Invertis Journal of Science & Technology Volume 6 , No. 2 , (April-June 2013)

Dr. Anil KumarFormer DirectorLaser Science & Technology CentreNew DelhiINDIA

Dr. Ashok KumarHead, Ultrasonics GroupNational Physical LaboratoryNew DelhiINDIA

Prof. Ashutosh SharmaPresident & Chief ExecutiveInstitute of Diagnostic Engg.MEI-Charlton, Inc.U.S.A.

Prof. D. BahugunaIndian Institute of TechnologyKanpurINDIA

Dr. Bhagwati PrasadAdvisorInvertis UniversityBareillyINDIA

Prof. George e GeorgiouResearch ProfessorDept. of Electrical EngineeringNJIT, Newark - NJU.S.A.

Prof. Kehar SinghIndian Institute of TechnologyNew DelhiINDIA

Prof. N.U. KhanDean, Faculty of Engineering & TechnologyJamia Milia IslamiaNew DelhiINDIA

Dr. Krishan LalFormer Director, NPL, New DelhiPresidentINSA, New DelhiINDIA

Prof. R.D. KaushikProfessor & DeanGurukul Kangri UniversityHaridwarINDIA

Dr. B.S. PatelFromer Additional DirectorLaser Science & Technology CentreNew DelhiINDIA

Prof. Syed B. QadriU.S. Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonU.S.A.

Dr. P.J. SebastianScientistCentro de Investigacian en Energia-UNAMMEXICO

Prof. R.S. SirohiFormer Vice-ChancellorInvertis UniversityBareillyUttar PradeshINDIA

Prof. M.S. SodhaFormer DirectorIndian Institute of TechnologyNew DelhiINDIA

Dr. Vikram KumarFormer Director, NPL, New DelhiProf. EmeritusIIT, New DelhiINDIA

Prof. Wencai DuProfessor & DeanCollege of Information Science & TechnologyHainan UniversityCHINA

Dr. Xavier MathewScientistCentro de Investigacion en Energia-UNAMMEXICO

Prof. M. Zafar IqbalQuaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabadPAKISTAN

Prof. Kamal Nai ChopraMAIT, GGSIP UniversityNew DelhiINDIA

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD

Editorial AssiatanceAnimesh Rai

Invertis Journal of Science & Technology

Volume 6 April - June 2013 No. 2

Owned, Published and Printed by Sanjeev Gautam, 60/10, Old Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi-110 060Printed at Alpha Printers, BG-2/38C, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi- 110 063. Ph. : 9811848335.

Chief Editor : Prof. Z.H. Zaidi, Ph. : 09213888999, E-mail: [email protected]

CONTENTS

Carbon Nanotubes: A Material of 21st Century 63Javid Ali, Mubashshir Husain, Avshish Kumar, Samina Husain,Shama Parveen and Mushahid Husain

Door Hinge Reliability : A Case Study 78Nathan Baker, Angel Estrada and M. Affan Badar

A Comprehensive Study on the Research Gap betweenERP Literature and Its Implementation forSustainable Growth of SMEs 86Rashmi Jha and Anil Kumar Saini

Ionization and Excitation Cross Section ofAlkali Metals by Electron-impact 95Maqsood Alam and Anil Kumar

Stability of the Equilibria in the Restrictedthree Body Problem when the Smaller Primaryis a Finite Straight Segment 100Ruchika Jain, Deepa Sinha and K.B. Bhatnagar

A Technological Note on Some Novel ConceptsConnected with Spintronics 115K.N. Chopra

PatronUmesh Gautam

Chief EditorZ.H. Zaidi

Editors

Mushahid HusainJamia Milia Islamia,New Delhi

H.C. RaiGuru Govind Singh-Indraprastha University,New Delhi

Assistant Editor

Chief Editor : Prof. Z.H. Zaidi, E-mail: [email protected]

Carbon Nanotubes: A Material of 21st Century

63

Carbon Nanotubes: A Material of 21st Century

JAVID ALI1, MUBASHSHIR HUSAIN3, AVSHISH KUMAR1, SAMINA HUSAIN1*,SHAMA PARVEEN1 and MUSHAHID HUSAIN1,2*

1Department of Physics, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110 025

3Department of Electrical & Computer Engg., Faculty of Engineering ,King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, P.B. 80221

*E-mail: [email protected]

AbstractCarbon nanotubes have received a great deal of attention because of their unique mechanical, thermal, optical,electrical and electronic properties. Carbon nanotubes can be synthesized with high purity, selective growth,high yield and vertical alignment. In order to optimize carbon nanotubes yield and quality, three main synthesisprocesses have been used, namely, 0arc discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Thisreview is focused on the growth of CNTs using Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD) method andtheir characterization. However in this paper introduction of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, properties andapplication of carbon nanotubes are also reviewed.

Key words : Carbon nanotubes, scanning electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy, field emission properties, low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD).

1. Importance of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

The amount of space available to us forinformation storage is enormous. As described in alecture title, "There is a plenty of room at thebottom" in 1959 by Richard P.Feynman, there isnothing besides our clumsy size that keeps us tousing this space. In his time, it was not possible forus to manipulate single atom or molecules becausethey were far too small for our tools. Thus, hisspeech was completely theoretical seeminglyfantastic. He described how the laws of physics donot limit our ability to manipulate single atom andmolecules. Instead, it was our luck of appropriatemethods for doing so. However, he correctlypredicted that the time would come in whichatomically precise manipulation of matter wouldinevitably arrive. Prof. Feynman described suchatomic scale fabrication as a bottom-up approach,as opposed to the top-down approach that we areaccustomed to. The current top-down method for

Invertis Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2013. ; pp. 63-77

manufacturing involves the construction of partsthrough methods such as cutting, curving andmolding. On the other hand, bottom-upmanufacturing, would provide components made ofsingle molecules, which are held together bycovalent forces that are far stronger than the forcesthat hold together micro-scale components.Furthermore, the amount of information that couldbe stored in devices build from the bottom-upwould be enormous.

According to Moore's Law, the number oftransistors on a chip roughly doubles every twoyears. As a result the scale gets smaller and smaller.For decades, Intel has met this formidable challengethrough investments in technology andmanufacturing resulting in the unparalleled siliconexpertise that has made Moore's Law a reality. Astransistor counts climb so does the ability to increasedevice complexity and integrate many capabilitiesonto a chip. As transistors such as the Metal-OxideSemiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET -

Nathan Baker, Angel Estrada and M. Affan Badar

78

Door Hinge Reliability : A Case Study

NATHAN BAKER, ANGEL ESTRADA and M. AFFAN BADAR

Applied Engineering and Technology Management Department, Indiana State UniversityTerre Haute, IN 47809, USA

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to verify if the model method based on estimation of observations ofcustomer complaint levels, when applied to the hinges of a range door, is an acceptable method of estimatingfuture warranty costs. Design/methodology/Approach: Data based reliability was calculated by convertingservice failures reported in time to service failures in cycles. The data based reliability was then comparedagainst the model method and MTBF calculations at different confidence estimates to verify the accuracy of thecalculations against this application.

Findings: The use of the model method based on estimation of observation is acceptable as a method ofestimating future warranty cost. Calculated reliability matched the actual test data. Data from the MTBFmethod did not support a robust method to predict failure rates in field data. The reliability at the 95%confidence estimate from the MTBF costing is approximately 38% below actual failure costs. Based on the highmargin of error the MTBF method is not accurate enough to estimate warranty cost.

Research Limitations/implications: The study relied on estimates of the ratio of cycles to time, manufacturinginstability, and limited consistency of a field definition of failures. Methods to achieve a more robust estimatewould be to create multiple models at multiple estimate levels.

Originality/Value: Applications of this study include product reliability estimation before new productintroduction. While a product is in the design stages the consumer average usage charts available throughoutlets like Association of Home Appliance Manufactures (AHAM) or Consumer Union may be consulted topredict warranty costing. An increase in design robustness could be achieved by using a Design Failure Modeand Effects Analysis (DFMEA) approach and eliminating causes of design errors. DFMEA has been presented.

Key words : Reliability, DFMEA, hinge, mean time between failures (MTBF), warranty.

1. Introduction

Warranty cost is a quantifiable cost that is aliability to a company's operating profit. At the startof a project it is common to estimate what theexpected warranty costs will be for a product. Inthe case of appliances, the warranty costing may bebroken down to specific parts like compressors,pumps, heating elements, or other parts thatoperate in cycles. Producers face a significantchallenge when predicting warranty rates forappliances; part suppliers guarantee craftsmanship

Invertis Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2013 ; pp. 78-85

of product over a number of cycles and customersexpect warranties over a time period. This createsan issue for producers to quantify the number ofcycles that will be performed by customers over acertain time frame. Most often producers mustmake an estimate based on market research andprevious experience. Producers then must reversethe time to cycle estimate to procure parts thatexceed the estimated cycles. There can be a veryhigh cost in part replacement if the producer isincorrect in their estimates as well as a high loss of

Rashmi Jha and Anil Kumar Saini

86

A Comprehensive Study on the Research Gap betweenERP Literature and Its Implementation for

Sustainable Growth of SMEs

RASHMI JHA1* and ANIL KUMAR SAINI2

1Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad (UP)2USMS, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi

* E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Enterprise Resource Planning was a term restricted purely to elite class. ERP for small business calls forvoluminous investments. But the question that kept ringing in the market was can everyone afford it? Theanswer was a stubborn no initially but not anymore. The world is changing, and new opportunities are appearingevery day. Globalization, once the domain for only large companies, is now presenting new markets for growthfor small to mid market companies. In today's competitive manufacturing environment, it takes more thanquick fixes, outsourcing and downsizing to consistently achieve growth and profit objectives. While theseoptions may yield temporary financial relief, they will not lead the way to long-term growth and profitability. Forcompanies to grow and consistently exceed bottom line expectations, they need to get lean. And to get lean theyshould master eight basics of Lean Six Sigma. Today every organization strives to optimize its operations,further based on the type of problems, combining Lean and/or Six Sigma tools with traditional project managementtechniques for ERP Implementation can be a powerful combination for ERP Sustainability in Small & MediumEnterprises.

Key words : ERP, CSF, lean, six sigma, tailor, change management, project management.

1. Introduction

Think Globally and Act Locally. Globalization,once the domain for only large companies, is nowpresenting new markets for the growth of small tomedium market companies. Worldwide, the smalland medium enterprises have been accepted as theengine of economic growth and for promotingequitable development. Given the saturation of theERP market for large corporations, new customergrowth in the large firm market becomes minimalfor ERP vendors. ERP software providers andimplementation partners can maintain their revenueswith support and upgrades but organic growth isonly possible with expansion into new markets [1, 2].With the convergence of ERP software firm's growthdemands, increasingly economical computing and


networking, growing importance of informationutilization within firms, and an ever growingtechnically trained workforce, the incumbent ERPsolutions providers are now focusing sales growthon the SME business market[3, 4]. Now, increasinglymore SME's are gaining an efficiency and informationadvantage over their competition with theinstallation of ERP systems. Hence, industriesdominated by SME's must now considerimplementing ERP systems as their marketlandscapes become increasing competitive. For thepurpose of our analysis and for the major vendors,SME's are firms with less than 1,000 employees orless than $100M in revenue. Oracle, SAP, andMicrosoft are now fiercely competing for these smalland medium sized firms which are much smallerthan Oracle or SAP's traditional customers. In today's

Ionization and Excitation Cross Section of Alkali Metals by Electron-Impact

95

Ionization and Excitation Cross Section ofAlkali Metals by Electron-impact

MAQSOOD ALAM* and ANIL KUMARDepartment of Applied Sciences, Al-Falah School of Engineering &Technology

Dhauj, Faridabad - 121004 (Haryana)*E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract

With merge data available and increasing demand in the various field of study, it has become necessary to knowexactly ionization cross section of atoms. A number of models & approximations have already been developedso far for good estimate of ionization cross section; it will further intensify the development of many branchesof physics where the use of ionization cross section is very useful. Simple method with easy compilation workmay be useful in plasma physics astronomical physics and other field of science and technology which requiregood estimates of the ionization and excitation cross section for highly excited state.

Some classical theories related to atom excitation had been developed by Thomson and Cryzinski .The theoryis known as binary encounter theory ,Several works and experiments had been performed with the help ofbinary encounter theory and other models but its result were failed to explain many aspects. In the mean timeQuantum mechanics developed which further boosts up the classical theory. Several theoretical and experimentaldata are available to compare the results. At present number of quantum mechanical approximations andmodels have been developed to make easy computation work. The priority is being given to quantum mechanicaltheories over classical mechanical theories because Quantum mechanical method is easier in various ways.

Keywords: Approximations, electron impact excitation, cross-section, lithium, sodium, potassium,collision and Polarization.

1. Introduction

The earliest classical theories which describeinelastic collision were developed by Thomson et al[23] and Gryzinski et al [1] with the help of binaryencounter theory to calculate ionization cross-section for atoms by electron impact. Gryzinskiet al [1] has introduced velocity distribution function.This velocity distribution has been used by Tiwariand Rai et al [10] to calculate the ionization crosssection of alkali metal atoms using L.Vriens et al [2]symmetrical model, it is found that averagingreduces, L. Vriens et al [3] the binary approximationcross section slight. Binary approximation has beenobtained by comparison of differential cross-section


calculated by Mont Carlo method which is exactclassical method. It is found that binaryapproximations fail when energy transfer becomessmall. It appears that binary encounter theory is notsatisfactory for the evolution of excitation cross-section for which energy transfer is small. I.CPersival et al [8] has pointed out that for excitation,there are always sufficient small energy transfer forthe assumption of binary encounter theory to breakdown completely. I.C. Persival and Richards et al[7] have presented a theory valid in the extremeadiabatic limit. The theory was used to obtain anapproximation in elastic cross section for thetransition between certain highly excited ofhydrogen. For ionization and excitation A. Bugers

Ruchika Jain, Deepa Sinha and K.B. Bhatnagar

100

Stability of the Equilibria in the Restrictedthree Body Problem when the Smaller Primary

is a Finite Straight Segment

RUCHIKA JAIN1, DEEPA SINHA1 and K.B. BHATNAGAR2

11Center for mathematical sciences, Banasthali University, Banasthali-3040222Center of Fundamental Research in Space Dynamics and Celestial Mechanics (CFRSC)

IA-47C, Ashok Vihar, Phase-1, New Delhi-110052* E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

It is well known that asteroids are small rocky bodies. Most of the asteroids are much smaller when comparedwith the planets. Typically most are irregularly shaped elongated bodies. The main feature of these bodies istheir elongated shape. This is the reason why we have taken their elongated shape, namely, a finite straightsegment. We have investigated the stationary solutions in the restricted three body problem when the smallerprimary is a finite straight segment. The linear stability of all the stationary solutions have been investigated bythe method given by Whittaker [1] and Szebehely [2]. The collinear stationary solutions are unstable for allmass parameter μ whereas the non-collinear stationary solutions are stable for mass parameter μ less than acritical value μc = μ0 - 0.0073562l2. The theory, so developed, has been applied to the asteroids 9 Metis (9is the number of the asteroid Metis), 22 Kalliope, 216 Kleopatra, 243 Ida, 433 Eros and 951 Gaspra.

Key words : Restricted three body problem, stationary solutions, stability, straight line segment, asteroid.

1. Introduction

Despite the long history of three body problem,more and more papers dealing with its multipleaspects and written at different levels ofmathematical rigor continue to appear. In the mostrecent time more work on Restricted Problem hasbeen done. Marchel [3] has given a final evolutiontable in case of N- body problem. Hallen et al [4]have studied the existence and stability of equilibriumpoints in the Robe's restricted three body problem.They have observed that center of the first primaryis always an equilibrium point. The other equilibriumpoints exist when the second primary moves aroundthe first filled with fluid, in a circular orbit. Broucke[5] has studied stable orbits of planets of a binarystar system in the three dimensional restrictedproblem. Douskos et al [6] have studied the stabilityof equilibrium points in the relativistic restricted


problem. The result is contrary to recent results ofother authors. Celletti et al [7] have studied thesymmetric periodic orbits in the planar, circular,restricted three body problem and having fixed massof the primary equal to that of Jupitar.Zimovshchikov et al [8] have investigated instabilityof libration points and resonance phenomena in thephotogravitational elliptic restricted three bodyproblem. Celletti et al [9] have studied stability ofasteroids in the frame work of the restricted threebody problem by developing the isoenergetic KAMtheory. Shu Si-hui [10], [11]) have presented anumber of criterion for linear stability of librationpoints in the perturbed restricted three bodyproblem. The effect of drag in the linear stability ofthe triangular libration points is investigated.Sosnytskyi [12] has studied the Lagrangian stabilityof motion in three body problem. Shu Si-hui [13]have studied the location and linear stability of

A Technological Note on Some Novel Concepts Connected with Spintronics

115

A Technological Note on Some Novel ConceptsConnected with Spintronics

K.N. CHOPRAApplied Physics Department, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology,

Rohini, GGSIP University, New Delhi - 110 086E-mail: [email protected]

AbstractSpintronics, or spin electronics, is based on the controlling and manipulating the spin degrees of freedom insolid-state systems. The basic principles of the generation of carrier spin polarization, spin dynamics, and spin-polarized transport have been discussed. It is important to note that the spin transport is basically differentfrom the charge transport, as the spin in solids is dependent on the spin-orbit and hyperfine coupling, and thusis a nonconserved quantity. A short technological note on some novel concepts connected with spintronics fromthe applications point of view has been presented for the benefit of the new researchers and designers in thisfast growing field.

Keywords: Spintronics, spin transfer, spin transfer torque, spin-pumping force and spin currents, tunnelinganisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR), TMR in semiconductor magnetic tunnel junction,spin injection and optical orientation.

1. Introduction

From the application point of view for thespintronic devices, the property of spin has anumber of advantages. The first and foremost isthat the information is stored in the spin as one oftwo possible orientations. Also, the spin lifetime isrelatively long (of the order of nanoseconds). A greatadvantage is that it is possible to manipulate the spincurrents. Besides, the logic and storagefunctionalities can both be combined in the samespin devices, which eliminates the need for separatecomponents, and thus results in smaller devices.The other useful point is that the Magnetic storageis nonvolatile. Finally, the Binary spin polarizationoffers the possibility of applications as qubits inquantum computers

The electron has an intrinsic angular momentumwith a spin value equal to half, which can be eitherspin-up or spin-down. In case of the standard

Invertis Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2013; pp. 115-128

electronic devices, the electric current consists ofequal numbers of spin-up and spin-down electrons.Electronic devices can be made to function on thespin of the carriers rather than on the charge, bydisturbing this equality of the numbers of spin-upand spin-down electrons.

Spintronics is also referred to as'Magnetoelectronics', as the electron's magneticmoment is proportional to its spin. In fact, theMagnetoelectronics, Spin Electronics, andSpintronics are just the different names for the samefunction - the use of electrons' spins (not just theirelectrical charge) in information circuits.

It is interesting to note that all the magneto-electronic devices like memory elements, readheads, and industrial sensors make use of the uniqueproperties of magnetic materials. Their working isbased on the magnetoresistance (GMR) effect,which is dependent on the relative orientation of

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1. W. F. Bruce and L.F. Fieser, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60 (1938) 1017.

2. J.B. Birks, Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, Wiley Interscience, New York (1970) 225.

3. C.R. Tilford, New Developments in Barometric Range Pressure Standards, Proceedings ofNCSL Symp.,Washington D C, (1988) 35.1-35.15.

4. G. Klingenberg and H. Bauer, Final Report-CCM.V-K1 Metrologia, 41 (Techn. Suppl) 2004.

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Invertis Journal of Science & Technology Volume 6 , No. 2 , (April-June 2013)