Classification and Tabulation

Definition of Classification

“Classification is the process of arranging data into sequences and groups according to their common characteristics or separating them into different but related parts.”

- Secrist “ The process of grouping large number of

individual facts and observations on the basis of similarity among the items, is called classification”.

- Stockton & Clark

Meaning of Classification

• Classification is a process of arranging things or data in groups or classes according to their resemblances and affinities and gives expressions to the unity of attributes that may subsit among a diversity of individuals.

Characteristics of classification

– Classification performs homogeneous grouping of data

– It brings out points of similarity and dissimilating

– The classification may be either real or imaginary

– Classification is flexible to accommodate adjustments

Objectives / purposes of classifications

To simplify and condense the large data To present the facts to easily in

understandable form To allow comparisons To help to draw valid inferences To relate the variables among the data To help further analysis To eliminate unwanted data To prepare tabulation

Important types of classification

• Geographical (i.e. on the basis of area or region wise)

• Chronological (On the basis of Temporal / Historical, i.e. with respect to time)

• Qualitative (on the basis of character / attributes)

• Numerical, quantitative (on the basis of magnitude)

Geographical ClassificationIn geographical classification, the classification is based on the geographical regions.

Ex: Sales of the company (In Million Rupees) (region – wise

Region Sales

North 285

South 300

East 185

west 235

Chronological Classification

• If the statistical data are classified according to the time of its occurrence, the

type of classification is called chronological classification. • Sales reported by a departmental store

Month Sales

(Rs. in lakh)

January 22

Feb 26

mar 32

apr 25

may 27

jun 29

jul 30

aug 30

Qualitative Classification

In qualitative classifications, the data are classified according to the presence or absence of attributes in given units. Thus, the classification is based on some quality characteristics / attributes.

Ex: Sex, Literacy, Education, Class grade etc.Further, it may be classified as a) Simple classification b) Manifold classification

Simple classification: If the classification is done into only two classes then classification is known as simple classification.

Ex: a) Population in to Male / Female b) Population into Educated / Uneducated

Manifold classification:

• In this classification, the classification is based on more than one attribute at a time.

Population

Smokers Non-smokers

Illiterate Literate

Male Female

Male Female

Literate Illiterate

Male Female

Male Female

Quantitative Classification

In Quantitative classification, the classification is based on quantitative measurements of some characteristics, such as age, marks, income, production, sales etc. The quantitative phenomenon under study is known as variable and hence this classification is also called as classification by variable.

For a 50 marks test, Marks obtained by students as classified as follows

Marks No. of students

0 – 10 5

10 – 20 7

20 – 30 10

30 – 40 25

40 – 50 3

Total Students = 50

Meaning and Definition of Tabulation

• Tabulation may be defined as systematic arrangement of data is column and rows. It is designed to simplify presentation of data for the purpose of analysis and statistical inferences.

•

Major Objectives of Tabulation

• To simplify the complex data

• To facilitate comparison

• To economise the space

• To draw valid inference / conclusions

• To help for further analysis

Differences between Classification and Tabulation

• First data are classified and presented in tables; classification is the basis for tabulation.

• Tabulation is a mechanical function of classification because is tabulation classified data are placed in row and columns.

• Classification is a process of statistical analysis while tabulation is a process of presenting data is suitable structure.

Classification of tables

»Classification is done based on • Coverage (Simple and complex table) • Objective / purpose (General purpose /

Reference table / Special table or summary table)

• Nature of inquiry (primary and divided table

Diagrammatic and Graphic Representation

• Diagrammatic presentation

A diagram is a visual form for presentation of statistical data. The diagram refers various types of devices such as bars, circles, maps, pictorials and cartograms etc.

Some important types of diagrams • Line diagram

• This is simplest type of one dimensional diagram. On the basis of size of the figures, heights of the bar / lines are drawn. The distance between bars are kept uniform. The limitation of this diagram are it is not attractive cannot provide more than one information.

• Ex: Draw the line diagram for the following data • Year 200120022003200420052006No. of students passed in

first class with distinction 571251315

• Simple bars diagramThe annual expresses of maintaining the car of various types are given below. Draw the vertical bar diagram. The annual expenses of maintaining includes (fuel + maintenance + repair + assistance + insurance).

Type of the car Expense in Rs. /

Year

Maruthi Udyog 47533

Hyundai 59230

Tata Motors 63270

Source: 2005 TNS TCS Study Published at: Vijaya Karnataka,

dated: 03.08.2006

47533

5923063270

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

55000

60000

65000

70000

Maruthi Udyog Hyundai Tata Motors

• Horizontal bar diagram

World biggest top 10 steel makers are data are given below. Draw horizontal bar diagram.

110

32

31

30

24

20

18

18

17

16

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Arcelor Mittal

Nippon

POSCO

JFE

BAO Steel

US Steel

NUCOR

RIVA

Thyssen-krupp

Tangshan

To

p -

10

Ste

el M

ak

ers

Production of Steel (Million Tonnes)

Source: ISSB Published by India Today

• Compound bar diagram (Multiple bar diagram

Ex: Draw the bar diagram for the following data. Resale value of the cars (Rs. 000) are as follows.

Year (Model)Santro Zen Wagonr

2003 208 252 248

2004 240 278 274

2005 261 296 302

208

252 248240

278 274261

296 302

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1 2 3Model of Car

Va

lue

in

Rs

.

Santro Zen Wagnor

Source: True value used car purchase data

• Pie diagram

7.58

39

14.92

38.5

Customs

Excise

Corporate Taxand Dividend

State’s taking