GPS-PROJECT REPORT JECRC,JAIPUR

8/17/2019 GPS-PROJECT REPORT JECRC,JAIPUR

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

The GPS satellites control themselves, the control system, operated by the U.S.

military, and the user segment, which includes both military and civilian users and

their GPS equipment. The GPS system is passive, meaning that the satellites

continuously transmit information towards the Earth. f someone has a GPS receiver

they can receive the signal at no cost. The information is transmitted on two

frequencies! "# $#%&%.'( )*+, and "( $#((&.- )*+.These frequencies are called

carrier waves because they are used primarily to carry information to GPS receivers.

The more informational receiver measures the more e/pensive the unit, and the more

functions it will perform with greater accuracy. 0hen one receiver is trac1ing

satellites and obtaining position data, the information received has traveled over

#(, miles and has been distorted by numerous atmospheric factors. This results in

accuracy of about (% meters. )oreover, the department of 2efense $the agencyrunning the GPS degrades receiver accuracy by telling the satellites to transmit

slightly inaccurate information. This intentional distortion of the signal is called

Selective 3vailability $S3. 0ith S3 turned on and one receiver is used, the greatest

accuracy a user can e/pect is # meters. To improve the accuracy of GPS,

differential, or 4elative Positioning can be employed. f two or more receivers are

used to trac1 the same satellites, and one is in a 1nown position, many of the errors of

S3 can be reduced, and in some cases eliminated. 2ifferential data can be

accomplished using common code or carrier data $"# or "(. The most accurate

systems use differential data from a GPS base station that continually trac1s twelve

satellites and transmits the differential data to remote units using a radio lin1. 0ith

these systems centimeter accuracy and real5time navigation is possible.

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3ll of these features ma1e it a very desirable and useful technology for a mired of

activities including Search and 4escue, 3viation and 6autical navigation, hi1ing,

hunting, camping, fishing, and many more. 3ll of these various GPS users have

unique needs, which require different levels of understanding and s1ill in using this

technology.

The 4ussian government has developed a system, similar to GPS, called G"763SS.

The first G"763SS satellite launch was in 7ctober#89(. The full constellation

consists of (' satellites in : orbit planes, which have a -'.9 degree inclination to the

earth;s equator. The G"763SS system now consists of #( healthy satellites.

G"763SS uses the same code for each satellite and many frequencies, whereas GPS

which uses two frequencies and a different code for each satellite. Galileo is Europe;s

contribution to the ne/t generation Global 6avigation Satellite System $G6SS.

Unli1e GPS, which is funded by the public sector and operated by the U.S. 3ir


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Terrestrial or otherwise, most of these do not need antenna to be in direct line of sight

with the satellite. This is a ma?or advantage of the technology@s progress.

To design the =ehicle Positioning System $=PS, we combined the GPS@s ability to pin5

point location along with the ability of the Global System for )obile Aommunications

$GS) to communicate with a control center in a wireless fashion. The system includes

GPS5GS) modules and a base station called the control center.

"et us briefly e/plain how GPS wor1s. n order to monitor the vehicle, it is equipped

with a GPS5GS) =)SS system. t receives GPS signals from satellites, computes the

location information, and then sends it to the control center. 0ith the vehicle location

information, the control center displays all of the vehicle positions on an electronic map

in order to easily monitor and control their routes. Besides trac1ing control, the control

center can also maintain wireless communication with the GPS units to provide other

services such as alarms, status control, and system updates. The GPS 3ntenna is situated

on the )oving =ehicle which receives the signal from the Space Satellite. These give the

e/act location of the vehicle anywhere on earth. 0hen the Position is monitored by the

antenna then it forwards its location to the base station or the observer via nternet or anyother mode of wireless communication.

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CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

COMPONENTS USED

• )A47A76T47""E4 5 $3T98A%#

• G P S 36TE663

• "A2 2SP"3C "ampe/ #-D(

• 4327


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Fea!"e#

9H Bytes of n5System 4eprogrammable


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F$% 1& M$'"('()"(**e" AT89#5#

PIN LAYOUT

F$% 3& PIN LAYOUT (+ AT89'52

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The 3T98A%( provides the following standard features! 9 Hbytes of


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P(" 1

Port # is an 95bit bi5directional I7 port with internal pull5ups. The Port # output

buffers can sin1Isource four TT" inputs. 0hen #s are written to Port # pins, they are

pulled high by the internal pull5ups and can be used as inputs. 3s inputs, Port # pins

that are e/ternally being pulled low will source current $" because of the internal

pull5ups.

n addition, P#. and P#.# can be configured to be the timer I counter ( e/ternal count

input $P#.I T( and the timerIcounter ( trigger input $P#.#IT(ED, respectively. Port

# also receives the low5order address bytes during


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pulled high by the internal pull5ups and can be used as inputs. 3s inputs, Port : pins

that are e/ternally being pulled low will source current $" because of the pull5ups.

Port : also serves the functions of various special features of the 3T98A%#, as shown

in the following table. Port : also receives some control signals for


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6ote, however, that one 3"E pulse is s1ipped during each access to e/ternal data

memory.

f desired, 3"E operation can be disabled by setting bit of S


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GPS receivers provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to

worldwide users on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or

near the Earth. Sunrom@s ultra5sensitive GPS receiver can acquire GPS signals from

-% channels of satellites and output position data with high accuracy in e/tremely

challenging environments and under poor signal conditions due to its active antenna

and high sensitivity. The GPS receiver@s 5 #-dBm trac1ing sensitivity allows

continuous position coverage in nearly all application environments. The output is

serial data of 8- baud rate which is standard 6)E3 #9: v:. protocol offering

industry standard data messages and a command set for easy interface to mapping

software and embedded devices

.

Fea!"e#

• *igh sensitivity 5#-dBm

• Searching up to -% Ahannel of satellites

• "E2 indicating data output

• "ow power consumption

• GPS "# AI3 Aode

• Supports 6)E3#9: = :.# data protocol

• 4eal time navigation for location based services

• 0or1s from K%= 2A signal and outputs 8- bps serial data

• )agnetic base active antenna with : meter wire length for vehicle roof top

installation

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A,,*$'a$()#

• Aar 6avigation and )arine 6avigation,


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rough orbits of all GPS satellites $the almanac. These signals travel at the speed of

light through outer space, and slightly slower through the atmosphere.

The receiver uses the arrival time of each message to measure the distance to each

satellite thereby establishing that the GPS receiver is appro/imately on the surfaces

of spheres centered at each satellite. The GPS receiver also uses, when appropriate,

the 1nowledge that the GPS receiver is on $if vehicle altitude is 1nown or near the

surface of a sphere centered at the earth center. This information is then used to

estimate the position of the GPS receiver as the intersection of sphere surfaces. The

resulting coordinates are converted to a more convenient form for the user such as

latitude and longitude, or location on a map, then displayed.

t might seem that three sphere surfaces would be enough to solve for position, since

space has three dimensions. *owever a fourth condition is needed for two reasons.

7ne has to do with position and the other is to correct the GPS receiver cloc1.

t turns out that three sphere surfaces usually intersect in two points. Thus a fourth

sphere surface is needed to determine which intersection is the GPS receiver position.


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F$% 3& LOC4 DIAGRAM OF GPS

The GPS 4eceiver consists of two units, first is active antenna which receives 4<

signals and amplifies it. The antenna is active in the sense it ta1es power from the

module and amplifies the signal for high sensitivity. The 4< signal is filtered and

processed to generate 6)E3 format serial data output.

GPS Re'e$e"

The connector of GPS contains three wires

L 4ed wire is TD2 7ut

L Brown wire is K%=. Blac1 wire is Ground

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FIG 6 - GPS RECEIVER

These connections are mar1ed on the PAB. Provide regulated K%= 2A supply to K%=

and Ground. The TD2 output wire can be connected to microcontroller directly.

The "E2 onboard will indicate that data is being transmitted out. t will blin1 every

second indicating data out.

N(e! 2o not connect TD2 output pin to serial port of PA directly, t needs a

)3D(:( level conversion circuit since the unit has %= level output signal.

I)e"+a'$)% W$/ MICROCONTROLLER

*ere is an e/ample of interfacing with microcontroller 3T98S%( having U34T at %=

level. Aonfigure your microcontroller to communicate at 8- baud rate and parse the

incoming data.

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F$% 5& GPS I)e"+a'e0 7$/ M$'"( C()"(**e"

I)e"+a'$)% 7$/ D 9

f you wish to interface the module with 4S(:( level li1e a PA serial port or any other

device you need a level convertor such as )3D(:( as shown below.

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F$% & GPS I)e"+a'e0 7$/ D9

GENERAL GPS RECEIVER USERS TIPS

a f the satellite signals cannot be loc1ed or e/periencing receiving problem

$while in urban area, following steps are suggested.

b Please plug the e/ternal active antenna into GPS receiver and put the antenna outdoor or

on the roof of the vehicle for better receiving performance.

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c )ove to another open space or reposition GPS receiver toward the direction

with least bloc1age

d )ove the GPS receiver away from the interference sources.

e 0ait until the weather condition is improved

f Some vehicles having heavy metallic sun protecting coating on windshields may

affect signal receptions

g 2riving in and around high buildings may affect signal reception.

h 2riving under tunnels or in buildings may affect signal reception.

i n general, GPS receiver performs best in open space where it can see clean s1y.

0eather will affect GPS reception F rain M snow contribute to worsen sensitivity.

3.3 LCD DISPLAY

3 *$:!$0 '";#a* 0$#,*a; $LCD is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the

light modulating properties of liquid crystals $"As. "As does not emit light directly.

They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer

monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft coc1pit displays, signage, etc. They

are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, cloc1s,

watches, calculators, and telephones. "A2s have displaced cathode ray tube $A4T

displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable,

less e/pensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They are available in a wider

range of screen si+es than A4T and plasma displays, and since they do not use

phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn5in.

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"A2s are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than A4Ts. ts low electrical

power consumption enables it to be used in battery5powered electronic equipment. t

is an electronically5modulated optical device made up of any number of pi/els filled

with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source $bac1light or reflector to

pro:duce images in color or monochrome. The earliest discovery leading to the

development of "A2 technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from #999. By

(9, worldwide sales of televisions with "A2 screens had surpassed the sale of A4T

units.

F$%


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0hen a large number of pi/els are needed in a display, it is not technically possible to

drive each directly since then each pi/el would require independent electrodes.

nstead, the display is multiplexed . n a multiple/ed display, electrodes on one side of

the display are grouped and wired together $typically in columns, and each group gets

its own voltage source. 7n the other side, the electrodes are also grouped $typically in

rows, with each group getting a voltage sin1.

3.6 RADIO FRE>UENCY ?RF@ MODULE

4< modem can be used for applications that need two way wireless data transmission.

t features ad?ustable data rate and reliable transmission distance. The communication

protocol is self controlled and completely transparent to user interface.

The module can be embedded to your current design so that wireless communication

can be set up easily.

Fea!"e#

• 3utomatic switching between TD and 4D mode.

•


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• Smart house products I Security Systems

• 4emote control I 4emote measurement system

• 0eather stations

F$%8& RF S'/ea$' D$a%"a

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O,e"a$()

This module wor1s in half5duple/ mode. )eans it can either transmit or receive but

not both at same time. 3fter each transmission, module will be switched to receiver

mode automatically. The "E2 for TD and 4D indicates whether A is currently

receiving or transmitting data. The data sent is chec1ed for A4A error if any. f chip is

transmitting and any data is input to transmit, it will be 1ept in buffer for ne/t

transmission cycle. t has internal -' bytes of buffer for incoming data. 0hen you

power on the unit, the TD "E2 will briefly blin1 indicating that initiali+ation is

complete and it is ready to use.

The 4D "E2 is directly on TD 7UT pin to indicate that actual data is received and it

is sent to output pin.

MA 232

F$%9& MA232

This is the device, which is used to convert TT"IA)7S and vice versa. The )3D(:(

is a dual driverIreceiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply E35(:(

voltage levels from a single %5= supply. Each receiver converts E35(:( inputs to %5=

TT"IA)7S levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of #.: = and a typical

hysteresis of .% =, and can accept N:5= inputs.

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Fea!"e#&

• 7perate 0ith Single %5= Power Supply

• 7perate Up to #( 1bitIs

Two 2rivers and Two 4eceivers

• N:5= nput "evels

A,,*$'a$()#&

• T3IE35(:(5<

• Battery5Powered Systems

• Terminals

• )odems

RS-232 P"(('(*

4S5(:( was created for one purpose, to interface between 2ata Terminal Equipment

$2TE and 2ata Aommunications Equipment $2AE employing serial binary data

interchange. So as stated the 2TE is the terminal or computer and the 2AE is the

modem or other communications device.4S (:( A76=E4TE4 is a chip to convert the

TT" voltage levels into 4S (:( level and vice versa. n this pro?ect )72E) is

communicating with the microcontroller through serial port, the microcontroller will

send the commands to the modem through 4S (:(.and the data is read through serial

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port therefore to ma1e compatible computer serial port with microcontroller serial port

we are using the 4S (:( converter.

PIN C()+$%!"a$()

)3D((

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F$%1& I)e"+a'$)% $'"('()"(**e" 7$/ MA232

3.5 P(7e" S!,,*;

The microcontroller and other devices get power supply from 3A to 2A adapter

through &9%, % volts regulator. The voltage produced by an unregulated power supplywill vary depending on the load and on variations in the 3A supply voltage.


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provide current limiting, protecting the power supply and attached circuit from over

current.

The adapter output voltage will be #(= 2A non5regulated. The &9% voltage regulator

is used to convert #( = to %= 2A.

F$%& 11 V P(7e" S!,,*; C$"'!$


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voltage, #3 bridge rectifier rectifies it and capacitor A# filters it and &9% regulates it

to produce a steady %= 2A.

3. T"a)#+("e"

3 "a)#+("e" is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to

another through inductively coupled conductorsOthe transformer;s coils. 3

varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flu/ in the

transformer;s core and thus a varying magnetic through the secondary winding. This

varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force $E)


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portions of power grids. 3ll operate with the same basic principles, although the range

of designs is wide. 0hile new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers

in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices

designed for household $mains voltage. Transformers are essential for high5

voltage electric power transmission, which ma1es long5distance transmission

economically practical.

F$% 12& A 12V AC T"a)#+("e"

The transformer is based on two principles! first, that an electric current can produce

a magnetic field $electromagnetism, and, second that a changing magnetic field within

a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil $electromagnetic induction.

Ahanging the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flu/ that is developed.

The changing magnetic flu/ induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

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3.< DC ATTERY

3 Bae"; is a device that can store electricity. Some are rechargeable, and some are

not. They store direct current $2A electricity. 3 battery really means two or more wet

or dry cells connected in series for more voltage, or in parallel for more current,

although people often call a cell a battery. The voltage of a cell depends on the

chemicals used while the amount of power or current it can supply also depends on

how large the cell isQ a bigger cell of a given type can supply more amps, or for a

longer time.

The chemical reactions that occur in a battery are e/othermic reactions and, thus,

produce heat.


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)oreover, each time a battery is recharged, its ability to hold a charge is degraded a

bit. 6on5rechargeable batteries should not be charged as various caustic

and corrosive substances can lea1 out, such as potassium hydro/ide.

3.8 RESISTORS

3 "e#$#(" is a two5terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. 0hen a voltage = is applied across the terminals of a

resistor, a current will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage.

This constant of proportionality is called conductance, G. The reciprocal of the

conductance is 1nown as the resistance 4, since, with a given voltage =, a larger valueof 4 further resists the flow of current as given by 7hm;s law!

4esistors are common elements of electrical networ1s and electronic circuits and are

ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various

compounds and films, as well as resistance wire $wire made of a high5resistivity alloy,

such as nic1el5chrome. 4esistors are also implemented within integrated circuits,

particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance! common

commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than 8 orders of magnitude.

0hen specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the

resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor,

according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may

also be of concern in some precision applications.

Practical resistors are also specified as having a ma/imum power rating which must

e/ceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit! this is

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mainly of concern in power electronics applications. 4esistors with higher power ratings

are physically larger and may require heat sin1ing. n a high voltage circuit, attention

must sometimes be paid to the rated ma/imum wor1ing voltage of the resistor.

The series inductance of a practical resistor causes its behavior to depart from ohms

lawQ this specification can be important in some high5frequency applications for smaller

values of resistance. n a low5noise amplifier or pre5amp the noise characteristics of a

resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, e/cess noise, and temperature

coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor.

They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors

manufactured using a particular technology. 3 family of discrete resistors is alsocharacteri+ed according to its form factor, that is, the si+e of the device and position of

its leads $or terminals which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using

them.

F$% 13& C(-a=$a* Re#$#("

3.9 CAPACITOR

3 'a,a'$(" $formerly 1nown as '()0e)#e" is a device for storing electric charge.

The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors

separated by a non5conductor. Aapacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for

e/ample, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.

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3 capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair

of conductors separated by a dielectric $insulator. 0hen there is a potential

difference $voltage across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the

dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the

other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. 3n ideal capacitor is

characteri+ed by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the

ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.

Aapacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for bloc1ing direct current while

allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networ1s, for smoothing the output

of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies andfor many other purposes.

The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of

conductorQ hence capacitor conductors are often called plates, referring to an early

means of construction. n practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small

amount of lea1age current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in

a brea1down voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an

undesired inductance and resistance.

3.1 D-9 SERIAL PORT

3n 3synchronous port on the computer used to connect a serial device to the computer

and capable of transmitting one bit at a time. Se"$a* ,("# are typically identified on

B) compatible computers as A7) $communications ports.


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of USB,


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F$% 15& *(' D$a%"a

DESCRIPTION

3 networ1 of satellite that continuously transmit coded information, which ma1es it

possible to precisely identify locations on earth by measuring distance from satellites.

By having received the almanac and ephemeris data, the GPS receiver 1nows the

position $location of the satellites at all times

The device consists of microcontroller interfaced with a GPS and a 4< )odule. The

GPS module receives the information of the vehicle and passes it to the controller. The

controller e/tracts the required information and ma1es a pac1et outfit that consists of

geographical data and other information

This pac1et is passed to the 4< Transmitter that is configured for point to point service.Te remote receiver consists of a 4< 4eceiver interfaced with PA.3 software will

display the current position of the vehicle on the screen window or on the map.

CHAPTER -5

PC MANUFACTURING

%.1 AOUT PC

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)iniaturi+ation of electronics components has given rise to the printed circuit board

$PAB. n PAB a copper clad board is used. 4equired conducting paths are 1ept and

remaining copper material is etched out by the chemical process.*oles are drilled and leads of components are inserted to the holes, with component

on the non5conducting side of the board. Soldering of the leads is done on the copper

side. Thus large number of connection is made without using wires.

5.2 ADVANTAGES OF PC

#. Use of PAB eliminates clumsy wires connections.(. Elimination of wires results decency.:.


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There are four types of PABs are manufactured.

#. Single sided PAB(. 2ouble sided PAB:. )ultilayered PA

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The traditional method of ma1ing a PAB drawing with complete placement of

parts, ta1ing a photographic negative of the drawing developing the image of the

negative formed on photosensiti+ed copper plate, and dissolving the e/cess copper

by etching is a standard practice being followed in large scale operation.

*owever,


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components placement on the other side of the PAB laminate. The mirror image of

this s1etch, the PAB pattern can now be drawn with help of a thic1 tracing paper.

The s1etch redrawn on a tracing paper would appear as the PAB pattern when

viewed from the other side. To save time and effort, the s1etch may be made on the

tracing paper itself right in the beginning. 3lternatively, the PAB pattern can be

drawn from the s1etch with the help of a carbon paper. 3 fresh carbon paper may

be placed face up on a flat surface and covered with a plain sheet of paper. 7n this

sheet the s1etch may be placed .6ow, by carefully tracing the s1etch with a ball

pen or a hard pencil, the mirror image of the s1etch may be obtained on the lower

sheet of paper.

5. PC FARICATION

The copper clad PAB laminate may be prepared by rubbing away the o/ide, grease

and dirt etc with a fine emery paper or send paper. n this the final PAB drawing

may be traced this time by using the carbon paper in the normal way.

Alips should be used to prevent the carbon and the paper from slipping while the

PAB pattern is being traced on the laminate. 7nly the connecting lines in PABs,

islands and holes should be traced the positions of component need not be traced.

The components positions can be mar1ed on the PAB reverse side, if desired.

The mar1ed holes in PAB may be drilled using # mm or : mm drill bits and traced

PAB pattern coated with blac1, quic1 drying enamel paint, using a thin brush and

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small metal scale. n case there is any shorting of lines due to spilling of paint,

there may be removed by scrapping with a blade or a 1nife, after the paint has

dried. 3fter drying ((5: gms of ferric chloride in &% ml of water may be heated to

about - A and poured over the PAB placed with its copper side upwards in plastic

tray of about #%D( cm. stirring the solution helps speedy etching.

The dissolution of unwanted copper would ta1e about '% minutes. f etching ta1es

longer, the solution may be heated again and the process repeated. The paint on the

pattern can be removed by rubbing with a rag soa1ed in thinner, turpentine or

acetone. The PAB may then be washed and dried.

5.< SOME TIPS TO SIMPLIFY PC COO4ING

PAB ma1ing can be real simple and fun too

Cet, we can e/pect almost professional result, if you are carefully. To begin with,

collect the following items!

#. PAB sheet!

Paper base is cheaper and should be enough for most of the pro?ect.

(. *and drill and bit!Small type in the wor1bench with a .9 mm bit should do. Be carefully in

handling. 2on@t try press@ the hole the drill bit drill it:. uic15set etch resistant paint!

3 long name but we already have it in our sister dressing table, nail police. Even

the


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Ta1e an enameled dish, flat at the bottom and enough to accept the wor1 piece,

avoid aluminum, steel etc. since warning on a heater may be required, plastic is out

question.

5.8 D"a+$)%&

Prepare actual si+e PAB foil pattern on a sheet of paper graph paper can be helpful.

Study some pattern and their schematics to get idea. To cut the PAB sheet to si+e, draw

deep lines with a sharp pointed tool on both sides, and hold the sheet on one side of the

lines firmly near the edge of a able with a scale and push down the part of sheet on the

other side of the lines. The sheet will brea1 easily where the lines were drawn. 6ow,

Place the sheet cut to si+e with copper side up, e/actly below the PAB drawing and

trace all the holes given on the pattern with a sharp nail and a small hammer.

oin the holes with lines

as in the PAB pattern with the brush dipped in etch resistant. 3void too narrow or too

wide lines. Blows dry the painting with your mouth.

5.1 COO4ING&

0ash the dish, ta1e water ?ust enough to immerse the board, and add


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heater not to boiling. 3fter some time the unshaded parts changes their color.

Aontinue to each. Gradually the base material will become visible. Etch for two

minutes more to get a neat pattern.Ta1e out board, wash with running waterQ rub with

vim or pumice to remove the coating of etch resistant till we get shining copper. 2ry it

and put a coat of varnish to remain the shine. 7ur PAB is ready.

5.11 SOLDERING GUIDE

6ever touch the element or tip of the soldering iron.

They are very hot $about 'A and will give you a nasty burn.

Ta1e great care to avoid touching the mains fle/ with the tip of the iron.

The iron should have a heatproof fle/ for e/tra protection. 7rdinary plastic fle/ melts

immediately if touched by a hot iron and there is a ris1 of burns and electric shoc1.

3lways return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use.

6ever put it down on your wor1bench, even for a moment.

3llow ?oints a minute or so to cool down before you touch them.

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CHAPTER-

WOR4ING

7f all the applications of GPS, =ehicle trac1ing and navigational systems have brought

this technology to the day5to5day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars,

ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed

countries. Hnown by many names such as 3utomatic =ehicle "ocating System $3="S,

=ehicle Trac1ing and nformation System $=TS, )obile 3sset )anagement System

$)3)S, these systems offer an effective tool for improving the operational efficiency

and utili+ation of the vehicles. GPS is used in the vehicles for both trac1ing and

navigation. Trac1ing systems enable a base station to 1eep trac1 of the vehicles without

the intervention of the driver whereas navigation system helps the driver to reach the

destination. 0hether navigation system or trac1ing system, the architecture is more or

less similar. The navigation system will have convenient, usually a graphic display for

the driver which is not needed for the trac1ing system. =ehicle trac1ing systems

combine a number of well5developed technologies.

To design the =)SS system, we combined the GPS@s ability to pin5point location along

with the ability of the Global System for )obile Aommunications $GS) to43


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communicate with a control center in a wireless fashion. The system includes GPS5

GS) modules and a base station called the control center.

"et us briefly e/plain how =)SS wor1s. n order to monitor the vehicle, it is equipped

with a GPS5GS) =)SS system. t receives GPS signals from satellites, computes thelocation information, and then sends it to the control center. 0ith the vehicle location

information, the control center displays all of the vehicle positions on an electronic map

in order to easily monitor and control their routes. Besides trac1ing control, the control

center can also maintain wireless communication with the GPS units to provide other

services such as alarms, status control, and system updates.

CHAPTER-<

SOFTWARE CODING

Vinclude Wreg%#.hX

IIVdefine "A2Y23T3YP74T P( II"A2 data port

sbit rs Z P:[&Q IIenable signal

sbit rw Z P:[-Q IIreadIwrite signal

sbit en Z P:[% Q

unsigned char value,latiYvalue\#],latiYdir, longiYvalue\##], longiYdirQ

unsigned int tQ

void lcdYbusy$

^

int pQ

for$pZQpW(QpKKQ

_

void "A2Ycmd$unsigned char cmd

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^

lcdYbusy$Q rwZQ

rsZQ

P( Z cmdQ

enZ#Q

enZQ__

void "A2Ydata$unsigned char dat

^

lcdYbusy$Q rwZQ rsZ#Q

P( Z datQ

enZ#Q

enZQ

_

void initY"A2$

^

"A2Ycmd$/:9Q IIinitiali+ation of #-D( "A2 in 9bit mode

"A2Ycmd$/EQ IIcursor 76

"A2Ycmd$/#Q

"A2Ycmd$/9Q II 5559 go to first line and 55 is for th position

_

void initYUS34T$

^

T)72Z/(Q

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SA76Z/'Q

T*#Z/


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^ "A2Ycmd$/9Q

"A2YwriteYstring$lt!Q

"A2Ydata$latiYdirQ

"A2Ydata$/(Q

"A2Ydata$latiYvalue\]Q

"A2Ydata$latiYvalue\#]Q

"A2Ydata$/2


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"A2Ydata$/2


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value( Z latiYvalue\:]5/:Q

latiYminute Z value#`#Kvalue(Q

value# Z longiYvalue\]5/:Q

value( Z longiYvalue\#]5/:Q

value: Z longiYvalue\(]5/:Q

longiYdegree Z value#`#Kvalue(`#Kvalue:Q

value# Z longiYvalue\:]5/:Q

value( Z longiYvalue\']5/:Q

longiYminute Z value#`#Kvalue(Qif$$latiYdegreeZZ(9 MM $latiYminuteZZ-# MM $longiYdegreeZZ&& MM

$longiYminuteZZ(:

^

"A2Ycmd$/#Q

"A2YwriteYstring$t;s a 2elhiQ

delayY%sec$Q

_

else if$$latiYdegreeZZ(- MM $latiYminuteZZ8( MM $longiYdegreeZZ&% MM

$longiYminuteZZ9(

^

"A2Ycmd$/#Q

"A2YwriteYstring$t;s a >aipurQ

delayY%sec$Q

_

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else if$$latiYdegreeZZ(: MM $latiYminuteZZ: MM $longiYdegreeZZ&( MM

$longiYminuteZZ%9

^

"A2Ycmd$/#Q "A2YwriteYstring$t;s a 3hmedabadQ

delayY%sec$Q

_

else if$$latiYdegreeZZ#9 MM $latiYminuteZZ8& MM $longiYdegreeZZ&( MM

$longiYminuteZZ9(

^"A2Ycmd$/#Q

"A2YwriteYstring$t;s a )umbaiQ

delayY%sec$Q

_

else if$$latiYdegreeZZ(: MM $latiYminuteZZ(% MM $longiYdegreeZZ&& MM

$longiYminuteZZ'#

^

"A2Ycmd$/#Q

"A2YwriteYstring$t;s a BhopalQ

delayY%sec$Q

_

else if$$latiYdegreeZZ(( MM $latiYminuteZZ%- MM $longiYdegreeZZ99 MM

$longiYminuteZZ:-

^

"A2Ycmd$/#Q

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"A2YwriteYstring$t;s a Hol1ataQ

delayY%sec$Q

_

else if$$latiYdegreeZZ#( MM $latiYminuteZZ8- MM $longiYdegreeZZ&& MM$longiYminuteZZ%-

^

"A2Ycmd$/#Q

"A2YwriteYstring$t;s a BengaluruQ

delayY%sec$Q_

else if$$latiYdegreeZZ#: MM $latiYminuteZZ9 MM $longiYdegreeZZ9 MM

$longiYminuteZZ(&

^

"A2Ycmd$/#Q

"A2YwriteYstring$t;s a AhannaiQ

delayY%sec$Q

__

int main$void

^

P(Z/Q II"A2Y23T3 port as out put port

P:Z/


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initYUS34T$Q II initiali+ation of US34T

while$#

^

valueZusartYgetch$Q

if$valueZZ;;

^

valueZusartYgetch$Q

if$valueZZ;G;

^valueZusartYgetch$Q

if$valueZZ;P;

^

valueZusartYgetch$Q

if$valueZZ;4;

^

valueZusartYgetch$Q

if$valueZZ;);

^

valueZusartYgetch$Q

if$valueZZ;A;

^

valueZusartYgetch$Q

while$valueZ;,; II wait upto ne/t ,

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^

valueZusartYgetch$Q

valueZusartYgetch$Q

_while$valueZ;,; II wait upto ne/t ,

^

valueZusartYgetch$Q

_

valueZusartYgetch$Q

while$valueZ;,; II wait upto ne/t ,

^

valueZusartYgetch$Q

_

latiYvalue\] Z usartYgetch$Q

value Z latiYvalue\]Q

for$tZ#QvalueZ;,;QtKK

^

latiYvalue\t] Z usartYgetch$Q

value Z latiYvalue\t]Q

_

latiYdirZusartYgetch$Q

value Z usartYgetch$Q

longiYvalue\] Z usartYgetch$Q

value Z longiYvalue\]Q

53


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for$tZ#QvalueZ;,;QtKK

^

longiYvalue\t] Z usartYgetch$Q

value Z longiYvalue\t]Q

_

longiYdirZusartYgetch$Q

"A2Ycmd$/#Q

displayYlat$Q

displayYlogn$QgetYcityYname$Q

_

_

_

_

_

54


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CHAPTER-8

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

3 properly designed =ehicle )onitoring System saves time and wor1 by eliminating the

need for service personnel to visit each site for inspection, data collectionIlogging or

ma1e ad?ustments. *ere we are using simple/ transmission and not duple/ transmission.

So data can only be sent from remote end to the central end. 0e can also send the data

regarding the speed, altitude, fuel level or any other quantity, to the industry end, from

remote places at any time.

T/e +(**(7$)% a0a)a%e# /ae Bee) +(!)0&

•The circuit is quite simple.

•The technique is suitable for long distances and large geographical area.

4emote monitoring systems are designed to allow a smaller number of operators to

monitor a large number of individual assets. Many issues surround the future of Global ositionin! "yste#

te$hnolo!y and o%erability& 'he #ost $ertain as%e$t of the future of

G" is its in$reased usa!e and its e(%ansion into ne) areas of

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a%%li$ation& *radford ar+inson, fro# the -ni.ersity of Minnesota

Center for 'rans%ortation "tudies, %redi$ts that by 2010 there )ill be

#ore than 50 #illion G" users that %erfor# a%%li$ations relatin! to

the follo)in! /elds

• automobiles

• ships

• farm vehicles

• 3ircraft

• military systems

Te'/)(*(%;

3dditional advances in GPS technology will also include increased positional accuracy

and more reliable calculations. The addition of civilian codes and civilian frequencies

will be developed to solely meet the needs of civilian users with little to no military

application. $)arine Aomputer Systems

GPS Sae**$e S;#e I)e"(,e"aB$*$;

0ith the advent of the European G3""E7 system, GPS developers and users have

increasingly pondered the benefits of interoperating the 63=ST34 and G3""E7

systems. The possible benefits include!

• more available signals that will allow GPS users to access more satellites from

remote areas

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• additional signal power and spectrum diversity will lessen the impact of e/pected

signal noise and interference

• improved signal redundancy

D"a7Ba'#

Some potential drawbac1s, costs and challenges that will be incurred with

interoperability include!

• increased equipment cost to the user to be able to access both systems

• additional noise and interference environment

A0a)a%e#

There are many advantages of having a GPS system!

• 3 GPS system comes with a panic button. 0hen this button is pressed an

operator at the GPS carrier can listen in on the conversation and either help you out

or alert the authorities. This will 1eep you safe in case of accidents or hi ?ac1s.

• Cour car will never lose your car at any place. The GPS service will trac1 the car

for you and send its lights flashing.

• f your vehicle is ever stolen the GPS system will trac1 the vehicle and the

authorities will be able to get it bac1 in no time.

• 3 GPS system in a car, boat, plane or haversac1 will ensure that you are never

lost.

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• 3 GPS system streamlines supply chains and truc1 movements. The system cans

their destination. Trac1 goods at any point of time and accurately predict when goods

will reach.

• GPS systems are used to detect structural problems in buildings and roads and to

predict disasters li1e earthqua1es and so on. The scientific applications of a GPS

system are many.

REFERENCE

1. Bancroft, S. $>anuary #89%. 3n 3lgebraic Solution of the GPS

Equations. EEE Transactions on 3erospace and Electronic Systems.

2. Borre, HaiQ ). 31os, 2ennisQ Bertelsen, 6icola?Q 4inder, PeterQ >ensen, Sren

*oldt $(&. 3 Software52efined GPS and Galileo 4eceiver. 3 single5


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6. 6ational 4esearch Aouncil $U.S.. Aommittee on the udy 3. $(8. 63S3 *istorical 2ata Boo1, =olume = $P2

Documents

GPS-PROJECT REPORT JECRC,JAIPUR