Invertis Journal of Science & Technology Vol. 6 , No. 1 , January-March (2013)

Dr. Anil KumarFormer DirectorLaser Science & Technology CentreNew DelhiINDIA

Dr. Ashok KumarHead, Ultrasonics GroupNational Physical LaboratoryNew Delhi - 110012INDIA

Prof. Ashutosh SharmaPresident & Chief ExecutiveInstitute of Diagnostic Engg.MEI-Charlton, Inc.U.S.A.

Prof. D. BahugunaIndian Institute of TechnologyKanpurINDIA

Dr. Bhagwati PrasadAdvisorInvertis UniversityBareillyINDIA

Prof. George e GeorgiouResearch ProfessorDept. of Electrical EngineeringNJIT, Newark - NJU.S.A.

Prof. Kehar SinghIndian Institute of TechnologyNew DelhiINDIA

Prof. N.U. KhanFormer Dean, Faculty of Engineering & TechnologyJamia Milia IslamiaNew DelhiINDIA

Dr. Krishan LalFormer Director, CSIR-NPL, New DelhiPresidentINSA, New DelhiINDIA

Dr. B.S. PatelFromer Additional DirectorLaser Science & Technology CentreNew DelhiINDIA

Prof. Syed B. QadriU.S. Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonU.S.A.

Dr. P.J. SebastianScientistCentro de Investigacian en Energia-UNAMMEXICO

Prof. J.N. SinhaBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiINDIA

Prof. R.S. SirohiFormer Vice-ChancellorInvertis UniversityBareillyUttar PradeshINDIA

Prof. M.S. SodhaFormer DirectorIndian Institute of TechnologyNew DelhINDIA

Dr. Vikram KumarFormer Director,CSIR-NPL, New DelhiProf. EmeritusIIT, New DelhiINDIA

Prof. Wencai DuProf & DeanCollege of Information Science & TechnologyHainan UniversityCHINA

Dr. Xavier MathewScientistCentro de Investigacion en Energia-UNAMMEXICO

Prof. M. Zafar IqbalQuaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabadPAKISTAN

Prof. Kamal Nain ChopraMAIT, GGSIP UniversityNew DelhiINDIA

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD

Invertis Journal of Science & Technology

Volume 6 January-March 2013 No. 1

Owned, Published and Printed by Sanjeev Gautam, 60/10, Old Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi-110 060Printed at Alpha Printers, BG-2/38C, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi- 110 063. Ph. : 9811848335.

Chief Editor : Prof. Z.H. Zaidi, B-1, Gulmohar Avenue, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110 025.

CONTENTS

Temperature Dependence of the Specific Heat ofPr1-xTbxCoO3(0 ≤ × ≤ 1) 1Renu Choithrani and N.K. Gaur

Energy of Core-Excited States of Sodium Atom 6Maqsood Alam and Anil Kumar

Three Dimensional Periodic Orbits Around the CollinearLiberation Points in the Restricted Problem when Boththe Primaries are Axis Symmetric Bodies 11Anurag and Sanjay Jain

Estimation of Breakdown Strength of Solid InsulatingMaterials in Ambient Medium 16A. Masood, M.U. Zuberi and M.M. Mohsin

Rainfall and Convective Instability 20Satish Prakash, R.K. Giri and Adesh

Optimized Private Searching in World of Web 32Mohammad Danish

The Relation between CMMI and Lean SoftwareDevelopment 39 Jyoti Yadav and Aman Jatain

Women Empowerment and Entrepreneurship 44S.M. Mustafa, N.U.K. Sherwani and Mini Walia

Evalution of Excimer Lasers : A Review 53N.R. Das

PatronUmesh Gautam

Chief EditorZ.H. Zaidi

Mushahid HusainJamia Millia Islamia,

Editors

New Delhi

H.C. RaiGuru Govind Singh -

Editorial AssistanceAnimesh Rai

Indraprastha University,New Delhi

Temperature Dependence of the Specific Heat of Pr1-xTbxCoO3(0≤ × ≤ 1)

1

Temperature Dependence of the Specific Heat ofPr1-xTbxCoO3(0 ≤≤≤≤≤ ××××× ≤≤≤≤≤ 1)

RENU CHOITHRANI* and N.K. GAURDepartment of Physics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal - 462 026 (MP)

*E-mail: [email protected]

AbstractIn the present work, the specific heat of the perovskite-type rare earth cobalt oxide Pr1-xTbxCoO3(0≤ × ≤ 1) hasbeen investigated for the first time using extended rigid ion model (ERIM) after improving modified rigid ionmodel developed by Renu Choithrani et al. Our computed specific heat values with temperature and thecorresponding experimental data by H. Hashimoto et al show same trend of variation for almost all thecompositions (x) of Pr1-xTbxCoO3 with minor deviations at higher temperatures. The system exhibits cubicphase for x = 0 and 0.25 while orthorhombic phase above 0.5, results in the distortion of CoO6 octahedron. Inaddition, we have used ERIM to compute the thermodynamical pproperties whose results are discussed indetail for the present system of cobalt oxides and found in good agreement with the available experimentalresults.

Key words : Specific heat, perovskites, thermodynamic properties, debye temperature, cohesive energy.

1. Introduction

Rare earth perovskite cobaltates have generalformula RCoO3 (where R is a trivalent rare earth)attracted much significance due to not only theinteresting physical properties [1,2] but also thescientific and technological applications [3-5] rangesover a wide variety of fields from sensor devices,gas separation membranes, chemical reactorscatalyst to components in solid oxide fuel cells. Allthe RCoO3 (where R is a trivalent rare earth)systems with a 3D network of corner-sharing CoO6

octahedra show an insulating ground state based onthe diamagnetic low-spin state of trivalent cobaltthat in the limit of fully localized electrons in strongcrystal field corresponds to filled t 2g levels andempty eg states (LS, t6

2ge0

g, S=0). With increasingtemperature they undergo two magnetic transitions

Invertis Journal of Science & Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2013; pp. 1-5

connected with excitations either to the intermediatespin state (IS, t5

2ge1

g , S=1) or to the high spin state(HS, t4

2ge2

g, S=2). The second magnetic transitionis accompanied by an insulator-metal (I-M) transition.It has remained controversial whether this transitionis from a LS to a HS state or to an IS state. Originally,the LS-HS scenario was proposed [6]. In thisframework, the anomalies would be due to anincrease of the thermal population of the HS state.However, it was later claimed that this interpretationis inconsistent with photoemission data [7].

Perovskite-type rare earth cobalt oxide solidsolutions Pr1-xTbxCoO3 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1)have been prepared by Hashimoto et al. and theyinvestigated their metal-insulator transition behaviorfrom the temperature dependence of electricalconductivity and specific heat. The system exhibitscubic perovskite for x = 0 and 0.25 whileorthorhombic phase above 0.5, results in thedistortion of CoO6 octahedron [8]. The metal-insulator transition temperature of Pr1-xTbxCoO3

determined from both the electrical conductivity

Paper presented at National Conference on Materials forAdvanced Technology (2012), ABV-IIITM, Gwalior (M P).Proceedings published in Invertis Journal of RenewableEnergy; Vol. 2, No. 3 (2012).

Maqsood Alam and Anil Kumar

6

Energy of Core-Excited States of Sodium Atom

MAQSOOD ALAM* and ANIL KUMARDeptt. of Applied Sciences, Al-Falah School of Engineering &Technology, Dhauj, Faridabad-21004 (Haryana)


AbstractThe electron impact excitation of Na atoms is important for modeling of low temperature Plasma and gases ofatom and molecules. There are many theoretical and experimental results for the first excited state but littleinformation is available for excitation of higher states. We are concerned with the ground state of the np levelof Sodium (Na) (n=3) to higher state. We present here the energy of many shells of Sodium (Na) atom alongwith other reliable published results. The data has been compared with available results. The excitation crosssection to the resonance level of Sodium has been shown. The scaled Born (PWBA) results are in very goodagreement with available results. It has been observed that a few high level results are satisfactory. Theexcitation to the further higher states results varies sharply.

Keywords: Excitation, Resonance, potassium, ionization potential, Genetic Programming, Collision, Scattering, Dipole Polarisation

1. Introduction

There is an increasing interest in the innershellexcitation of alkali and alkaline earth metals. TheFunction of distorted wave Born approximation nextto the Plane Wave Born Approximation (PWBA) isused. The Asymmertic Green FunctionApproximation (AGFA) integral with availableexperimental observation and other theoreticalresults are taken into consideration. The AGFAexhibits resonance behavior near threshold whereasPWBA is significantly different in nature qualitatively.The inner shell excitation plays very significant rolein explaining the structure observed in ionizationand total cross section by electron-impact .Therelation with automisation to the direct ionizationprocess is very significant in alkali like metal atomsWe have applied Asymptotic Green function usedfor lower and intermediate energy regions. PWBAis not valid in low and intermediate energy regionbut it is valid in high energy range. From the last

Invertis Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2013 ; pp. 6-10

four decades there has been much interest in theelectron atom collision process. The works remainconcentrated on the elastic collision; scattering andthe excitation of the lowest energy level. The totalcollision cross sections have been estimated bydifferent experimental groups. The classical modelof polarization was first used by Bierman et al [1]The origin of core polarization picture may be tracedeven to semi classical study of sodium atom byHeisenberg [2]. J Migdalek and W.E. Baylis [3]proposed to introduce cut off function directly intoexpression for the effective electric field E, producedby valance electron. The BE f scaled estimated resultof excitation of the resonance line of sodium hasbeen shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The convergent closecoupling (CCC) calculations of Bray [4] are in goodagreement with Phelps et al [5]. Their result showsthat optical excitation from higher level calculationtransition probability is in good agreement withexperimental results. Our results are in goodagreement with Enemark and Gallagher [6]. The

Three Dimensional Periodic Orbits Around the Collinear ....... Axis Symmetric Bodies

11

Three Dimensional Periodic Orbits Around the CollinearLiberation Points in the Restricted Problem when Both the

Primaries are Axis Symmetric Bodies

ANURAG1* and SANJAY JAIN2

1Guru Prem Shukh Memorial College of Engineering, Delhi2Ratan Institute of Technology, Palwal*E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract

Three dimensional periodic orbits around the collinear liberation points Li(i=1,2,3) in the restricted three bodyproblem has been studied when both the primaries (earth -moon) are axis symmetric bodies with one of theiraxes as axis of symmetry and equatorial planes coinciding with the plane of motion by taking different values ofsemi-axes of the axis symmetric bodies(earth-moon). With the help of predictor corrector method, we havecomputed the initial conditions by taking different values of the semi-axes of the axis symmetric bodies. Withthese initial conditions, we have drawn three dimensional periodic orbits in the different cases.

Key words : Axis symmetric body, collinear points, restricted three body, periodic orbits.

1. Introduction

In our previous paper [1], we have studied thethree dimensional periodic orbits around thecollinear liberation points in the restricted threebody problem by assuming the bigger primary asan axis symmetric rigid body with its equatorialplane coinciding with the plane of motion. In thispaper, we wish to generalize the earlier by takingboth the primaries as axis symmetric bodies viz.the earth-moon system. We continue theinvestigation using the value for µ=0.01215 for themass parameter of the problem. The numericalstudy presented here is based on the same methodand techniques as the investigations mentioned inearlier paper.

2. Equations of Motion

By adopting the notations and terminology ofSzebehely and taking the distance between the


primaries unity and the sum of the masses of theprimaries as one, unit of time is so chosen so as tomake gravitational constant G=1. Equations ofmotion of m3 in dimensionless variables and Cartesianform can be written as

(1)

where

2 ,xx ny− = Ω

2 ,Yy nx+ = Ω

,zz = Ω

2 ,Yy nx+ = Ω

2 2 2 2

1 2 1 25 3

1 1

2

1 1 25 3

1 2 1 2

2 2

1 2 15 5

2 2

1 3(1 ) (1 )( ) ( ) (2 )

2 2 2

(1 ) 3(1 )(2 )

2 2

3 3( ) ,

2 2

n x y yr r

zr r r r

y zr r

µ µσ σ σ σ

µ µ µ µσ σ σ

µ µσ σ σ

− −Ω = + − − + −

− − ′ ′+ + − + −

′ ′ ′− − −

A. Masood, M.U. Zuberi and M.M. Mohsin

16

Estimation of Breakdown Strength of Solid InsulatingMaterials in Ambient Medium

A. MASOOD, M.U. ZUBERI and M.M. MOHSINDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Z.H.College of Engineering and Technology

Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh - 202 002 (Uttar Pradesh)

Abstract

The objective of this research was to determine if a relationship could be found between dielectric strength andother properties of electrical insulating materials in ambient medium on an empirical basis by using variablespredicted by basic theory. A simple equation of the form E=A+Blog (ρv / ξr tanδ ) to predict the dielectricstrength of a solid insulating material in the ambient medium has been proposed using ASTM electrode system.The constant 'B' has been obtained as a function of thickness 't' of solid insulating materials. The equationrequires the values of volume resistivity ( v), relative permittivity (ξr) and loss tangent (tanδ), which may beobtained easily by low voltage non-destructive measurements. The values of electric strength calculated usingthis equation for Polyethylene, Fibre-glass, Leatheroid, Mica, Empire cloth, Kraft paper and Polyethylenecoated Leatheroid are quite in agreement with the experimentally measured values. It is expected that theequations obtained will help the designers as a handy tool for quick estimation of breakdown strength of soliddielectrics.

Key words : Breakdown strength, loss tangent, volume resistivity, relative permittivity, solid dielectrics, polyethylene, mica, empire cloth, kraft paper.

1. Introduction

The theory behind dielectric breakdown hasalways been to a great extent equal part ofspeculation, art and science. The interaction of fields,particles and atoms on a microscopic level is socomplex that exact quantum mechanical solution toall but the simplest atomic structure has beenimpossible [1,2]. A myriad of factors, which mightinfluence dielectric strength, could be listed andevaluated [3-5]. These include intrinsic materialproperties, a host of external environmental factorsand assorted test conditions that may exist.However, if the environmental factors and testconditions are kept constant the list can beshortened considerably. If this were the case, thena list of intrinsic material properties which mightaffect the dielectric strength such as relativepermittivity (ξr), loss tangent (tanδ), ionizationenergy (Ei), sample thickness (t), mobility of charge


carriers (μ), number of charge carriers (n), free pathamong molecules (λ) and free volume of the material(Vf) would result [6,7].

Out of the above parameters ξr, tanδ, and t canbe measured in a relatively straight forward manner.However, the others cannot be measured readily.

Mobility of charge carriers is very difficult todefine [8]. However, the volume resistivity (ρv)measurement can be used to determine μ throughthe equation ρv=1/neμ, if the number of chargecarriers are known.

The mean free path of a free electron in a materialis dependent upon the free volume of a material andthe molecular agitation within the material. Both ofthese are temperature dependent. The increase infree volume with temperature leads to an increasein the mean free path. However, the increased

Satish Prakash, R.K. Giri and Adesh

20

Rainfall and Convective Instability

SATISH PRAKASH1, R.K. GIRI2* and ADESH1

1Meerut College,Meerut - 250 004 (Uttar Pradesh)2India Meteorological Department, Lodhi Road, New Delhi -110 003


AbstractConvection and rainfall association is very old and sounding of the atmosphere either remote sensing orconventional methods can help to know the possibility of it. In this article author describes the brief about thevarious thermodynamic indices by conventional methods and utility of other tools like T-Phi gram to measurethe convective instability in the atmosphere. The Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) and ConvectiveInhibition Energy (CINE) of the year 2002 and 2006 obtained from radiosonde data (0000 and 1200 UTC) forDelhi and Chennai. The contrasting behavior of the South West Monsoon season with the help of CAPE andCINE is also highlighted.

Key words : Convective available potential energy, convective inhibition energy, instability, indices and T-phi gram.

1. Introduction

Convective precipitation is a major source oflatent heat and major forcing for general circulationof atmosphere. Global circulation is closelyassociated with the large scale precipitationanomalies, Rasmusson and Carpenter, [31]; Horeland Wallace, [18] and it is very important indiagnosing the behavior of global climate. Knowledgeof actual precipitation averaged over large area is ofpotentially great importance for general circulationmodels of climate, Mintz, [28]. The forecasting ofdeep convection involves four steps, Convey et al[7]: (a) Early warning of convection (b) theforecasting of convection (3) the detecting andidentifying convection and (4) the forecasting ofconvective evolution. Hence forecaster assesses thepotential instability in the environment as well aspossibility of the forcing mechanisms. Thesemechanisms are important to trigger theconvection. The various stability parametersdiscussed in this paper are primarily derived fromupper air sounding data. Numerical weatherprediction (NWP) model output helps in providinga clue to forecasting in different time and spatialdomain. For synoptic or meso scale weathersystems various stability parameters like convective


available potential energy (CAPE), convectiveinhibition energy (CIN), total-total index, humidityindex, deep convective index, K-index, surface liftedindex, upper level trough and short wave troughneed to be assessed for diagnosis. In this connectionvarious sources of data like satellite derived cloudtop temperature (CTT), satellite imageries in variousspectral bands like Infrared, Visible and Water vapor,imagery as well as temperature and moisture profiledata from Polar orbiting satellites and radar basedreflectivity, velocity spectrum etc are available.Upper air sounding thermodynamic diagram like T-Phi diagram is also operationally utilized daily invarious weather centers /departments. This diagramis used to see the areas of positive and negative areasof instability in the atmosphere. If the positive areais more than negative area then the air will be morepositively buoyant and responsible for the convectiveinstability or weather over the area. Figure 9 showsthe isopleths lines in tephigram (temperatureentropy diagram) which are very useful in diagnosingthe processes in the atmosphere. Various processesare also graphically represented by this diagram andvery useful in the diagnosing the convective activity.The information of thunder activity or icingphenomena is very dangerous activity for aviation.Downdraughts, therefore, can result in fatal

Mohammad Danish

32

Optimized Private Searching in World of Web

MOHAMMAD DANISHAl-Falah School of Engineering & Technology, Dhauj, Faridabad (Haryana)

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Encrypted search - performing queries on protected data - has been explored in the past; however, its inherentinefficiency has raised questions of practicality. Here, we focus on improving the performance and extendingits functionality enough to make it practical. We do this by optimizing the system, and by stepping back from thegoal of achieving maximal privacy guarantees in an encrypted search scenario and consider efficiency andfunctionality as priorities.

We design and analyze the privacy implications of two practical extensions applicable to any keyword-basedprivate search system. We evaluate their efficiency by building them on top of a private search system, calledSADS [1, 2]. Additionally, we improve SADS performance, privacy guaranties and functionality. The extendedSADS system offers improved efficiency parameters that meet practical usability requirements in a relaxedadversarial model. We present the experimental results and evaluate the performance of the system. We alsodemonstrate analytically that our scheme can meet the basic needs of a major hospital complex's admission'srecords. Overall, we achieve performance comparable to a simply configured MySQL database system.

Key words: SADS , query router, search.

1. Introduction

Encrypted search - querying of protected datahas come into the foreground with growing concernsabout security and privacy. There are many variantsof the problem that protect different things: thesearchable data, queries, participant identities, etc.Existing schemes also differ in their expectedoperational environment. The majority of encryptedsearch mechanisms are concerned with dataoutsourcing and to a lesser degree in data sharing.Data outsourcing [4] concerns the case where oneparty wants to store its encrypted data on anuntrusted server and be able to search it later. Datasharing involves one party who provides limitedsearch access to its database to another. Thesetwo settings require different privacy guarantees ofan encrypted search system; data outsourcing isnot concerned with protecting the data from thequeried, since he is the owner. Furthermore, specific


implementations may return different things (e.g.,number of matches, document identifiers, relatedcontent, etc.) or may differ in numbers ofparticipants, trust assumptions, anonymityrequirements [7], revocation of search capability andother areas. All of these factors affect performance.Choosing a different definition of "sufficient" privacycan greatly affect inherent cost. Making the rightchoice, in accordance with the actual, rather thantheoretical, threat model can lead to a veryfunctional system, rather than one that istheoretically perfect but unusably costly in practice.

In this paper we step back from absolute privacyguarantees in favor of efficiency and real-worldrequirements. These requirements include not justwhat may leak, but to whom; depending on theparticular practical setting there may be parties whoare at least partially trusted. Our goal is to describeand build systems that meet the privacy guarantees

The Relation between CMMI and Lean Software Development

39

The Relation between CMMI and Lean SoftwareDevelopment

JYOTI YADAV* and AMAN JATAINIT Department, ITM University, Gurgaon


AbstractAgile software development is a method of improving the effectiveness and performance of work processes.Everyone is practicing agile methodologies. Along with these, most of the organizations rely on process maturitymodels to assess and improve their own processes, since it has been getting clear that most project failures aredue to undisciplined processes. Many organizations demand cmmi compliance of projects where agile methodsare employed. This paper analyzes the interrelations and mutual restrictions between lean software developmentand approaches for software process analysis and improvement.

Key words : Agile, CMMI, lean, lean software development, process areas, maturity levels.

1. Introduction

In large organizations there are policies whichenforce that all parts of organization have to achievecertain maturity levels ( like those of CMMI). At thesame time, Lean software development is makingits way from manufacturing to software community.New approaches are offered by Lean softwaredevelopment to the existing challenges in softwaredevelopment. In this paper we would investigatethe relation between CMMI model and Leansoftware development.

2. Lean and Agile

Agile Work has borrowed heavily from Leanthinking and practices [2]. The best definition isgiven by National Institute of Standards andTechnology in the United States which defines leanas "a systematic approach to identifying andeliminating wastes (non-value added activities)through continuous improvement by flowing theproduct only when the customer needs it(called"pull") in pursuit of perfection."

The term, "lean", was first coined by John Krafcik.


3. Lean Software Development [1]

Bob Charette, the originator, writes that themeasurable goal of Lean development is to buildsoftware with one-third the human effort, one-thirdthe development hour and one-third the investmentas compared to what SEI CMM Level 3 organization

Fig. I. Steps of lean software development

S.M. Mustafa , N.U.K. Sherwani and Mini Walia

44

Women Empowerment and Entrepreneurship

S.M. MUSTAFA*, N.U.K. SHERWANI and MINI WALIADepartment of Commerce and Business Studies

Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi - 110 025*E-mail: [email protected]

AbstractEntrepreneurship has been indispensable factor contributing for development of many countries. It is dearth ofentrepreneurship, which has been foremost factor for backwardness of developing countries. Entrepreneurshiphas potential not only to increase the rate of growth but also solve many social, political problems and improvestandard of living. India also suffers from many such problems: like low growth rate, unemployment regionalimbalances, illiteracy, worsening social economic condition of women. Women constitutes almost 50% of totalpopulation of India. They suffer on various accounts socially, economically and politically. Entrepreneurship canbecome a powerful instrument to improve the condition of women. The paper attempts to analyzeEntrepreneurship as an instrument of economic empowerment of women. The main objective is to understandconcept of Entrepreneurship relevant to the issue, economic empowerment through Entrepreneurship, problemsand impediments in women Entrepreneurship and measures to remove them, role of government inempowerment of women, policy suggestions for the development of women entrepreneurship.

Key words: Women empowerment, entrepreneurship, income generation.

1. Introduction

It is noticeable that Entrepreneurshipdevelopment and empowerment arecomplementary to each other. Womenempowerment depends on taking part in variousdevelopment activities. In other words, theinvolvement of women in various entrepreneurialactivities has empowered them in social, economicand cultural fields.

When we speak about the term "WomenEntrepreneurship" we mean, an act of businessownership and business creation that empowerswomen economically, increases their economicstrength as well as position in the society.

2. Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneur

The term entrepreneurship concept has evolvedover a period of time. There are competiting


theories for it. Table 1 condenses all such importantapproaches.

For our purposes we define entrepreneurship:as a process of creating something different withvalue by devoting necessary time effort; assumingthe accompanying financial psychological and socialrisk and receiving the resulting rewards andmonetary satisfaction.

2.1 Characteristics of Entrepreneurship

This definition stresses four basic aspects ofentrepreneurship regardless of the field.

2.1.1 Entrepreneurship involves the creation process (creating something new of value)

The creation has to have value to theentrepreneur and value to the audience for which itis developed. This audience can be: (a) the marketof a buyers in the case of a business innovation; (b)the hospital's administration in the case of a newadmitting procedure and software; (c) prospectivestudents in the case of a new course or even college

Presently HOD, Department of Commerce and BusinessStudies, Al-Falah School of Engineering & Technology, Dhauj,Faridabad (Haryana).

Evalution of Excimer Lasers : A Review

53

Evalution of Excimer Lasers : A Review

N.R. DAS

Laser Science & Technology Centre, Metcalfe House, Delhi-110 054E-mail: [email protected]

AbstractThis paper reveals the latest emerging applications and trends of Excimer laser in industry. The widely knownareas of applications viz. material processing, engineering, metrology, scientific research, medical diagnosticstool, communications, holography and of course military applications are emphasized here. The most recentadvances in the application scenario like nano science and engineering are described elaborately. Among allindustrial lasers, Excimer lasers are becoming the most important and widely accepted tool to carry out variousapplications in the industry, specially in micromachining and marking applications. The paper describes adetailed theoretical case study of a small Excimer laser and its comparison with conventional Excimer laser.The various latest applications of small Excimer laser are also described here.

Key words : Nanoscience, carbon nanotubes, excimer laser, industrial applications.

1. Introduction

In 1965 the first industrial-laser processingsystem was installed by Raytheon Company at theBuffalo, N.Y plant of Western Electric Co. (now AT& T). The beam energy from a ruby laser was usedto drill holes in industrial diamonds to produce diesfor fine-wire drawing. From this modest start a vitaldynamic industry, currently producing multi billiondollars of industrial systems, evolved. The word'laser' is an acronym for 'Light Amplification byStimulated Emission of Radiation'. Laser radiation hasa number of unique properties - high intensity(power) of electromagnetic energy flux, highmonochromaticity and high spatial and temporalcoherence. Hence, laser radiation differs from othertypes of EM radiation in that it travels as a verynarrow focused high intensity beam. It is thisinherent property that is made use in almost all laserapplications.

The applications of lasers [1-6] have multipliedto such an extent that almost all aspects of our daily


lives are touched upon, albeit indirectly, by lasers.The widely known areas of applications are materialprocessing, engineering, metrology, scientificresearch, medical diagnostics tool, communications,holography and of course military applications. It isclearly impossible to give an exhaustive survey of allof these applications attempted worldwide. Theemphasis here has been to identify the importantemerging laser applications in novel areas of scienceand technology. Attempt has been made to highlightonly the most recent advances in the applicationscenario. There are plenty of commercial lasersavailable in the market viz. CO2 laser, Nd: YAG etc.Excimer lasers are becoming the most importantand widely accepted tool to carry out variousapplications in the industry, specially inmicromachining and marking applications.

It is for this reason, a typical case study of smallExcimer Laser application has been brought out.These are now the state of the art lasers because ofrelative ease of design, development, compactness,ease of operation and most of all efficient today for

61

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Guidelines for ContributorsInvertis Journal of Science & Technology is published by INVERTIS UNIVERSITY. The journal will initially have four issuesper year and include original full length papers, short communications of urgent interest as well as contemporary reviewarticles. Some issues of the journal may be based on specific themes. The contributions must add to new knowledgeor understanding of current topics of Science and Technology. Contributions will be refereed by members of EditorialBoard and other experts. Requirement for acceptance include originality, breadth of scope, careful documentation ofexperimental results, analysis and clarity of presentation.

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Figures - Figures should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in order of mention in the text; eachfigure should have a descriptive legend. Legends should be presented separately, double-spaced like the text.

Mathematical Expressions - Wherever possible, mathematical expressions should be typewritten, with subscriptsand superscripts clearly shown. It is helpful to identify unusual or ambiguous symbols in the margin when they firstoccur. To simplify typesetting, please use the "exp' form of complex exponential function and use fractional exponentsinstead of root signs. Equations must be displayed exactly as they should appear in print and numbered inparentheses placed at the right margin. Reference to equations in the text should use the form "Eq. (5)".

Tables - Tables should be typed on separate sheets, numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals, and have a shortdescriptive caption at the top. Extensive and/or complex tables must be typed carefully in the exact format desired.Computer printouts will normally be reproduced as illustrations. Tables should be placed together at the end ofthe manuscript.

References - Number references in the order in which they are cited in the text. Use Arabic numberswith square parentheses. Cite works in the reference list at the end according to the examples below. Abbreviationsfor the titles of journals should follow the system used by Chemical Abstract.

1. W. F. Bruce and L.F. Fieser, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60 (1938) 1017.

2. J.B. Birks, Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, Wiley Interscience, New York (1970) 225.

3. C.R. Tilford, New Developments in Barometric Range Pressure Standards, Proceedings ofNCSL Symp.,Washington D C, (1988) 35.1-35.15.

4. G. Klingenberg and H. Bauer, Final Report-CCM.V-K1 Metrologia, 41 (Techn. Suppl) 2004.

The editors and publisher of Invertis Journal of Science & Technology are not in anyway responsible for the viewsexpressed by the authors. The material published in IJST should not be reproduced or reprinted in any form, withoutthe prior written permission from the Editor/Publisher. A copyright transfer form has to be furnished by the authorsalongwith the corrected proof of their paper.

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Invertis Journal of Science & Technology Vol. 6 , No. 1 , January-March (2013)