Unit I:Italian & German Unification

What forces were unleashed by the Napoleonic Wars?

Nationalism

• single language • single culture• single ethnic group• well-defined territory• sense of a shared past• sense of a shared

destiny• common enemy

How can nationalism be both a positive and negative attribute?

Liberalism“Free from restraint”• religious toleration • constitutional monarchy • limited suffrage• freedom of press, speech & assembly• no arbitrary arrest

J.S. Mill - On Liberty• tyranny of the majority

On the Subjugation of Women• legal subordination of women is wrong

John Stuart Mill

19th c ConservatismConservatism arose in reaction to liberalism; became a popular alternative for those frightened by the violence unleashed by the French Revolution.

Conservatives believed in order, the state, faith and tradition.

Support for conservatism:• traditional ruling class AND peasants

Marxism1846 – Communist Manifesto• Friedrich Engels & Karl Marx

• violent “class struggle” would lead to socialism

• Anti-nationalism

• Anti-religion

Engels

Marx

1848

France – the Junes Days brought Louise Napoleon to power as President of the 2nd Republic

Prussia – Frankfurt Assembly provided for universal male suffrage & no censorship; liberals divided over unification

Austria – ethnic tensions (Hungarians) forced Metternich out; Russians put down

Italy – Mazzini’s Young Italy movement crushed by Austria & France; liberals divided

Barricades in Paris

Revolutions in 1848

Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People

German Confederation

The Crimean War1854-56: Britain & France against Russia• commercial interests in the Eastern Mediterranean• power vacuum in the Balkans

Legacy:• Russia humiliated, Austria isolated & Britain disillusioned• F. Nightingale & nursing• set the stage for Italian & German unification Charge of the Light Brigade

Florence Nightingale

What were the obstacles to Italian unification in 1848?

Italian Unification1848: Mazzini’s Young Italy

failed; the Piedmont’s Cavour took the lead

1859: Cavour made a deal w/ France, unified the north, but then Napoleon III backed out

1860: Garibaldi’s Red Shirts took control of the Two Sicilies & headed north

1866: Venetia from Austria

1870: Rome from France

Count Camillo Cavour Giuseppi Garibaldi

Compare and contrast the roles of Cavour and Garibaldi.

What were the obstacles to German unification in 1848?

German Confederation

German Unification1848: Frankfurt Assembly failed• Prussia took the lead• Hapsburgs kept liberals divided• Zollverein helped economy prosper

1861: Bismarck appointed chancellor• a Junker and former ambassador• an opportunist; embraced Realpolitik• an authoritarian who “bent” laws

1864: Danish War• annexed Schleswig-Holstein

1866: Austro-Prussian War• formed North German Confederation

Otto von Bismarck

Zollverein, 1834

German Unification

Napoleon III & Bismarck at Sedan

1870: Franco-Prussian War• Bavaria had Catholic (French)

roots; Ems Dispatch

• France humiliated; 5 billion in reparations, lost Alsace- Lorraine and forced a weak Third Republic

• Germany was united; France was left seething for revenge!

German soldiers “abusing” the French

Napoleon III & Bismarck at Sedan

Wilhelm I’s Coronation of the Second Reich at Versailles

German Imperial Flag