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AS220
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS)
PLANTATION TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
“INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT”
MOHMOHMOH
P
HAMMAD IZHD FAHMI HD FARID N
UNIVE
“TECHP
BACLANTATIO
NAM
ZZAT BIN BIN KENI NAZMI BIN
ASSO
FUn
ERSITY OFSHAH A
SE
CHAHNIQUEPESTS P
CHELOR OON TECHNO
GR
ME
CHE AB A
N MOHAME
PRE
OC. PROF.L
Faculty of niversity o
F TECHNOALAM CAMELANGOR
APTER 6E FOR ESPOPULAT
AS220 OF SCIENCOLOGY AN
ROUP 14
AZIZ
ED
EPARED FOR
. DR. FAUZLecturer Applied Sc
of Technolo
LOGY MARMPUS
6 STIMATITION”
CE (HONS)ND MANAG
R
ZIAH ISMA
ciences ogy Mara
RA
ING
) GEMENT
MATR
20084 20084 20084
AIL
RIX NO
424702 10482
411088
CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Introduction 1
Tec hnique for Estimating Pests Population
23 Crop Inspection
45 Shaking & Beating
67Knock Down Sampling
89 Bait Spray
1011 Mite Sampling
1213 Yellow Sticky Card
1416 Sweep Net Catches
1718 Malaise Traps
1920Impaction Traps
2122 Water Traps
Suc on Tr 2325 ti aps
i) Mobile Traps
ii) Fixed Traps
2627Light Traps
2829Pheromone Traps
3031 Blue Sticky Traps
3233 Attractant (Methyl Eugenol)
Pit‐Fall Traps 3435
Conclusion 36
References 37
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Undertaking a Bachelor would be an onerous and solitary journey if it were not for
the interest, support and encouragement of many people. While personal discipline and a
driving commitment are essential for the successful completion of such a venture, so too
are dedicated lecturers and a supportive family, and friends. We were fortunate to have
these people in our life during the period of our candidature, and for that we are grateful.
To our lecturer, Prof. Dr. Fauziah Bt Ismail: Your guidance and encouragement have
been greatly appreciated. We have learned much about research and writing from you. You
have given our invaluable experience of expert, attentive supervision that we can only hope
to emulate some day. Thank you.
To our team members, Mohammad Izzat Bin Che Ab Aziz, Mohd Fahmi Bin Keni, and
Mohd Farid Nazmi Bin Mohamed: Thank you for the many insightful and intellectually
stimulating discussions we have shared, and your thoughtful critique of our work.
Finally, we would like to extend our appreciation to all of the classmate participants,
who welcomed into their homes to share information, gave of their time to complete the
assignment and for the support they have given.
INTRODUCTION The methods of assessing pest populations given in the following sections have been
selected to represent those most widely used in pest management programmes. Walker
(1981) also lists methods of measuring insect populations. Other techniques used in
ecological studies are given by Southwood (1966) who points out those methods to
measure the relative changes in populations are quicker than attempts to determine
absolute numbers. The results relative methods will, of course, depend on the actual
density or population size, numbers in a particular phase or level of activity, efficiency of
sampling method and responsiveness of a particular sex and species to the traps being
used, but change in population detected can be used to assess when control measures
are needed.
Otherwise, this objective assignment is summarizing chapter six: technique for
estimating pest population and identify the sixteen insect pests sampling methods.
Furthermore, we also indicate about each sampling method description, insect pest
sampling using those methods and the advantages and disadvantages of sampling
technique. Which the methods of insect pests sampling are:
1. Crop inspection
2. Shaking and beating
3. Knock down sampling
4. Bait spray
5. Mite sampling
6. Yellow sticky card
7. Sweep net catches
8. Malaise trap
9. Impaction traps
10. Water traps
11. Suction traps
i) Mobile traps
ii) Fixed traps
12. Light traps
13. Pheromone traps
14. Blue sticky trap
15. Attractant (methyl eugenol)
16. Pit-fall trap
1 | P a g e
TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING PESTS POPULATION
1. CROP INSPECTION
Description:
• Crop inspection is a regular inspection by walking through crops to examine the
status of insect pest it also to assess plant development and monitoring pest
level.
• The experiment will be done during the second and third on growing season at
the station and for two seasons at farmer’s field.
• Commonly, the crops were selected and monitored daily for emergence of
parasitoids or larvae.
• For example, if the cabbage plant were infected by aphid and the population
score is not exceeding score number 3 (several colonies), we must decided what
control method should be used to control this pest.
• Estimated based on the following population score:
Score Descriptions
1 No Aphids
2 A few
3 Several colonies
4 Half of leaf infest with Aphids
5 Whole leaf covered by powdery or sooty mould
2 | P a g e
Insect Pests Sampling:
• Aphids
Advantages:
• The population of Aphids can be measured and the control method will be
determined.
• The status of Aphids population and the infection on cabbage will be examined.
• Types of damage will be determined.
Disadvantages:
• This method takes a long of time to get a result.
• Experimental error.
• Need a lot of money
3 | P a g e
2. SHAKING AND BEATING
Description:
• This method is much like sweeping.
• A sampling tray is held horizontally beneath plant foliage and the foliage above is
struck sharply a standard number of times (2 to 5) with a short stick or the other
hand.
• The tray may be one square foot in surface area or as small as 5 inch or 6 inch
circle (pad of paper or plastic disposable pie plates have often been used).
• Arthropods falling to the tray are immediately collected before them escapes, so
a pooter (a small device for sucking insects into a tube) is useful.
• This process repeated several times around the periphery or the plant.
• An attempt is made to standardize the density of foliage beaten.
• The tray surface is usually white to contrast with the insect being counted.
Insect Pests Sampling:
• Aphids
• Bugs
• Thrips
• Spider mites
4 | P a g e
Advantages:
• Cost required is very less
• There are no any side effect
• Skilled labours are not required.
Disadvantages:
• This method is applicable only on small scale
• This method requires repeated application
• Time and labour requirements is high.
5 | P a g e
3. KNOCK DOWN SAMPLING
Description:
• An irritant spray is useful alternative to shaking especially when large trees have
to be sampled.
• Use natural pyrethrin or non-residual synthetic pyrethroids, combined with
piperonyl butoxide.
• Applied with knapsack mist-blower to spray as high as possible into the tree
canopy.
• A large area under the tree should be cover with white big cloth.
• Sufficient time should be allowed for the entire insect to fall.
Insect Pests Sampling:
• Fruit fly
• Gold dust weevil
• Chafer beetle
6 | P a g e
Advantages:
• Easy to identify the insects
• Suitable for the large trees
• Easy to get the sample of insects.
• Saving of time.
Disadvantages:
• Collected of insect should be quickly after its fall down
• Expensive equipment
• Need many labors.
7 | P a g e
4. BAIT SPRAY
Protein bait mixture in a gel that sticks to leaves and resists heavy rain.
Description:
• The bait or attractant then was usually a molasses or sugar solution and the
toxicant was usually a stomach poison such as lead arsenate or Paris green.
• Subsequent developments tended to focus on the insecticide component of bait
sprays and the bait component was nearly always sugar and molasses.
• The protein bait acts as a food attractant and its effectiveness relies on the fact
that immature females need a protein meal for developing mature eggs.
• The bait spray residue on the foliage is ingested by the flies and kills
them. Because the bait spray relies on its attractant properties for its mode of
action, overall coverage of the tree canopy is unnecessary and a 'spot spraying
technique' is adequate.
• Experiments and experience indicate that bait spraying is most effective in 'area'
treatment programs. It is ideal for medium to large orchards or where adjacent
properties use the technique.
• The method has been used to control fruit fly in the major citrus growing areas.
8 | P a g e
Insect Pest Sampling:
• Fruit fly (Bactrocera facialis)
• Bactrocera trilineola
• Bactrocera oblique
Disadvantages:
• The major disadvantage of protein bait sprays is that control may not be totally
adequate at times of extreme pest pressure, especially if re-invasion of the
treated areas is continuous, and where the treated area is small in relation to
untreated, surrounding areas.
• Control may also be less effective as the season progresses and populations
with females at all stages of sexual maturity develop.
• Studies have shown that gravid female Queensland fruit flies are less interested
in food than in finding suitable egg-laying sites.
• Additionally, in areas or during periods of high rainfall, significant amounts of bait
solution may be washed off tree leaves.
Advantages:
• The advantages of protein bait sprays far outweigh the disadvantages.
• Protein bait sprays are less harmful to beneficial insects, making them suitable
for use in IPM programs. Because of the spot spraying technique, there is less
insecticide applied to the crop or tree and non-target species have more refuges.
• Costs are considerably lower as less material is used per tree or per hectare. In
addition, spot spraying is less time consuming than for cover spraying and
therefore less demanding of labour.
• Farmers may also be able to use simple, inexpensive spraying equipment. Bait
sprays are more environmentally sound because of reduced pesticide usage and
less risk of spray drift.
• Spray applications can be directed on to foliage and away from fruit to minimise
fruit residue problems. Reduced pesticide usage and use of coarse sprays at low
pressure result in fewer hazards to the spray operator.
9 | P a g e
10 | P a g e
5. MITE SAMPLING
Description:
• A subjective assessment of time populations is usually using the means of
coping with a large number of samples.
• The popular host plants of mites are chilly, orchard plants, avocado, and cotton.
• This method using 5x–10x visor or hand lens, optional (mite brush) and sample
times per year.
each.
after brush the mites
between contra-rotating spiral brushes which dislodge the
fall on the rotating glass plate coated with a very thin layer of
nt that the brushes be set carefully so as to remove the mites without
pling method is to place on a clean piece of absorbent
r can be kept for checking
• Use index to calculate disturbance
vials and label.
• Apply this method 1 to 3
• Choose 20 trees randomly and pick up 5 leaves
• Rotate leaf sample from north, south, east and west.
• Use pick Scaffold such as glass plate for gather the mites
from the leaf.
• Leaves are dipped
mites.
• These then
adhesive.
• It is importa
crushing them.
• Another alternative sam
paper and to squash the mites with a roller.
• The stains on the paper are then counted and the pape
11 | P a g e
Insect Pests Sampling:
• Mites
Advantages:
• Low of cost
s:
the whole population because the high trees leaves on
the top might be not in sample.
Disadvantage
• The samples not cover
12 | P a g e
6. YELLOW STICKY CARD
• This trap is for Aphid and Whitefly. Bright yellow, to attract these insects away
ur flowers and perennials.
• Aphid adults are attracted to this colour, and often can be caught before laying
eradicate from home gardens. Using the cards will
s. Lasts all season, even in rain, or until
Description:
from yo
their thousands of eggs on the rose or flower bud. Again this trap should be used
to lessen the population of insects.
• White fly adults are also attracted to this colour. If you suspect white fly, gently
shake the plant such as a pelargonium and see if you get a cloud of white insects
that fly around the plant.
• Tiny white insects, will take flight. Used with Sun spray Ultra Fine oil, or other
horticultural oil spray such as Neem oil, will eradicate the white fly, which is one
of the toughest insects to
triple the effectiveness of eradication.
• Cards come in packages of 5 cards each. Use either card at a distance of 7
square feet or one per bush. Shake plant gently if the insect population is heavy
to encourage the attraction to the card
completely coated with insects or dust.
13 | P a g e
Insect Pests Sampling:
• Aphids
• Cabbage root maggots
• Carrot rust flies
rom water
• Monitoring fling insects
Disadvantages:
• Cost of labour
• Thrips
• Whitefly
Advantages:
• Non toxic
• Withstand f
• Trap beneficial insect
• Cost of implement
14 | P a g e
7. SWEEP NET CATCHES
• groups to dislodge
alfalfa to sample Eg
• s g 2 feet(0.6 m) deep
fitted into a wire loop15 inches (38 cm) in diameter and attached to a handle 26
le sweep consist of 180° are taken
f insects.
Description:
arthropod species for
yptian alfalfa weevil
Sweep net are used in many agronomic
collection. Sweep nets are used in
larvae, alfalfa caterpillars, and armyworms.
A standard sweep net consist of a cone haped cloth ba
inches (65 cm) long.
• Using these measurements for all sweep nets help to assure that the area
sampled will be consistent. In alfalfa a sing
when stepping forward.
• Sweep may be taken singular visual insects species a series of sweeps count
based on an average o
15 | P a g e
How to Use This Trap:
• Choose the locations for your sweep net experiment. Look for places that have different types of ground cover. It may be that some areas have taller grass than
others.
than others. Some places may have different
plants, or a variety of different plants. Some places might always be in the shade
ake certain that your sweep net is assembled and ready to go. Bend
in such a way that the opening of the net
uare meter
t half way up to make sure your captured
to the bag.
anisms, you can observe
upa, larvae, immature adult, mature adult).
• Some places may be drier or wetter
while others are in the bright sunlight.
• Measure an area that is one square meter in size for each site that you intend to
sweep. M
your coat hanger circle so that there is a flat side to your sweep net.
• A good shape is a triangle with the handle extending from one of the points.
Practice making a back and forth swing
is always first to sweep the area.
• Pick an area as a control site and practice your sweep net swing. Go back and
forth over the area using the motion until you have swept the entire sq
site. At the end, quickly swing the sweep net through the open air to force the
captured animals to the bottom of the net.
• Immediately grasp the bag abou
animals do not escape. The person doing this should be wearing gloves to
prevent the rare chance of being stung.
• While another student holds the resealable plastic bag open, place the net over
it, loosen your grasp and turn it inside out in
• Carefully shake and remove the net from the bag, making certain to seal it so the
animals do not escape. You can now repeat steps 5-8 at all of your actual test
sites.
• Be sure to record the information that is needed to identify each of your test sites
on the submittal form. Once you have captured the org
them through the resealable bag and try to identify their species, family and/or
class, take a count of each type or group, and determine the stage of their life
cycle (p
• Once you have gathered all of the necessary information, release your animals
back into the area where you originally captured them. After group and
classroom discussions have occurred, login to enter your data.
16 | P a g e
Insect Pests Sampling in Classification Order:
• Hymenoptera
• Coleoptera
• Hemiptera
• Phasmida
• Effective
Disadvantages:
catches the flying insect
riod to catches the insect
• Lepidoptera
Advantages:
• Inexpensive
• Simple
• Easy to obtain
• Difficult to
• Need to long pe
17 | P a g e
8. MALAISE TRAP
Description:
• rap is a trapping flying insects
Hymenoptera is made of a material such as
netting and can be various colours.
fly into the tent wall and are funnelled into a collecting vessel attached to
highest point. They also catch a great many other flying insects.
h is only peaked on one end, or in
• les, wooden or
•
3
•
dle mesh wall and either fly upward or downward. Those insects that fly
upward are funnel to the peak of the trap and eventually find their way into a jar
with some sort of killing agent.
A Malaise t large, tent-like structure used for
and Diptera. The trapparticularly
terylene
• Insects
• Malaise traps are generally set out for long periods of time and checked at least
weekly, or occasionally every other week. Basically, a malaise trap has two short
end walls, one central wall, and a roof, whic
some styles, both ends.
The walls are generally black and the roof is usually white. Po
otherwise, are used to support the trap at each corner and at the peak in front.
It is helpful if the front pole is adjustable so that the sample jar may be raised and
lowered. The poles are in turn tied to stakes placed in the ground several feet
away.
• If necessary, the ropes (or strings) may be tied to something. The traps we use
are about 5 ft high at the front peak, 4 ft high in the back, about 6 ft long, and
feet wide.
They are many variations on this basic design, but you get the picture. Insects hit
the mid
18 | P a g e
• We have found that alcohol works best for us because it preserves the insects
over the course of a week well and also aids in keeping the inevitable lepidoptera
scales from sticking to all of the other insects in the sample.
•
llecting. Typically, they are set up at right angles
•
difficult. If a hedge
erent times of day.
Insect
• Hymenoptera
•
Advan
• Set out for long periods of time
so that the samples jar may be raised and lowered.
• Malaise trap have a biggest size and difficult to get the ideal location and position
mum the collecting of insect.
• Alternatively a dry killing agent such as no-pest strip (vapona) can be used. If
using a dry killing agent, one should check the sample more often, even daily.
One of the hardest parts of setting a malaise trap up is finding the ideal location
and position to maximum the co
to an insect flight line.
In some cases this is easy, because there is a natural or artificial open that
funnel insects through an area, but in other cases it is very
line, or thick forest edge is present, the trap may be placed next to it, especially
on the north side of an edge running east to west.
• It is recommended that the bottle end be placed nearest the edge, but we have
had luck either way. When searching for suitable spots, try to envision what the
area will look like at diff
Pests Sampling:
Diptera
tages:
• Easy to adjustable
Disadvantages:
to maxi
19 | P a g e
9. IMPACTION TRAPS
escription:
• Impaction trap also ca
• This trap use to trapped
• This trap is coated with
• The catch of if an attractant is added to the
sticky material or the surf
• Banding is a wooden
t height of about 1-2 meters.
• Lady beetle
D
lled as cylindrical sticky trap.
insects on the ground surface
substances that remain sticky over a long period.
certain species may be increased
ace is of a particular colour.
smeared on the plastic cover and the cylinder supported on
stake a
• This trap more efficiency which it constants with wind speed.
• Flat sticky boards also have been used to sample rice crop.
Insect Pests Sampling:
• Coleopteran: Scolytidae (e.g: bark beetles)
• Grasshopper nymphs
• Aphids
• Bemisia argentifolii
• Fruitfly
20 | P a g e
Advantages:
• Inexpensive
• Simple to use
• More effective if raise above ground level
isadvantages:
• They not prevent trapped animals from killing each other.
e fairly non selective
by population sizes, activity levels, weather, size and
D
• They ar
• Catch size influenced
nature trap.
21 | P a g e
10. WATER TRAPS
escripti
• and flying in
• o
• containers or plastic buckets.
• It usually uses an attractive color, preferably white and yellow.
• The most common modification to water traps is color.
• Insects, particularly flying insects are differently attracted to a variety color, but
re attracted to bright yellow.
llow to attract a broad
traps are most effective if suck into the ground flush with top rim of the
actant to break
n.
D on:
Water trap were used to trap small
Water trap was placed in central of r
The trap should be made of shallow
sect.
w of plant where 1 meter from Pit-fall traps.
most a
• As a result water traps are usually colored bright ye
spectrum of low flying insect.
• Water
trap.
• Water is placed in the trap and liquid detergent is added as a surf
the surface tension of the water causing the insects to drow
• The water in the bucket must be changed every week.
• Salt is added as a preservative.
22 | P a g e
Materials:
• Water traps: plastic bowl or bucket.
• Water
sect Pests Sampling:
ds (e.g : Myzus persicae,Aphis gossypii)
era cucurbitae)
f bettle (e.g: Ephilachna indica)
• Most Plant Hopper
men
rasitoids
• Easy to overflow if heavy rain occur and dry out in the sun
and kill the beneficial insects.
dicators of potential infestation
nd on wide of the area.
ith the color.
• Dimensions: 273mm diameter x 79mm depth.
• Color: bright yellow, yellow or white.
• Pure detergent: unscented liquid dishwashing detergent.
• Salt
In
• Aphi
• Thrips (e.g: Thrips palmi)
• White fly (e.g: Aleurodicus disperses)
• Diptera: Housefly (e.g: Musca domestica)
• Hemiptera: Mealy bug (e.g: Dysmicoccus brevipens)
• Melon flies (e.g: Bactroc
• Coleoptera: Lea
Advantages:
• Not damage the insects speci
• Easy to remove insects specimen
• Easy to used by farmer
• More effective if raise above ground level
• Efficient in the sampling of hymenopteran pa
Disadvantages:
• Attracts
• Captures are unreliable as quantities in
• Need more quality water pan trap depe
• Only certain insect attract w
23 | P a g e
11. SUCTION TRAPS
Description:
sign of Johnson and Taylor (1955).
• The insect catch is related to the volume of air sampled to give the aerial density
dent of weather condition or time of day.
• The construction of the suction traps depends on the wind speed and insect size.
• The catch is segregated at pre-set time intervals (minutes-hours) to show flight
city.
• Machines have been developed with engine-driven fans to suck insects into a
fine mesh net.
• The knapsack version centrifugal fan has a
large opening
• The collecting bag is p g hose- damp foliage
can be sampled without a water film in the hose.
• A smaller collecting ho ctions of
a crop cano velocity at the nozzle
needed to high extraction rates.
• This suction trap is based on the original de
This type of trap is currently used in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in
Europe to catch live aphids which may then used for virus transmission tests or
in electro-immunophoresis studies.
the insects indepen
periodi
• The suction traps have 2 types of traps:
i) MOBILE TRAPS
with a 2-stroke 98cc engine and a
up to 35cm diameter which can be placed over plants.
ositioned at the opening of the lon
insect being trapped in
se can be used to probe and sample particular se
py of the ground demarcated by a frame. An air
24 | P a g e
• A motorized knapsack mist-blower can be adapted by fitting a hose top the
ectric engine powered by a portable generator.
• Small suction traps for catching inse usually has a 30cm
which is the connecting t
• Smaller fans can be ss-winds significantly
reduce the air intake ed at predetermines
time intervals by a disc
• Other traps with those insects do not
pass through the fan.
• Large suction traps we a sufficiently large sample of air
and estimate the aerial density of insects.
chimney, 25cm diameter.
suction side of the fan.
• May have an el
• The smallest has batteries as the power source.
ii) FIXED TRAPS
cts exposed cone type
fan through which air and insect pass into the cooper gauge cone at the end of
ubes.
used only in very sheltered sites, as cro
of the fan. The catch can be separat
mechanism.
an enclosed cone have been designed so
re developed to obtain
• The number of insect caught id divided by the volume is needed.
• The 12.2m high Rothamsted suction trap has a centrifugal fan inside a box of
76cm x 3m at the base of a 9m plastic
• A large wide-mounted cone and the expansion chamber slow down the air
speed, which can reach 56km/h with large volumes of air (>2500m3) being
sampled.
25 | P a g e
Insect Pests Sampling:
• Foxglove Aphid (Aulocauthum solani)
in most weather and light condition
ach for measuring absolute population density
• Less versatile than yellow pan trap
tus is usually heavy.
• Green Peach Aphid (myzus percae)
• Melon or Cotton Aphid (Aphis gossypii)
• Potato Aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)
Advantages:
• Simple
• Inexpensive
• Constantly
• Best current appro
Disadvantages:
• Needs an electric power source
• Less efficient than Malaise trap
• Appara
26 | P a g e
12. LIGHT TRAPS
R
Rothamsted Robinson
escr
•
•
developed and
• They should be considered in situations when other light sources (houses, street
lights) are competing with the traps. While the light source attracts the insects,
s need another device to kill or capture them.
• Often this is a container with water that is placed under the light source. The
monitoring tools and will not have much impact as a control measure.
D iption:
Light traps make use of a light source to attr
especially useful to monitor certain species of moths. Catching moths in the light
trap will tell the farmer that is time to start search
field.
Different light sources can be used
types of electric bulbs. Special light sources called bla
act night-flying insects. They are
ing for eggs or caterpillars in the
, ranging from simple oil lamps to different
ck-light have been
are particularly efficient because of the type of light they emit.
the trap
moths that circle around the light will drop in the water and can be counted the
next morning. It is recommended to add a bit of soap to the water.
• Instead of water, it is also possible to use sticky plates. Light traps are generally
used a
27 | P a g e
• Daily observation of traps will show that not only pest insects but also some
natural enemies may be caught. If the traps appear to kill large numbers of
beneficial insects it is better to take out the traps.
Types of Light Traps:
i) ROTHAMSTED TRAP
• Originally fitted with a 200 W tungsten lamp.
• Has a 60cm square roof cover the lamp confining the illumination to a beam,
which diverges about 22.5° above the horizontal in all direction.
ii) ROBINSON
• The first to use ultra violet light.
• Exposed to a complete hemisphere.
many insect to a light source.
to be operated for several night,
• e generally used a monitoring tools and will not have much impacts
• That moth within the egg-trays of the metal bin remain the darkness and will be
ng to escape should the lamp be switched off before down.
Advantages:
• Taken of the attraction of
• Can used with or without a cover but if they are
covers should be installed to keep out rain.
• Insects fall directly into a killing jar.
Light trap ar
as control measure.
Disadvantages:
attempti
28 | P a g e
13. PHEROMONE TRAPS
escription:
• Pheromones cts (especially moths)
and catch t surface to catch the
insects, but uids to catch them.
• These are chemicals released by
consequence the traps will only
catch other species,
different phe
• Pheromone est species and will
often detect low population densities. However, the traps are not very efficient for
controlling pests.
• A disadvantage of the pheromone traps is that the chemicals are often expensive
t easily available. On the other hand, they have the advantage that they
D
can be used as a bait to attract certain inse
hem in a trap. Usually these traps use a sticky
others use containers filled with water or other liq
Most pheromones are "sex pheromones".
female moths to attract a male partner. As a
catch male moths and usually of only one species. To
romones will have to be used.
traps are very useful for monitoring a specific p
and no
only attract the pest and will not kill beneficial insects.
• A type of trap, often used with pheromone baits, is the delta trap. It is a triangular
trap, made of plastic or weatherproof card. Insects that fly into the trap are
caught on a surface treated with a special type of non-drying glue.
29 | P a g e
Insect
•
•
Advantages:
•
•
•
• Safety to human health
• Minimize the resistance development
Disadvantages:
ap the flying insect
f insect species attract with the pheromones trap
Pests Sampling:
• Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Hemiptera
Environmentally friendly method
• Easier to operate
Attract specific insect
Lower cost
• This trap can tr
• Only several o
30 | P a g e
14. BLUE STICKY TRAPS
• About 10 X 25 cm blue sticky cards that attractive pest insects (especially
effective for catching thrips as they are drawn to the blue colouring). You can
sts are damaging your plants, approximate infestation,
and monitor the progress of your beneficial insects by observing what is caught
on these traps.
• This trap will ion of thrip on ornamental and
ng a leaf over or opening a flower
and looking s moving around, or cream coloured slivers.
That is the th
• In other flowers, you c scoloration on the outside petals of
the flower. This inse ers as gladiolas, iris, daylilies, and
Roses, such ornamental shrubs as Rhododendron, Azalea, English Laurel, ferns
us as well as many vegetables.
• This trap attracts this specific insect away from the plants to lessen damage done
re put out early enough in the season, we will greatly reduce the
Description:
identify what type of pe
collect and diminish the populat
flowering plants. You can look for thrip, by turni
for black sliver like insect
rip and the larvae.
an see the distinct di
ct will be attract such flow
and citr
by Thrip, and also will attract Leafminer.
• Leafminer is an insect that usually can't be seen, but gets between the layers of a
leaf, like Swiss chard, or Artichoke leaves, and makes white trails that can be
seen on the leaf.
• When the traps a
amount of the insect populations. A follow up spray may be needed, but the
cards triple the effectiveness at eradicating the insects.
31 | P a g e
Insect Pests Sampling:
• Thrips
• Leafminer
Advantages:
• Easy to monitor the progress of your beneficial insects by observing what is
caught on these traps.
• Greatly reduce the amount of the insect populations.
• This trap has greatly colouring to attract the insect pest.
Disadvantages:
• Only small insect trap in this sticky card
• Not suitable to covered the large area
32 | P a g e
15. ATTRACTANT (METHYL EUGENOL)
Description:
• Methyl eugenol is a synthetic insect lure which has been used for the following
Pieris rapae crucivora of phenolethers
related to methyl eugenol isolated from Artemisia capillaris.
• Methyl euge is used as an attractant for
melon fly (Cadus cucu % Cuelure and 90%
methyl eugenol showed attractant activity and remained effective for
>225 days in field test
• The tendency of mail visit a methyl eugenol
source following initial e
• Eugenol / methyl eug extracts as cockroach attractants.
Enhanced durations of residual effectiveness against the oriental fruit fly of guava
foliage treat nd encapsulated methyl eugenol.
• Efficiency of methyl eugenol as a male attractant for Dacus zonatus (Saunders)
. Male annihilation through mass-trapping of male flies with methyl
eugenol to reduce infestation of oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae in
Antifeedant activity toward larvae of
nol mixed in different ratios with Cuelure
rbitae Coquillett). A mixture of 10
the highest
s.
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) to re-
xposure.
enol containing plant
ed with encapsulated insecticides a
Diptera
papaya.
33 | P a g e
. Trappings of the fruit flies, Dacus species
• ess of methyl eugenol to the melon fly in Taiwan. Used of methyl
eugenol for attraction and trap of fruit fly.
Insect Pests Sampling:
• Fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel,
y and remained effective for >225 days in field tests.
emperature and rainfall) to spread.
• Many insect fly and respond to semiochemicals only at certain time (dusk, night)
• Effective against only one or a few species.
• Influence of seasonal climatic factors on the development of the methyl eugenol
response in male Dacus Opiliae
(Diptera: Tephritidae) with methyl eugenol in orchards. Influence of age, nutrition
and time of day on the responsiveness of male Dacus opiliae to the synthetic
lure, methyl eugenol.
• Efficacy of methyl eugenol as male attractant for Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Diptera:
Tephritidae). Attractancy of synthetic compounds related to methyl eugenol for
the oriental fruit fly and the melon fly.
Attractiven
• Melon fly
Advantages:
• Highest attractant activit
• Reduce pest population rapidly
• Labour saving tools
Disadvantages:
• Depends on environmental factors (wind, t
34 | P a g e
16. PIT-FALL TRAPS
Description:
• An adapting of hunting techniques that dates back to primitive man.
•
How o Us
•
cup is ju
• s. Use a
collect p, leaving
over in a plastic bag or plastic shoe box.
kinds of organisms that are found in the traps, you probably don’t
It consists of a plastic cup with a funnel a hole is dug in the g
sunk into the soil and the mouth is level with soil surface.
e the Technique:
Dig holes that are the right size for
habitat. Place 2 cups, one inside the
st below the surface of the soil.
Leave the traps alone for 2-3 days. Empty the traps
separate bag for each trap and label each
ion. To empty the trap, take the inside
the second cup in the ground to preserve the hol
round, the trap is
your cups. Put at least 5 pit traps in each
t
other, in the holes. Make sure the rim of the
into plastic bag
bag to indicate the location of
cup out of the second cu
e for future use, and turn the cup
• Discuss the
have any butterflies, but do have species that crawl or walk.
35 | P a g e
Insect Pests Sampling:
• True bug
• Ants
• Ground dwelling crickets
• Carabid beetles
Advantages:
• Cheap (empty food or drink containers may be used).
• Do not kill the animals except inadvertently.
event trapped animals from killing each other.
ctive
activity levels, weather, size and
• Easy and quick to operate.
• Grid of traps can provide an impressive set of data.
Disadvantages:
• They not pr
• They are fairly non sele
• Catch size influenced by population sizes,
nature trap.
36 | P a g e
CONCLUSION
Sampling is necessary in IPM to provide a means of determining the approximate
umbers of insects for making IPM decisions. This is absolutely necessary to provide
formation upon which management decisions can be made. It is necessary to know the
sect population levels and the economics levels to make meaningful IPM decisions.
actor such as time requirements make it necessary to establish to most practical
ampling technique for each crop. Usually, IPM utilises the simplest sampling methods
at provide the quick information needed for insect control decisions. There are four
ays of sampling crops for number or their damage:
i) Random sampling
ii) Sequential sampling
iii) Point sampling
iv) Trap sampling
Based on the sampling methods abo pply the trap technique to estimate
e pest population relies on the type insect pest. Difference order or species of insect
nt technique we should be used. Using the technology and trap we have, we
n
in
in
F
s
th
w
ve, we should a
th
pest, differe
can be successful to estimate the insect pest population to make best decision on the
future.
37 | P a g e
1. Arbico organics, Pheromones Traps, http://www.arbico-organics.com/insect-
REFERENCES
traps-lures-pheremone-lures.html, [Date Access: 10 August 2009].
2. George Scott & Associates, Insect Light Traps, <
http://www.gsaclt.com/insectlighttraps.html>, [Date Access: 9 August 2009].
3. Santetraps.com, Insect Collection Traps, http://santetraps.com/, [Date Access:
9 August 2009 ].
4. Wikipedia, Insect Traps, < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_trap>, [Date
Access: 10August 2009].
