thuringiensis pesticide, other applications

Environment awareness: Earth summits, Carbon footprint and carbon tax, Global warming,

ozone layer depletion

ENV304 : ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION Credit-4 (60 Hours)

Credit-I 15 hours

Habitat Conservation : Forest Ecology -Major vegetation types, Tropical rain forests; Shola

forests (Cloud forests) ; Mangroves.

Deforestation and its consequences : Need for scientific management and conservation of forests,

Social forestry and agro forestry, Habitat destruction, Fragmentation and Degradation causes and

consequences, Wetlands and waterfowl conservation.

Ocean acidification; Ocean Warming and Coral Bleaching.

Credit-II 15 hours

Biodiversity conservation : The richness of biodiversity, The importance of biodiversity (Direct

and indirect values), Reasons for high species diversity in the tropics. Biodiversity of India, The

threatened biodiversity with special reference to critically endangered vertebrates from India.

Loss of biological diversity and Causes of extinction. Endemism. Keystone species and

Keystone resources–Exotic species introductions, invasive species, disease and over

exploitations, Global hotspots - hotspots in India,- Western ghats and Sreelanka, Indo Burma,

and Eastern Himalayas.

Credit-III 15 hours

Strategies of conservation: Concept of minimum viable area and minimum viable population,

National Parks, aims and objectives -Briefly mention the important national parks in India with

special reference to Rajasthan. Sanctuaries-Major sanctuaries in India and Rajasthan. Biosphere

Reserves –Their aims and objectives, briefly mention them-with special reference to Rajasthan.

Conservation strategies at the global level-Role of World conservation union, CITES, WWF and

other international conventions and protocols. IUCN categories of threatened animals and red

data book. Wildlife management in India; Role of Government and non governmental agencies.

Briefly mention wildlife protection act 1972 and its amendments and schedules. Endangered

species -strategies of conservation with special reference to India -Project Tiger, Project

Elephant, Project hangul, Operation Rhino. Crocodile breeding project, Project Sangai, Gir lion

project, Himalayan Musk deer project.

Ex situ conservation -Zoo, Aquarium, Seed bank, Gene bank, Pollen bank, etc-

In situ conservation.- National parks, sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves,Community reserves and

other protected areas.

Credit-IV 15 hours

Environmental Impact : Aims and objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),

Environmental management systems-ISO-14000 standards, Cost benefit analysis of

environmental protection incorporating, environmental costs and benefits of designing projects.

Development and displacement of rural communities, ethical and socio -economic problems,

Disappearing culture and traditions, Impact on environment. Urban environment and new

problems.

Ecotourism - Importance of Ecotourism, visitor impact, visitor management, control and safety

rules – threats to local culture, ecolodges. Economic & Ecological effects of ecotourism.

Restoration of ecology and degraded rural landscape- Illustrate with case studies

from India. Environmental protection movements – Global, national, and local, historical,

present social pressure group agencies like green, and Chipco movement, Narmada Bachao.

Environmental biology

• Ecological concepts. Cherrett, J.M. Blackwell Sci. Publi. Oxford U.K.

• Fundamentals of ecological modeling. Jorgension. SE. Elsevier. New "

Ecological Methodology Charles J. Krebs.

Ahluwalia & Sunita Malhotra-Environmental Science-Ane books Pvt. Ltd

Ananthakrishnan, T.N. - Bioresource Ecology- Oxford and IBH.

Bailey J.A.-Principles of wildlife management -John Wiley and sons, New York

Cunningham &Cunningham 2003- Principles of Environmental Science:, Tata

McGraw Hill

Franco K.G-- Man and the changing environment

Krebs, C., Ecology, Harper and Row publishers, New York

Odum H. T. System ecology, an Introduction- John wilsy & Sons, New york.

Ramakrishnan, P. S.-Ecology and sustainable development-National book trust

India

Smith R.I. - Elements of ecology- Harper and Row publishers, New york.

• Ecological Census Techniques - A Handbook (2nd edition) Edited by William J. Sutherland CUP

August 2006

PRACTICALS

• Mark important sanctuaries and national parks of Rajasthan on map, and write details of any three

Estimation (biochemical/ GC/TLC) of any environmental toxicants

Bacterial examination of water – MPN index.

Study of microbial diversity (bacteria and fungi) in soil, air and water.

Bioassay Studies and Insecticides

Fish/Daphnia bioassay test to find out the toxicity of heavy metals/pesticides

Bioassay- Determination of LC50 (in fish) and LD50 (in mice) of any toxicant.

Determination of the concentration of the following insecticides in water: DDT, Methyl parathion

Estimation of the following metals in effluent and sediment samples – Copper, Zinc,

Chromium (Hexavalent)

Water Evaluation Analysis

Determination of chloride in the given water sample.

Estimation of total hardness of given water sample.

To determine the acidity of water.

To determine the alkalinity of water.

To estimate total solid in water.

To estimate total dissolved solid in water sample.

To determine the dissolved oxygen in given water sample.

To determine the BOD of given water sample.

To determine the free CO2 of given water sample.

To estimate the Calcium hardness of water.

To estimate Magnesium hardness of given water sample.

Species diversity indices and indicator species

Estimation of salinity, phosphates, sulphates, silicates and nitrates in water samples

Separation and identification of soil arthropods using Berlese funnel.

Soil Analysis

Determination of organic matter in soil sample.

Determination of Co3- & HCo3- in soil sample.

Estimation of chlorophyll in plant material.

Determination of moisture content of soil sample.

Determination of water holding capacity of soil sample.

FIELD STUDY-A study tour of at least five days duration (need not be at a stretch) to observe

the ecology and behaviour of animals should be under taken. The places of visit include inter tidal

region, fresh water bodies, lakes, rivers, hill streams ,wetlands, mangroves, forests grasslands,

drinking water treatment plants, and sewage treatment plants.

A report of the field study is to be included in the practical record to be submitted at the time of

Examination

SPECIAL PAPER - REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

END 301-ENDOCRINE GLANDS I Credit 4

Credit-I 15 hours

Historical background. scope and status of endocrinology, Endocrine glands an overview,

Study of the following major endocrine glands of vertabrates.

Pituitary General, developmental and comparative anatomy; functional cytology of the pituitary

gland of mammalian and submammalian vertabrates; adenohypophyseal hormones. their

chemistry and physiology, chromatophore regulation among vertabrates; neurohormonal

peptides: their chemistry and phyletic distribution; formation, storage, release and transport o

neurohypohyseal principles; effects of hypophysectomy.

Credit-II 15 hours

Thyroid General, developmental and comparative anatomy; evolution of throidal function,

biochemistry biological actions of thyriod hormones and their interrelationship with other

endocrine secretions; effects of thyroi dectomy; calcitonin its chemistry and physiology.

Parathyroid General, developmental and Comparative anatomy; biochemistry and physiology

of the parathyroid hormone; effects of parathyoidectomy.

Credit-III 15 hours

Pancreatic Islets General, developmental comparativeanatomy; biochemistry and physiology of

insulin and glucagon; effects of pancreactomy.

Pineal General, developmental and comparative anatomy; biochemistry and physiology of the

pineal principles

Credit-IV 15 hours

Adrenal General developmental and Comparative anatomy anatomy; chromaffin tissue

biochemistry and physiology of catecholamines: the sympathetico-chromaffin complex;

steroidogenic tissue structure and nomenculture of steroid hormones; biochemistry and

physiology of adrenal steroids; effects of adrenalectomy

Hormonal imbalance and major endocrine diseases: Gigantism, Acromegaly , Dwarfism,

Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, Goitre, Crypotorchidism, Hypogonadism, Amenorrhoea,

Diabetes mellitus, Tetany.

ZOL 302- ENDOCRINE GLANDS II Credit 4

Credit-I 15 hours

Endocrine glands and their Hormones (Brief account)

Hormone secreting tissues –skin, liver, kidney, heart.

General classes of chemical messengers- Peptide, thyroid, steroid hormones, neurotransmitters

and pheromones

Physical characteristics of hormones – latency, post-secretory modification and halflife

Synthesis and delivery of hormones- storage, secretion and transportation.

Physiological roles of hormones.

Control of hormone secretion.

Credit-II 15 hours

General mechanisms of Hormonal action

Cell signalling

Receptors and transducers; types of receptors, regulation of receptor number, receptor activation

Second messengers of hormone action, receptor signal transduction

Eicosanoids and hormone action

The gonadal hypophyseal hypothalamus relationship.

Credit-III 15 hours

Neurohormones :Gases as neural messengers, Endorphins- physiological roles, mechanism of

action and pathophysiology, Brain hormones and behavior, Neuroendocrine pathophysiology.

Vertebrate neuroendocrinology: Ultrastructure and function of the neurosecretory cell.

hypothalamo-hypopyseal relationship, hypothalamus in relation to higher nervous centres, other

neurosecretory systems in vertebrates, the urophysis, the subcommisural organ and the pineal

complex.

Credit-IV 15 hours

Endocrine integrations: Diffuse effects of hormones: neoplastic growth; migration in birds and

fishes:.birdplumage; hibernation; osmoregulation; blood pressure regulation.

Pheromones

ZOL 303- ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND REGULATORY PROCESSES Credit 4

Credit-I 15 hours

The female reproductive system: Comparative anatomy and physiology of the mammalian and

sub mammalian ovary and ductal system. Follicular growth, kinetics and atresia, ovarian

hormones, two cell theory of estrogen biosynthesis. Autocrine, Paracrine and endocrine

regulation of ovarian functions.

Credit-II 15 hours

The male reproductive system: Comparative anatomy and physiology of the mammalian and

sub mammalian testis and the sex accessory glands; Functional Organization of testis,

spermatogenic cycle. Testicula androgens, autocrine, paracrine and endocrine regulation of

testicula functions. Semen and its, biochemical nature

Credit-III 15 hours

Role of thyroid, pineal and adrenal glands in reproduction , Breeding seasons and reproductive

cycles, Hormonal regulation of reproductive behaviour, Biology of Sex-determination and Sex

differentiation, Biology of spermatozoa and ovum: structure, development and function.

Fertilization -Pre-fertilization events, biochemistry of fertilization and post-fertilization events.

Credit-IV 15 hours

Implantation and its hormonal regulation, delayed implantation, Placenta as an Endocrine tissue:

foeto-placental unit. Gestation and its hormonal regulation, Parturition and its hormonal

regulation. The mammary gland: Endocrinology of lactation. Prostaglandins: Chemistry,

mechanism of action and their role in reproduction.Miscellaneous factors affecting reproduction:

nutrition. light, temperature, pheromones, environmental disruptors.

ZOL 304- REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES Credit 4

Credit-I 15 hours

Fundamental aspects of control of fertility in males: Mechanical, Surgical, Chemical,

Immunological methods.

Control of fertility in Insects. Induced spawning in Fishes

Credit-II 15 hours

Fundamental aspects of control of fertility in females: Natural. Mechanical. Surgical.

Chemical. Immunological. Emergency contraception. Techniques for improvement of breeding

in animals.Anatomy and physiology of the endocrine and neuroendocrine structures of annelids,

arthropods and Mollusca with special reference to their role in reproduction.

Credit-III 15 hours

Reproductive dysfunctions in males and females.

Diagnosis of male infertility: Semen analysis: Physical examinations, microscopic

examinations, biochemical analysis, Immunological tests. Sperm function tests: Sperm

mitochondrial Hypo-osmotic swelling test, acrosome, reaction. Zona binding assays. Acrosome

intactness test. hamster- oocyte penetration test. Endocrinological diagnosis.

Diagnosis of female infertility : Monitoring of ovarian and reproductive cycles. Endometrial

biopsy. Ductal blockage. Endocrine diagnosis

Credit-IV 15 hours

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) : Super ovulation, oocytc collection.

Collection and preparation of sperm for assisted fertilization. Insemination.

In vitro fertilization and related techniques (IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, TET, ICSl).

Cryopreservation of semen, oocytes and embryos.

Cloning, transgenic animals.

Teratological effects of Xenobiotics

Pre-natal diagnosis

Impact of aging, hormone replacement therapy

Hormonal bioassay: ELISA. Radio immunoassay (RIA). Radioreceptor binding assay.


Gorbman, A. and Bern, H.A. A Text Book of Comparative Endocrinology, John Wiley and Sons

Inc., New York, 1962 (Indian Edition- WileiEastern Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1974.)

Turner, C.D.: General Endocrinology: Saunders and Co. Philadel phia, 1974. Toppan Co. Pvt.

Ltd., Singapore, 1974.

,Nalbandov AS.: Reproductive Physiology. W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, 1964. Indian

Edition Taraporevala & Sons Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, 1970).

Barrington: E. J. W. An Introduction to General and Compartive Endocrinology. Clarenden Press,

Oxford, 1963.

Cole, H. H. and Cupps P. T. Repoduction in Domestic animals. Academic Press, New York.

Dorfman, R. 1. Methods in Hormone Research (Vols. I and II) Academic Press, New York, 1962.

Edwards, R. G. Research in Reproduction (all Vols.) International planned Parenthood Federakrn,

Londan 1969 (onwards).

Clover TD.and Barratt c.L.R. Male Fertility and Infertility, Cam bridge University Press,

Cambridge, 1999.

Guraya, S. S. Biology of ovarian follicles in Mammals. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Hawk, P. B. Oser, B. L. and Summerson, W. H. Practical Physi ological Chemistiy. McGraw-Hill

Book Co., New York, 1954.

Karlson, P. Mechanism of Hormone Action. Academic Press, New york 1975

Knobil E. and Neill J.D. Encyclopedia of Reproduction Vol. I to IV. Academic Press, New York,

1998.

Mason, S. S. Introduction to Clinical Endocrinology. Black-Well Scientific Publication: Oxford,

1957.

Nieschlag F. and Behre H.M. Andrology Male reproductive Health and dysfunction. Springer-

Verlag, Berlin-2001

Norman AW. and Litwack G. Hormones. Academic Press, New-York, 1997.

Parkes. A. S. Marshall's Physiology Reproduction Vols. 1; Part I (1956) and 2 (1960) IT(1952)

and m (1966) Longmans, Green and Co., London.

Pinon, Jr. R. Biology of Human Reproduction. University Science Books California, 2002,

Williams, R. H. : Text Book of Endocrinology. W B. Saunders and Co. Philadelphia, 1962

(Indian Reprint Khothari Book Depot: Bombay, 1973).

Young, W. C. : Sex, and Internal Secretions Vols. I and II.

Bentley, P. J. Comparative vertebrate endocrinology

Bern, H. A. Text book of comparative endocrinology

Harris, G. W. 1995. Neural control of the pituitary gland, Edward Arnold, London.

Practicals:

• Dissection and gross examination of various endocrine gland of representative

vertebrates.

• Microscopical study of various endocrine glands of representative vertebrates through

microtechnical procedure.

• Study of estrous cycle in mouse or rat by the vaginal smear technique

• Surgical procedures: castration, ovariectomy, adrenalectomy, thyroidectomy and

hypophysectomy.

• Hormonal bioassays : Bioassays for estrogens, androgens and antiestrogens; Biochemical

estimations of cholesterol and ascorbic acid content in adrenal tissue; glycogen content in

uterine tissue; fructose content in male sex accessory glands.

• Sperm count and motility.

• Study of the sex chromatin.

• Study of microscopic slides of endocrine and related structures.

• Dissection of male and female reproductive systems.

• Histology of the genital organs in normal and pathological conditions.

• Biochemical investigations of the reproductive glands with special reference to their

markers

• Induction of superovulation and colIection of oocytes.

• Demonstration of in-vitro fertilization (GIFT, ZIFT, TET, ICSI, etc.)

• Pregnancy test : the Ascheim Zondek pregnancy test.

SEMESTER IV

Elective Papers ZOL 401 – GENETICS

ZOL 402 – MICROBIOLOGY AND APPLIED ZOOLOGY

ZOL 403 – ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ZOL 404 – DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

ZOL 405 – PRACTICAL / SEMINAR

OR

ZOL401 – PROJECT TRAINING/DISSERTATION

ZOL 401 - GENETICS Credit 4 (60 Hours)

Credit I 15 Hours

Biochemical Genetics : Inborn errors of metabolism -Definition and mode of inheritance,

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, Diseases of amino acid metabolism, Disorders of lipid

metabolism, Disorders of nucleic acid metabolism, Mineral metabolism disorders.

Credit II 15 Hours

Developmental Genetics : Human embryo development- Cleavage, 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells, 16

cells, 32 cells, Morula,Blstula, Gatrula, Organogenesis, Gonadial differentiation, Placental types,

implantation, Formation of extra embryonic tissue, Study of human birth defects-Syndromology,

Dysmorphology, Neural tube defect, Anencephaly, Meningocele, Spina bifida, Herlequin

icthyosis.

Credit III 15 Hours

Reproductive Genetics : Spermatogenesis, oogenesis, Computer assisted Semen Analysis

(CASA), Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) IUI, IVF, ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT.

Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD).

Molecular Diagnosis : DNA fingerprinting, Linkage analysis - RFLP, blotting techniques

(southern, northern and western), Gene sequencing, Probes- Preparation and classification, in-

situ hybridization, FISH, mFISH, fiber, FISH, application of FISH.

Credit IV 15 Hours

Prenatal Diagnosis : Historical perspective, Non-invasive techniques- Ultrasonography, foetal

MRI, Invasive techniques- Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, fetal blood sampling, fetal

skin sampling, Chromosome analysis, metabolic disorders, DNA Analysis, Current knowledge of

prenatally diagnosed genetic disorders, haemoglobinopathies, coagulation disorders.

Treatment of genetic disorders.


Gardnor: Principles of Gentics

Griffith, T., Miller, Suzuki. (2002): An introduction to genetic analysis. 7th edition,

W.H. Freeman and Co. NY.

Griffiths, A.J.F., Gelbart, W.M., Lewontin, R.C. and Miller, J.H. (2002): Modern

Genetics analysis, 2nd edition. W.H. Freeman and Co. New York.

Mange, Elanine, Johnson: Basic Human Genetics

Pierce Benjamin: Genetics- A Conceptual Approach

Scriver et al. (2002): The metabolic and molecular basis of inherited diseases. 8th

edition, McGraw–Hill.

Stratchan, T. and Read, A.P. (2001): Human molecular Genetics. John Wiley, New

York

Strickberge: Genetics

Tomarin Robert, H: Principles of Genetics

PRACTICALS

• Identification of male and female Drosophila.

• Identification of wild and mutant forms of Drosophila

• Monohybrid and dihybrid inheritance in Drosophila

• Simple problems based on mendalism.

• Identifications of blood groups in man.

• Demonstration of sex chromatin.

• Embryology of Frog

• Embryology of Chick

ZOL 402- MICROBIOLOGY AND APPLIED ZOOLOGY Credit 4 (60 hours)

Credit I 15 Hours

Introduction : History and scope of microbiology, Composition of the microbial world, Modern

age of micro biology.

Microbial Taxonomy and Phylogeny : Major characteristics (classic and molecular),

Numerical taxonomy, Phenetic classification, Bergey’s Manuel (mention major groups)

Bacterial cell structure and function : Plasma membrane and internal system - Cytometrix,

inclusions, ribosomes, nucleoid, Bacterial cell wall Peptidoglycan - structure-Gram positive and

gram negative cell wall- Mechanism of gram staining, Components external to cell wall; pili and

fimbriae, capsule and slime layers, Flagella and motility.

Credit II 15 Hours

Viruses : General structural properties, Types: DNA viruses, RNA viruses, and enveloped

viruses.

Microbial diseases : Human diseases caused by bacteria.

Human diseases caused by viruses.

Fungal diseases- Candidiasis

Credit III 15 Hours

Control of microorganisms : Disinfectants; (A) - physical- Heat, filtration and radiation

(B)-Chemical agents - Phenol and Phenolic compounds, alcohols, halogens and aldehydes.

Antibiotics- Penicillin’s, Cephalosporins, Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines.

Microbial drug resistance.

Microbial fermentation : Lactic fermentation-Homolactic and heterolactic fermenters, dairy

products ,cheese, Yogurt, kefir etc. Alcoholic fermentation-Alcoholic beverages.

Environmental microbiology : Aquatic microbes, Microbiological analysis of drinking water,

Waste water- microbial characteristics and treatment, Microbial Bioremediation.

Credit IV 15 Hours

Economic importance of Protozoa and Helminthes.

Economic importance of Arthropods: Beneficial and Harmful mites and ticks,

crustaceans, spiders, insects. Life cycles of Lac insect, Honey bee, Silk worm and

industries related to them. Some important parasites and pests

Important insect pest and their management. Edible Freshwater and Marine Fishes of

India. Pisciculture and products of fishing industry, Prawn fisheries. Economic

importance of mollusca: Pearl culture. Pearl industry in India.

Poultry, Dairy farming and Piggery. Leather industry, wool industry, Fur Industry.


Gandhi-Microbiology and Immunology notes and cases-Blackwell publishing

Hans G. Schlegel (2008): General Microbiology-Cambridge low price editions

Kanika Sharma-Manual of microbiology tools and techniques-Ane’s student

edition-Ane books Pvt. Ltd

Mansi- Fermentation,Microbiology and Biotechnology-Taylor and Francis

Pelczar, M.J, Reid, R.D. & Chan, E.C.S-Microbiology-TMH edition

Prescot, Harley and Klein- Microbiolgy, IVth ed. McGraw-Hill

Rao, A.S.-Introduction to microbiology-Prentice Hall of India.

Tortora, Funke and Case - Microbiology : An Introduction Eight edition- pearson

education, Veerbala Rastogi-Fundamentals of Molecular biology-Ane books

Economic Zoology by G.S Shukla & V.B. Upadhyay, 1991-92 Rastogi Publications, Meerut,

India.

Fish& Fisheries by Kamaleshwar Pandey & J.P Shukla 2007. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India.

Fish & Fisheries of India by V.G. Jhingran 1982, Hindustan Pub, Corp. India.

A hand book on Economic Zoology by Jawid Ahsan and Subhas Prasad Sinha, S. Chand &

company Ltd. Ramnagar.

PRACTICALS

Selective isolation and enumeration of bacteria.

Bacterial staining technique –a.Simple staining of bacteria. b. Negative staining c. Hanging drop

technique.d. Gram staining.e. Endospore staining.

Turbidity test for contamination of milk.

Phosphate activity of milk.

Preperation of media and sterilization.eg: Nutrient agar, mac conkey agar,

sterilizationby wet anddry heat, disinfection.

Isolation of pure colonies of bacteria.

Bacteriological analysis of water e.g., fecal pollutants.

Antibiotic sensitivity test.

General introduction to stains, preservations and fixatives.

Museum specimens

Protozoa- Selected species of economic importance

Platehelminthes- Selected species of economic importance

Arthopoda- Mites, Ticks, Spiders, Insects

Life cycle of silk worm, honey bee, mosquitos, and other economic important species.

Permanent preparations- Whole mounts, various mouth parts/Appendages

Visit to fish industry/Poultry farm/ Dairy/ Leather industry etc.

ZOL 403- ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Credit 4 (60 hours)

Credit I 15 Hours

Introduction : Definition, branches, scope and importance of biotechnology;

Animal cell and tissue culture : Culture media – natural and artificial. Culture methods –

primary explantation techniques, various methods of cell and tissue culture, Tissue and organ

culture. Equipments required for setting the animal cell laboratory;

Vectors for gene transfer (plasmids and phages).

Basic concepts in Genetic Engineering and Ethics of Genetic engineering

Credit II 15 hours

Protoplast fusion in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Recombinant DNA technology and hybridomas and their application,

Monoclonal antibodies and their applications.

Genomic and cDNA library : Construction, Screening –By DNA hybridization, Screening by

immunological assay, and screening by protein activity.

Blotting techniques- Southern blot, Northern blot, Western blot, Dot blot and Slot blot, FISH and

GISH, Chromosome walking.

DNA sequencing–Maxam and Gilbert’s chemical degradation method, Sanger’s

dideoxynucleotide synthetic method.

Credit III 15 hours

Transfection methods and transgenic animals : Definition, Methods - Electroporation, DNA

micro injection, Calcium phosphate, precipitation, Dextran mediated transfer, shot gun method,

virus mediated, lipofection method, engineered embryonic stem cell method, Transgenic animals

for human welfare.

Cloning: Cloning procedures (adult DNA cloning, Therapeutic cloning, Embryo cloning) –

Advantages and disadvantages of cloning.

Environmental biotechnology : Pollution control – cleaner technologies, toxic site reclamation,

removal of oil spill, reducing of pesticides and fertilizers, biosensors, biomonitoring. pest

control, waste water treatment, metal and petroleum recovery.

Credit IV 15 Hours

Polymerase Chain Reaction : Basic PCR – raw materials and steps involved. Inverse PCR,

Anchored PCR, Asymmetric PCR, PCR for mutagenesis and Real Time PCR, Applications of

PCR in Biotechnology and genetic engineering.

Molecular markers (brief notes)-RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, Minisatellites (VNTR), Microsatellites

(SSR), SNPs.

Animal and human health care : Vaccines, Disease diagnosis, Gene therapy, Transplantation

of bone marrow, artificial skin, artificial blood, Antenatal diagnosis, DNA finger printing,

Forensic medicine. elementary idea of Human Genome Project.


Bernard R. Glick & Jack J. Pasternak-Molecular Biotechnology-Principles and

applications of recombinant DNA- ASM press Washington D.C.

Charles Hardin (2008): Cloning, Gene expression, and Protein purification-

Experimental procedures and process rationale - Oxford University Press.

Chatterji, A.K. -Introduction to environmental biotechnology-Prentice Hall of India

Colin Ratledge and Bjorn Kristiasen-Basic Biotechnology - Cambridge University

press.

Dominic, W.C. Wong-The ABCs of gene cloning-Springer international edition

Dubey, R.C. -A text book of biotechnology-S. Chand & Co.

Gupta. P.K. -Elements of biotechnology-Rastogi publications.

Singh, B.D.-Biotechnology-Kalyani publishers.

Sobti, R.C. & Suparna, S .Pachauri-Essentials of Biotechnology-Ane Books

Pvt.Ltd.

Wilson & Walker : Principles and techniques of Biochemistry and

Molecular biology- Cambridge low price editions.

PRACTICALS

Isolation of plasmid DNA.

Isolation of total RNA from tissues

Separation of DNA by electrophoresis.

Bacterial transformation.

Cell immobilization

Separation of proteins and DNA by agarose electrophoresis

Separation of proteins and isoenzymes on SDS-PAGE and PAGE

Electroeluting of proteins,DNA/RNA from electrophoretic gels

Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography

Separation of phospholipids by TLC

Preparation of salivary gland chromosomes from Drosophila / Chironomous larva and stain with

acetocarmine/aceto-orcein/ fuelgen

Estimation of DNA by Diphenyl Amine method

Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method

Estimation of Protein by Lowry’ method.

Isolation of RNA fromYeast.

Isolation of plasmid DNA.

Isolation of genomic DNA.

ZOL 404 - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Credit 4

Credit I 15 Hours

Introduction: Basic concepts of development : Potency, Commitment, Specification -

autonomous, conditional, Induction, Competence, Determination and differentiation,

Morphogenetic gradients

Environmental regulation of animal development: Environmental regulation of normal

development – types of polyphenism

Sex determination in Bonellia; primary and secondary sex determination, environmental

sex determination, Environmental disruptions of normal development (Teratogenesis),

Teratogenic agents - Alcohol, retinoic acid, bisphenol, heavy metals, pathogen, Environmental

oestrogens.

Credit II 15 Hours

Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development : Production of gametes, Cell surface

molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals, Zygote formation, Cleavage and blastula

formation, Gastrulation and formation of germ layers in amphibian.

Credit III 15 Hours

Embryogenesis and Organogenesis : Axis formation in amphibians - primary embryonic

induction, Anterior posterior patterning in Amphibians - Hox code hypothesis, Anterior posterior

patterning in Drosophila - gap genes, bicoid gradient, segmentation genes, pair rule genes,

homeotic selector genes, realistor genes, Dorsoventral patterning and Left right patterning -

dorsal protein gradient, Limb development in chick, Insect wings and legs

Cellular and Molecular basis of development : Cellular interactions during development,

Epithelial - mesenchymal interactions, paracrine factors, RTK pathway, cell death pathways,

Cellular interactions concerned in fertilization, Cellular changes during blastulation and

gastrulation, Cellular interactions in organogenesis,Molecular basis of cellular differentiation –

cadherins.

Credit IV 15 Hours

Metamorphosis, Regeneration and Aging

Metamorphosis in Amphibians and Insects and their hormonal control, Types of regeneration -

Super, Hetero, Epimorphic, Morphallactic and Compensatory regeneration, Histological process

during regeneration, Ageing – cellular and extra cellular aging, Causes - Wear and tear,

Oxidative damage, Mitochondrial genome damage, genetically programmed aging.


• Development Biology S.F.Gilbert, Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts

• An Introduction to embryology, Balinsky, B.I.: W.B. Saunders Comp., ?

• Davidson, E.H.: Gene activity in early development. Academic Press, New York.,

• Modern embryology, Bodemer, C.W.: Holt Chart and Winston, Inc. New York; Chicago

• Principle of Animal Developmental Biology. Geol, S.C. Himalaya Publishers 1984.

• Metamorphosis, Etkin, W.L.I. Gilbert.: North-Holland Co., Amsterdam.

• Developmental Biology. R.M Twyman. Viva Books Private Limited. New Delhi.

• Principles of Development. Wolpert, L. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

• Balinsky, B. I. An introduction to Embryology.

• Berril, N. J. Developmental biology.

• Snustad, D. P., J. M. Simmons & J. B. Jenkins. Principles of Genetics.

PRACTICALS

• Life cycle of Drosophila.

• Demonstration of sex chromatin.

• Embryology of Frog

• Embryology of Chick

Preparation of salivary gland ,polytene chromosome from drosophila larva.

Dosophila banding technique and Karyotyping.

Grass hopper – (testes –squash preparation) to study various meiotic stages

Documents

JECRC UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS FOR M.Sc. ZOOLOGY · disadvantages of census and sampling method, Classification of data, Tabulation, Methods of classification, Class intervals- exclusive