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ITALIAN UNIFICATIONEarly Steps Toward Unification – Chapter 9: Section 1 (First Portion)
Connection to Last Unit
Many Italians were inspired by the ideals behind the French Revolution Enlightenment to Romanticism to
Nationalism Italian states had some unity under
Napoleon before the Congress of Vienna
Unity caused a few things Then, Austria annexed some Italian
states
People to know
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour Giuseppe Mazzini King Victor Emmanuel II Napoleon III Garibaldi ______________
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nosq94oCl_M&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&index=34
Early Movements Toward Unification
Italian nationalism began to grow in the 1800’s because of a revival in Italy’s traditions Movement became known as Risorgimento,
“resurgence” Could not support their cause openly, secret
organizations formed Carbonari: “Charcoal Burners”
One of its famous members was Giuseppe Mazzini Envisioned a united Italy Devotes his life to this goalCreates the “Young Italy Movement”
More on Mazzini
He set up the Young Italy Movement; spread ideas of the risorgimento
“Neither Pope nor King”: People wanted a republic to rule Italy
Rebellions flared up in 1848 and 1849, overthrowing rule by Austria, but most were put out
Only the Kingdom of Sardinia remained independent
Sardinia
Much of the Italian states disagreed on how a united Italy would be run
King Victor Emmanuel II and his chief minister, Camillo Benso di Cavour, looked as though they would help unite Italy
Cavour in Sardinia
Cavour actually governed Sardinia He took part in the revolutions of 1848,
and edited a nationalist newspaper, il Risorgimento
He reorganized and strengthened the army, helped establish banks, factories, and railroads– Industrialized Sardinia
Also tried to reduce the power of the church
Also brought the Kingdom of Sardinia to prominence through the alliance with France and Great Britain in the Crimean War
Wanted a parliamentary system in Italy
Uniting Italy
Austria controls most of Northern Italy Napoleon III and Cavour met
secretly to strategize against Austria Austria would be provoked (by building
Sardinias army) into declaring war on Sardinia and France would send troops to aid Sardinia
Sardinia would receive Lombardy and Venetia while France would receive the French-speaking territories Nice and Savoy
A problem occurred when it looked as though Prussia may join the fight on the side of Austria and France backed out, leaving only the territory of Lombardy to Sardinia and lost Tuscany, Modena, and Parma
Rebellion
Rebellions in the Italian states of Parma, Modena, and Tuscany.
These states held Plebiscites (direct vote) to Join Sardinia
Garibaldi, a liberal involved the Young Italy movement, created the Red Shirts to free the remaining Italian states—Marched from southern Italy to northern to capture Rome– “Expedition of the Thousand” Cavour saw Garibaldi as a threat to
Emmanuel’s rule and asked him to step down
Unification
Plebiscites are held and each Italian state is united under Emmanuel II Only Venetia and the Papal States
remained outside Italian rule Papal states were protected by
French Troops Seven Weeks’ War- Italy annexes
Venetia from Austria Franco-Prussian War- French Troops
are withdrawn from the Papal States allowing Italy to annex them and set up their capital in Rome
Map of Italian States
Events Leading to Unification1. Small groups start arising led by people such as Mazzini and
start spreading the idea of a Risorgimento
2. Sardinia, led by Cavour and Emmanuel II, rises as a state with the main interest of uniting Italy under one ruler
3. Garibaldi and his red shirts march from southern Italy to Rome uniting the Southern States of Italy.
4. Cavour made an alliance with Napoleon III to annex Lombardy
5. The Seven Weeks War occurs and allows Italy to finally annex Venetia
6. Plebiscites are held in each state and Italy is united under Emanuel II
7. Franco-Prussian War makes France remove its troops out of Rome and allows Italy to take Rome and set it as the capital