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Slide 2 Italian Unification (review)Italian Unification (review) Prior to 1860 Italy was nothing more than a region of competing city states Italians, under French control during the reign of Napoleon, learned about liberalism and nationalism. The conference of Vienna treated Italy less as a region of city states and more as a undefined series of territories. One of the outcomes of the conference was significant Austrian control and influence over most Italian territories except Piedmont-Sardinia and the Papal States Shared a common language and common history (Roman Empire) Barriers to unification included the influence of the Catholic Church, economic concerns, local loyalties. Slide 3 Italy Prior to UnificationItaly Prior to Unification Slide 4 Early Attempts at Unification Va lues of the French Revolution influenced some Italian radicals. These people fell into three camps Italy should be a democratic state with universal suffrage Italy should be a union of states under the authority of the Papacy Italy should be a kingdom headed by the liberal monarchy of Piedmont-Sardinia. Slide 5 Early Attempts Continued Giuseppe Mazzini a republican nationalist and patriot Called for a centralized democratic republic with universal suffrage Established Young Italy, a nationalist group that wanted to created a united Italian republic and pushed for insurrection against the Austrian empire Slide 6 Early Attempts Continued Vicenza Gioberti a Catholic priest and the premier of Sardinia-Sardinia. Wanted to create a federation of states under a progressive pope (Constitutional Monarchy) Was against violence as a means to unification Slide 7 Success of Sardinia- Piedmont Autocracy was less radical than republicanism Count Di Cavour Prime Minister of Sardinia from 1852- 1861 Wanted to unite northern and central Italy Allied with Louis Napoleon to defeat Austria Slide 8 Steps Toward Unification War with Austria 1859 Piedmont mobilized its army Austria demanded Piedmont to demobilize Piedmont claimed that Austria was provoking a war. France came to the aid of Piedmont On June 4, The Austrians were defeated at Magenta. The success of this war, coupled with revolutions across the peninsula caused Napoleon to fear too extensive of a victory for Piedmont As a result, Napoleon independently reached a peace agreement with Austria. Piedmont received Lombardy, Austria retained Venetia. Austria was driven from most of northern Italy. Slide 9 Steps Continued Giuseppe Garibaldi Military leader who united the Kingdom of Two Sicily's to Sardinia In 1860, he landed in Sicily with more than 1000 troops Captured Palermo and prepared to attack the midland. By September, controlled kingdom of Naples Cavour rushed to stop him (why?), conquered the papal states, except Rome Garibaldi favored unification over republican ideology and accepted the rule of Piedmont. Slide 10 A Unified Italy (sort of) Victor Emanuel II (1861) First king of United Italy Everyone but Piedmont is unhappy Republicans are bitter about dominance of Piedmont over Garibaldi Clericals are upset about the conquering of the Papal States Resistance against the monarchy in the south Slide 11 A Unified Italy Continued Rome joins Italy in 1870 Disapproved by the Pope Papacy removes to the Vatican Risorgimento (Reawakening) Term used to describe unification of Italy Slide 12 German Unification Why is it a big deal? Transformed the balance of power in Europe Was achieved by a conservative power structure rather than through liberal means Had long lasting effects on Europe into the mid 20 th Century Slide 13 Germany in the 1840s A confederation of 38 sovereign states Each had its own leader and military Dominated by Austria and Prussia Lead to growing tension Slide 14 Common Factors Uniting Germans Similar dialect Traditions and Customs Literature and Music Brothers Grimm folktales/legends Von Herder Each nation has an individual spirit based on literature Slide 15 Problems for Unification No good natural boundaries Religious tension North was Protestant, South was Catholic Competition between Austria and Prussia Slide 16 Germany Prior to Unification Slide 17 Early Attempts at Unification Frankfurt Assembly Held in 1848 to appease liberals Consisted of representatives from all 38 states Attempted to exclude Austria Prussian king refused offer to become King of unified Germany Assembly failed and was disbanded Divided confederation continued to exist Many Germans began migrating to other regions Slide 18 Strengthening of Prussia Creation of Zollverein A coalition of German states that managed customs and economic policies within their territories Customs union allowed goods to pass more freely between states Excluded Austria Helped unify states both economically and socially Seen as a means to strengthen Germany against French aggression Slide 19 Strengthening of Prussia Continued Otto Von Bismarck (1815 1898) Appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1862 Member of the Aristocracy (Junker) Conservative supported monarchy, disagreed with parliamentary democracy Unite Germany Not by speeches, but by blood and Iron Slide 20 Bismarcks Plan for Unification Create national unity for Prussian leader Isolate Austria and force it out of Germany Use diplomacy to assure neutrality of France and Russia Use military to unite Germany Slide 21 Steps Toward Unification Danish War (1864) The king of Denmark wanted to annex Schleswig- Holstein Germany/Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark The Austro Prussian War (1866) Aimed at reduce Austrian control of German states Bismarck promised Venetia to Italy for its support. Prussia won victory in seven weeks (Seven Weeks War) Prussia establishes itself as the only major power among German states Slide 22 North German Confederation Hanover, Hess, Nassau and Frankfurt all annexed by Prussia, leaders removed Each state retained local government, but military forces under federal control. Southern states and Austria remained outside of the Confederation Slide 23 Franco-Prussian War Bismarck needed a common enemy to unite all Germans A cousin of William I of Prussia, Leopold, was to take the Spanish throne, France protested. France wanted assurances from William that Prussia would not tolerate candidacy for Leopold. Bismarck disappointed that the issue was solved peacefully Edited a telegram from William to the French king to make it appear as though William insulted France. France declared war on July 19 Slide 24 Franco Prussian War Continued Southern German states joined Prussia against France Paris captured January 28, 1871 German Empire proclaimed William I, King of Prussia