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Introduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to Promote Health Equity Michigan Minority Health Coalition 2011 Patient Advocacy Leaders Summit Improving Quality in the Healthcare Reform Era: Innovative Healthcare Delivery Systems in Communities of Color Lansing, MI October 28 th 2011 Conference Health Equity Workshop Presentation by: Jason Reece Senior Researcher and Director of the Opportunity Communities Program The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & Ethnicity Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University [email protected]

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Page 1: Introduction to Mapping: Understanding the … Reese presentation.pdfIntroduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to Promote Health Equity Michigan

Introduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to 

Promote Health Equity 

Michigan Minority Health Coalition

2011 Patient Advocacy Leaders Summit

Improving Quality in the Healthcare Reform Era: 

Innovative Healthcare Delivery Systems in Communities of Color

Lansing, MI ‐ October 28th 2011

Conference Health Equity Workshop Presentation by:Jason ReeceSenior Researcher and Director of the Opportunity Communities ProgramThe Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & EthnicityMoritz College of Law, The Ohio State [email protected]

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Introductions

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♦Encourage a discussion – please stop me anytime to talk or raise questions, share experiences, use this as an opportunity to learn from each other

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The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & Ethnicity: 

♦ Our missionThe Kirwan Institute works to create a just and inclusive society where all people and communities have opportunity to succeed.

♦ Our visionWe envision a future in which the Institute’s work serves as a reliable and important lever to create opportunity for marginalized people and communities in the United States and around the world.

♦ Our workWorking locally, nationally and abroadWork in more than two dozen states in the past eight years

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Today’s Workshop (2 Parts)

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♦ Opportunity and Place – Disadvantage & PlaceSpace, Opportunity and Class, Race & Ethnicity

Understanding Place Based Systemic Disadvantage

• Principles

• Relationship to public health

Group exercise

♦ Opportunity mapping – Case studies in mapping for public health

• What is it? 

• What can it be used for?

• Advocacy and policy intervention applications

Group exercise

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Opportunity, Place, Class, Race & Ethnicity:

Principles of Place Based Systemic Disadvantage: Relationship to Public Health

Opportunity, Disadvantage & Place

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Opportunity

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“Biologists often talk about the “ecology” of an organism: the tallest oak in the forest is the tallest not just because it grew from the hardies acorn; it is the tallest also because no other trees blocked its sunlight, the soil around it was deep and rich, no rabbit chewed through its bark as a sapling, and no lumberjack cut it down before it matured. 

We all know that successful people come from hardy seeds. But do we know enough about the sunlight that warmed them, the soil in which they put down roots, and the rabbits and lumberjacks they were lucky enough to avoid?”

Malcolm Gladwell “Outliers”

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Our Conceptual Foundation:Access to Opportunity Matters

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♦ “Opportunity” is a situation or condition that places individuals in a position to be more likely to succeed or excel.

♦ Opportunity structures are critical to opening pathways to success:

High‐quality education

Healthy and safe environment

Stable housing

Sustainable employment

Political empowerment

Outlets for wealth‐building

Positive social networks

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Our Conceptual Foundation:We are all situated within structures & this influences outcomes & behaviors. 

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Outcomes

&

Behaviors

Social

Physical

Cultural

These structures interact in ways that produce outcomes for different groups, but also in ways that influence identity

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Our Conceptual Foundation: Place & Space Matters ‐ Our neighborhood environment is not neutral &  This impacts our life chances.

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♦ Five decades of research indicate that your environment has a profound impact on your access to opportunity and likelihood of success

♦ High poverty areas with poor employment, underperforming schools, distressed housing and public health/safety risks depress life outcomes

A system of disadvantageMany manifestations

• Urban, rural, suburban

♦ People of color are far more likely to live in opportunity deprived neighborhoods and communities

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Our Conceptual Foundation: Systemic Disadvantage is a structural phenomenon and is fueled by interaction between structuresOur understanding of opportunity has shifted with time….from a one‐ dimensional understanding…

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…to a multi‐dimensional understanding….

• Structural Inequality– Example: a Bird in a cage. 

Examining one bar cannot explain why a bird cannot fly. But multiple bars, arranged in specific ways, reinforce each other and trap the bird.

• One variable can explain why differential outcomes.

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Systemic Community Disadvantage: View from 1968

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♦ This finding from the 1968 Kerner Commission (“Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders”) is still compelling and applicable to the current challenges facing marginalized communities 

“…the single overriding cause of rioting in the cities was not any one thing commonly adduced – unemployment, lack of education, poverty, exploitation – but that it was all of those things and more…”

• Source: The Kerner Report. The 1968 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Introduction by Tom Wicker. Page xvii. 

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Systemic Community Disadvantage: View from 2008

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♦ This description is repeated nearly 40 years later in a recent study of concentrated poverty released by the U.S. Federal Reserve and The Brookings Institution: 

“Each of the headline issues examined in this chapter – schools and skills, housing, lack of mainstream investment, and limited community capacity – plays a role in perpetuating the disadvantage confronting these high‐poverty urban and rural areas today. Together, these issues entangle many high poverty communities in a Gordian knot….

• The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank. “The Enduring Challenge of Concentrated Poverty In America.”Produced by the U.S. Federal Reserve and The Brookings Institution. page 191. Accessible online at: http://www.frbsf.org/cpreport/#

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Communities of Disadvantage and Substance Abuse: From Singular to Systems

Factor Increasing Likelihood of 

Substance AbuseSubstance Abuse

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Communities of Disadvantage and Substance Abuse: Systemic Disadvantage

Concentrated and Intergenerational 

Poverty

Discrimination

Substance Abuse

Mass Incarceration

Community Crime & Victimization

Economic Marginalization

Family Instability

Other Physical and Mental 

Health Challenges

Chronic Stress

Educational Disadvantage

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Place, Substance Abuse & Incarceration: Systemic Feedback Loop

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♦ The risk and prevalence of substance abuse in distressed communities also relates and feeds into mass incarceration, prisoner re‐entry challenges and further marginalization

Dynamic systems: Creating a reinforcing “feedback loop”

Neighborhood Disadvantage

Social Stressors

Increased Risk for Substance Abuse

Increased Risk for Incarceration

Concentrated Prisoner Re‐Entry and 

Recidivism (Relapse)

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Community, Opportunity, Poverty & other Social Determinants of Health

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♦ A person’s health is strongly influenced by social determinants or the socioeconomic and environmental conditions in which they live

♦ Social & environmental determinants of health can include: 

resource limitations, social norms, exposure to crime, violence and social disorder, persistent or concentrated poverty, school quality, transportation barriers and segregation, the built environment, housing quality, neighborhood blight, exposure to toxins, air and water quality, and physical hazards.

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Health & Community

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Group Exercise/Discussion #1

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♦Discussion questions (10 to 15 minutes)How does place/neighborhood/community impact the health equity issues you work on? 

Are their “systems of disadvantage” impacting these issues (how does this impact responding to the issue)

♦Recap as a group

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Opportunity Mapping: Quantifying Systemic Neighborhood Disadvantage

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A Model of Intervention:

Communities of Opportunity & Opportunity Mapping

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Forming a New Narrative:The Opportunity Framework

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♦ Everyone should have fair access to the critical opportunity structures needed to succeed in life.

♦ Low Opportunity neighborhoods limit the development of human and social capital

♦ A Community of Opportunity approach can develop pathways that result in increased social and economic health, benefiting everyone

Looking at people, places and linkages• Linkages = building connections to areas of 

opportunity• Example: Opportunity based fair housing

Page 21: Introduction to Mapping: Understanding the … Reese presentation.pdfIntroduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to Promote Health Equity Michigan

People, Places and Linkages: Deliberate, coordinated, and regional investments in people, places, and linkages

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Communicating with Maps

♦ Why is a map an excellent visual tool to inform someone about an issue/problem or solution?

Maps are incredibly efficient, compacting volumes of data into single pictures that can be understood at a glance

• One map may contain tens of thousands of pieces of information than can be understood in seconds

A good map can enable you to tell a story or solve a problem

• Research has shown that people can solve problems faster with map based information, than by looking at charts, tables or graphs

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Page 23: Introduction to Mapping: Understanding the … Reese presentation.pdfIntroduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to Promote Health Equity Michigan

Still Requires Framing & Messages

♦ Using maps for advocacy still requires framing to have impactCommunicating information is not enough and sometimes can prove counter productive

♦ Examples of framing mapping communicationLinking narratives to structural problems

Showing relationships between barriers to opportunity and disparate outcomes

Understanding the geography of opportunity and how it relates to marginalized communities

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Social Capital & Engagement

♦ The importance of engagement and empowerment

“Too often we think that the sole forces shaping our cities and suburbs are impersonal market factors or technical expertise, forgetting that the most important aspects of our lives are often the outcome of other social, political, psychological, or spiritual dynamics.”

• ‐Carl Anthony, Breakthrough Communities: Sustainability and Justice in the Next American Metropolis

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Why use mapping to support community advocacy?

♦ Internal Capacity BuildingCreating a “common space” for dialogue and group learning

• To provide an entry point for starting consensus building or collaborative discussions among diverse stakeholders

• Developing collective narratives about “place”

To target resources and build internal capacity• To provide a local resource to identify areas of greatest need in communities and assess “gaps” where need is not being met by on‐going advocacy efforts, local initiatives, investments or policy initiatives. 

• To help build local organizational capacity in understanding opportunity challenges and needs

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Why use mapping to support community advocacy?

♦ External Capacity BuildingRaising awareness and accountability (building external capacity)

• To educate

• To raise attention and awareness

• To identify solutions to remedy barriers to opportunity

• To call for accountability from various powerful stakeholders

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Mapping Communities of Opportunity: * Visualizing & Understanding the system of disadvantage in a community. * Engaging the community around this process to understand intervention points and levers for change. 

Community Opportunity

Neighborhood Conditions & 

Health

Economic Opportunity

Educational Opportunity

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Page 28: Introduction to Mapping: Understanding the … Reese presentation.pdfIntroduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to Promote Health Equity Michigan

Previous Opportunity Mapping Projects• Chicago (2004) (Leadership Council for 

Metropolitan Open Communities)• Baltimore, MD (2005) (Thompson v. HUD –

MD ACLU)• New Orleans (2005)• Cleveland (2006) (Presidents Council of 

Cleveland)• Austin, TX (2007) (Green Doors)• African American Male Study (six region 

study) (2007) (W.K. Kellogg Foundation)– Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los 

Angeles, New York• Detroit, MI (2008) (MI Roundtable)• Massachusetts (2009) MA Law Reform 

Institute• Connecticut (2009) CT Fair Housing Center• New Orleans (2009) (Greater New Orleans 

Fair Housing Center)

• Miami, Jacksonville, Orlando and Tampa Bay, FL (2009) (Miami Workers Centers)

• State of Ohio (2010) State of Black Ohio Research Initiative

• Seattle, WA (2010) (Northwest Justice Project)

• Portland, OR (2010) (Urban League)• California (Multiple Sites) (2010) (The 

California Endowment)• Jacksonville, FL (2011) (The Jacksonville 

Children’s Commission)• San Francisco Bay Region (2011)• Merced County, CA (2011) (The California 

Endowment)• Gulf Coast of Mississippi (2011) (Gulf 

Regional Planning Commission)• Galveston, TX (2011)• Columbus, OH (2011) (Columbus Community 

Development Collaborative)

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Example of an Opportunity Map: Detroit MI

(Dark Areas = Most Opportunity Rich Communities)

(Light Areas = Most Opportunity Deprived Areas)

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Place & Neighborhoods: Significant Impact on Child Development, Health and Well Being

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Page 31: Introduction to Mapping: Understanding the … Reese presentation.pdfIntroduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to Promote Health Equity Michigan

Domains of Child Well‐Being (Simplified for this Analysis)

Child

Well‐Being

Neighborhood

Health and EnvironmentEducation

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Duval County, FL Case Study(Working with the Jacksonville 

Children’s Commission)

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Neighborhood indicators  Education and school related indicators 

Health and environmental indicators 

Neighborhood poverty rate Population on public assistance  Unemployment rate  Share of households headed by single parent Home ownership rate  Housing vacancy rates  Foreclosure rate Adult educational attainment Crime rates 

Free and reduced price lunch students Teacher qualification  Teacher experience Student/Teacher ratio  Test results (Math and Reading) Non‐promotion rate 

Children with diabetes, asthma, cancer Low birth weight babies  Teen births Access to healthcare facilities  Availability of healthcare professional  Access to affordable food  Exposure to toxic waste Access to parks and open spaces

 

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Neighborhood Opportunity Map and Race

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Outcomes: Engagement, Education & Communication

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Food Security in Coastal MS, Case Study

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Understanding Food Security in Mississippi

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Understanding ER Use – PICO Case Study on ER Use for Community Organizing

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♦ The health and healthcare system is a complex system— poverty, neighborhood & environmental conditions, and the public health delivery system are all implicated in health disparities. 

♦ To ground the complexity of the system, we are using emergency room visits as an indicator of a larger systemic issue.

i.e. we know the health care system is broken because people are relying on the ER for things that are not emergencies….The ER is their primary source of care

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Make Healthcare Work for Patients

Identify patients and barriers to healthcare

Direct concentrated wrap‐around 

services to those patients with 

doctors, nurses &social workers

Capture Savings!

Lower emergency room and hospital readmission rates 

Re‐invest savings in primary/preventative care services and other community health needs

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Kansas City’s Geography of Health Inequity

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Source: Map produced by and data derived from the Kansas City Health Department, 2010 

Community Health Assessment

28.7

30.8

27.7

44.4 44.3

35.5

25.8

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Premature Deaths

% of Deaths Prior to Age 65

Platte

Clay 01

Clay 02

Jackson 01

Jackson 02

Jackson 03

Jackson 04

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The Geography of Preventable ER Admissions and Poverty

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Building a Health Care Narrative Around ER Use

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♦ There is a geography of health inequity in Kansas City (with poor health outcomes concentrated in certain areas)

These areas also generate most of the ER admissions

• Especially for conditions that are associated with a lack of preventative health care

These areas also are communities with higher poverty, are more segregated and have fewer preventative health resources 

• for example: fewer primary care resources, as indicated in the map to the left

♦ What story does this tell?That the health care system is not working for these communities, to the detriment of all everyone in the regionThis entails a great cost and could indicate where resources could be redirected back to preventative community health needsIllustrates the need to better understand community and social determinants impacting health in these communities

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Mapping Opportunity to Move a Health Equity Agenda: Group Exercise/Discussion #2

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♦ Questions to discussHow can we better use data/mapping and visual learning to promote public health

• What stories are we trying to tell?

• How do we tell these stories in a compelling way?

How can we use mapping and data to build internal capacity and build relationships around an issue?

• What analysis do we need to better understand our issues?

How can we best utilize this visual form of communication and analysis to assure accountability and move decision makers and institutional powers?

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Mapping as Storytelling: Closing Thoughts

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♦ Questions to answer:How do maps help us tell the story about health disparities?

What information is missing?

What additional data do we need to gather to help tell this story?

Who should we be talking with?

♦ Next StepsGathering data, collecting stories, building a narrative to understand how to improve health equity and using that narrative to produce change

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Thank you!Final Thoughts & Resources

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Want to Learn More?Resources & Reference Materials

♦ Mapping for Social JusticeThe Kirwan Institute Study: 

• Utilizing GIS to Support Advocacy and Social Justice 

♦ More on Opportunity MappingThe Kirwan Institute Reports

• Communities of Opportunity: A Framework for an Equitable & Sustainable Future

• The Geography of Opportunity: A Review of Opportunity Mapping Research Initiatives

All Available on‐line at: kirwaninstitute.org

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Page 50: Introduction to Mapping: Understanding the … Reese presentation.pdfIntroduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to Promote Health Equity Michigan

Want to Learn More?Resources & Reference Materials

♦ Mapping & Advocacy – Two recent articles from Clearinghouse Review

Jason Reece and Eric Schultheis. Poverty’s Place: The Use of Geographic Information Systems in Poverty Advocacy. Clearinghouse Review Journal of Poverty Law and Policy. January‐February 2009. 

Maya Roy and Jason Reece. Poverty’s Place Revisited: Mapping for Justice & Democratizing Data to Combat Poverty. Clearinghouse Review Journal of Poverty Law and Policy. July/August 2010.

♦ To access, visit Clearinghouse Review at:www.povertylaw.org/clearinghouse‐review

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Page 51: Introduction to Mapping: Understanding the … Reese presentation.pdfIntroduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to Promote Health Equity Michigan

Want to Learn More?Resources & Reference Materials

♦ Mapping for Social JusticeThe Kirwan Institute Study: 

• Utilizing GIS to Support Advocacy and Social Justice 

♦ More on Opportunity MappingThe Kirwan Institute Reports

• Communities of Opportunity: A Framework for an Equitable & Sustainable Future

• The Geography of Opportunity: A Review of Opportunity Mapping Research Initiatives

All Available on‐line at: kirwaninstitute.org

51

Page 52: Introduction to Mapping: Understanding the … Reese presentation.pdfIntroduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to Promote Health Equity Michigan

Want to Learn More?Resources & Reference Materials

♦ Mapping & Advocacy – Two recent articles from Clearinghouse Review

Jason Reece and Eric Schultheis. Poverty’s Place: The Use of Geographic Information Systems in Poverty Advocacy. Clearinghouse Review Journal of Poverty Law and Policy. January‐February 2009. 

Maya Roy and Jason Reece. Poverty’s Place Revisited: Mapping for Justice & Democratizing Data to Combat Poverty. Clearinghouse Review Journal of Poverty Law and Policy. July/August 2010.

♦ To access, visit Clearinghouse Review at:www.povertylaw.org/clearinghouse‐review

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Page 53: Introduction to Mapping: Understanding the … Reese presentation.pdfIntroduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to Promote Health Equity Michigan

KirwanInstituteon:

www.race‐talk.org