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IR1 IMEM
RESEARCH METHODOLOGYFormulating Research Problem,
BREDA SEP2011
Recap review literature
INDICATORS FOR A GOOD SOURCE
1. Carries a title2. Has the author/s clearly listed3. Uses sources according to an international standard
• reference list & in-text referencing according to e.g., APA4. Is published at credible publishing houses 5. Is referenced by other researchers too
If 1-3 are not met, the source is of questionable quality => refrain from using itIf 4-5 are met, the source is of good quality => use it!
SOURCES ( Links added to ResearchMethods.nl)
http://scholar.google.comhttp://portal.acm.orghttp://ieeexplore.ieee.orghttp://sciencedirect.comConference paper => less time to prepare, less time to review, more recent, limited scopeJournal paper => more preparation, strict review process, established knowledge, easier to generalizeBook chapter => even more established knowledge but no peer review
SEARCHING vs. FINDING
Search easy but Find not easy Main problems:
Sticking to the obvious
Using tutor cited literature
Inefficient search strategies
Content is not possible to be accessed
DEVELOP THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Sort material under main themes & theoriesHighlight agreements & disagreementsIdentify unanswered questions or gaps
Iterative process
DEVELOP CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Which part of theory are you going to researchHow?
The Research Problem
IMPORTANCE OF FORMULATING Research Problem
‘…like the foundation of a building.’ (Kumar, p.44)The way a RP is formulated can determine:
Type of study design
Sampling strategy
Research instrument
SOURCES FOR Research Problem
PeopleStudy population
ProblemsIssues, needs
ProgrammesIntervention
PhenomenaCause and effect
CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING A R. P.
Interest MagnitudeMeasurement of conceptsLevel of expertiseRelevanceAvailability of dataEthical issues
STEPS IN FORMULATING A R)
CourseResearchMethods
CourseResearchMethods
Step 1Identify
Step 2Dissect
Step 3Select
Step 4Raise Question
Step 7Double check
Step 6Make Sure
Step 5Formulate Objectives
STEPS IN FORMULATING A R)
ResearchMethodsResearchMethods
Step 1Identify
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
Step 2Dissect
Step 3Select
Step 4Raise Question
Step 7Double check
Step 6Make sure
Step 5Formulate Objectives
STEPS IN FORMULATING A R)
ResearchMethodsResearchMethods
Step 1Identify
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
Step 2Dissect
• Pass rate low• Pass rate low
Step 3Select
Step 4Raise Question
Step 7Double check
Step 6Make sure
Step 5Formulate Objectives
STEPS IN FORMULATING A R)
ResearchMethodsResearchMethods
Step 1Identify
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
Step 2Dissect
• Pass rate low• Pass rate low
Step 3Select
Step 7Double check
Step 6Make sure
Step 5Formulate Objectives
• What causes a low pass rate
• How to improve the pass rate
• How to improve the knowledge level
• What causes a low pass rate
• How to improve the pass rate
• How to improve the knowledge level
Step 4Raise Question
STEPS IN FORMULATING A R)
ResearchMethodsResearchMethods
Step 1Identify
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
Step 2Dissect
• Pass rate low• Pass rate low
Step 3Select
Step 7Double check
Step 6Make sure
To Improve the pass rate of the course1.Find out why
2.Come with new more effective ways to teach/train3.Measure the effects of the new chosen method
To Improve the pass rate of the course1.Find out why
2.Come with new more effective ways to teach/train3.Measure the effects of the new chosen method
Step 5Formulate Objectives
• What causes a low pass rate
• How to improve the pass rate
• How to improve the knowledge level
• What causes a low pass rate
• How to improve the pass rate
• How to improve the knowledge level
Step 4Raise Question
STEPS IN FORMULATING A R)
ResearchMethodsResearchMethods
Step 1Identify
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
Step 2Dissect
• Pass rate low• Pass rate low
Step 3Select
• What causes a low pass rate
• How to improve the pass rate
• How to improve the knowledge level
• What causes a low pass rate
• How to improve the pass rate
• How to improve the knowledge level
Step 4Raise Question
Step 7Double check
1. Amount of work2. Time available3. Financial
resources4. Technical
expertise
1. Amount of work2. Time available3. Financial
resources4. Technical
expertise
Step 6Make sure
To Improve the pass rate of the course1.Find out why2.Come with new more effective ways to teach/train3.Measure the effects of the new chosen method
To Improve the pass rate of the course1.Find out why2.Come with new more effective ways to teach/train3.Measure the effects of the new chosen method
Step 5Formulate Objectives
STEPS IN FORMULATING A R)
ResearchMethodsResearchMethods
Step 1Identify
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
1. Pass rate Low2. Book difficult3. Too little time4. Abstract
thinking too low
Step 2Dissect
• Pass rate low• Pass rate low
Step 3Select
• What causes a low pass rate
• How to improve the pass rate
• How to improve the knowledge level
• What causes a low pass rate
• How to improve the pass rate
• How to improve the knowledge level
Step 4Raise Question
1. Really interested2. Agree with
objectives3. Adequate
resources4. Technical
expertise
1. Really interested2. Agree with
objectives3. Adequate
resources4. Technical
expertise
Step 7Double check
1. Amount of work2. Time available3. Finacial resources4. Technical
expertise
1. Amount of work2. Time available3. Finacial resources4. Technical
expertise
Step 6Make sure
To Improve the pass rate of the course1.Find out why2.Come with new more effective ways to teach/train3.Measure the effects of the new chosen method
To Improve the pass rate of the course1.Find out why2.Come with new more effective ways to teach/train3.Measure the effects of the new chosen method
Step 5Formulate Objectives
Characteristics for Objectives
ClearClear
Characteristics for Objectives
ClearClear CompleteComplete
Characteristics for Objectives
ClearClear CompleteComplete SpecificSpecific
Characteristics for Objectives
ClearClear CompleteComplete SpecificSpecific
Identify main
variables to
correlate
Identify main
variables to
correlate
Characteristics for Objectives
ClearClear CompleteComplete SpecificSpecific
Identify main
variables to
correlate
Identify main
variables to
correlate
Idetify the direction
of relation
Idetify the direction
of relation
STUDY POPULATION
Clearly identify the study populationIn the example we just discussed what would be the study population?
Why is it important to define the study population?
Establish Operational Definitions
In our example we have some concepts defined
What is a low pass rate?
What is Knowledge level?
When is the pass rate improved?
So Be as precise as possible when defining the research problem! Do not expect that everybody has the same reference
OPERATIONALIZING
Quantitative research !
SUMMARY
The 4 P’s ( People, Problems, programmes, phenomena)Considerations ( Interest, Magnitude, Measurement of concepts, Expertise, Relevance, Availability of data, Ethical Issues)Steps 9 Identify, Dissect, Select, Raise Questions, Formulate Objectives, Make sure, Double check)Define the study PopulationEstablishing operational definitions (How do you define poverty, income, study succes etc.)