Upload
others
View
14
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Introduction to Opportunity Mapping: Understanding the Geography of Opportunity to
Promote Health Equity
Michigan Minority Health Coalition
2011 Patient Advocacy Leaders Summit
Improving Quality in the Healthcare Reform Era:
Innovative Healthcare Delivery Systems in Communities of Color
Lansing, MI ‐ October 28th 2011
Conference Health Equity Workshop Presentation by:Jason ReeceSenior Researcher and Director of the Opportunity Communities ProgramThe Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & EthnicityMoritz College of Law, The Ohio State [email protected]
Introductions
2
♦Encourage a discussion – please stop me anytime to talk or raise questions, share experiences, use this as an opportunity to learn from each other
The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & Ethnicity:
♦ Our missionThe Kirwan Institute works to create a just and inclusive society where all people and communities have opportunity to succeed.
♦ Our visionWe envision a future in which the Institute’s work serves as a reliable and important lever to create opportunity for marginalized people and communities in the United States and around the world.
♦ Our workWorking locally, nationally and abroadWork in more than two dozen states in the past eight years
Today’s Workshop (2 Parts)
4
♦ Opportunity and Place – Disadvantage & PlaceSpace, Opportunity and Class, Race & Ethnicity
Understanding Place Based Systemic Disadvantage
• Principles
• Relationship to public health
Group exercise
♦ Opportunity mapping – Case studies in mapping for public health
• What is it?
• What can it be used for?
• Advocacy and policy intervention applications
Group exercise
Opportunity, Place, Class, Race & Ethnicity:
Principles of Place Based Systemic Disadvantage: Relationship to Public Health
Opportunity, Disadvantage & Place
5
Opportunity
6
“Biologists often talk about the “ecology” of an organism: the tallest oak in the forest is the tallest not just because it grew from the hardies acorn; it is the tallest also because no other trees blocked its sunlight, the soil around it was deep and rich, no rabbit chewed through its bark as a sapling, and no lumberjack cut it down before it matured.
We all know that successful people come from hardy seeds. But do we know enough about the sunlight that warmed them, the soil in which they put down roots, and the rabbits and lumberjacks they were lucky enough to avoid?”
Malcolm Gladwell “Outliers”
Our Conceptual Foundation:Access to Opportunity Matters
7
♦ “Opportunity” is a situation or condition that places individuals in a position to be more likely to succeed or excel.
♦ Opportunity structures are critical to opening pathways to success:
High‐quality education
Healthy and safe environment
Stable housing
Sustainable employment
Political empowerment
Outlets for wealth‐building
Positive social networks
Our Conceptual Foundation:We are all situated within structures & this influences outcomes & behaviors.
8
Outcomes
&
Behaviors
Social
Physical
Cultural
These structures interact in ways that produce outcomes for different groups, but also in ways that influence identity
9
Our Conceptual Foundation: Place & Space Matters ‐ Our neighborhood environment is not neutral & This impacts our life chances.
9
♦ Five decades of research indicate that your environment has a profound impact on your access to opportunity and likelihood of success
♦ High poverty areas with poor employment, underperforming schools, distressed housing and public health/safety risks depress life outcomes
A system of disadvantageMany manifestations
• Urban, rural, suburban
♦ People of color are far more likely to live in opportunity deprived neighborhoods and communities
Our Conceptual Foundation: Systemic Disadvantage is a structural phenomenon and is fueled by interaction between structuresOur understanding of opportunity has shifted with time….from a one‐ dimensional understanding…
10
…to a multi‐dimensional understanding….
• Structural Inequality– Example: a Bird in a cage.
Examining one bar cannot explain why a bird cannot fly. But multiple bars, arranged in specific ways, reinforce each other and trap the bird.
• One variable can explain why differential outcomes.
Systemic Community Disadvantage: View from 1968
11
♦ This finding from the 1968 Kerner Commission (“Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders”) is still compelling and applicable to the current challenges facing marginalized communities
“…the single overriding cause of rioting in the cities was not any one thing commonly adduced – unemployment, lack of education, poverty, exploitation – but that it was all of those things and more…”
• Source: The Kerner Report. The 1968 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Introduction by Tom Wicker. Page xvii.
Systemic Community Disadvantage: View from 2008
12
♦ This description is repeated nearly 40 years later in a recent study of concentrated poverty released by the U.S. Federal Reserve and The Brookings Institution:
“Each of the headline issues examined in this chapter – schools and skills, housing, lack of mainstream investment, and limited community capacity – plays a role in perpetuating the disadvantage confronting these high‐poverty urban and rural areas today. Together, these issues entangle many high poverty communities in a Gordian knot….
• The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank. “The Enduring Challenge of Concentrated Poverty In America.”Produced by the U.S. Federal Reserve and The Brookings Institution. page 191. Accessible online at: http://www.frbsf.org/cpreport/#
Communities of Disadvantage and Substance Abuse: From Singular to Systems
Factor Increasing Likelihood of
Substance AbuseSubstance Abuse
Communities of Disadvantage and Substance Abuse: Systemic Disadvantage
Concentrated and Intergenerational
Poverty
Discrimination
Substance Abuse
Mass Incarceration
Community Crime & Victimization
Economic Marginalization
Family Instability
Other Physical and Mental
Health Challenges
Chronic Stress
Educational Disadvantage
Place, Substance Abuse & Incarceration: Systemic Feedback Loop
15
♦ The risk and prevalence of substance abuse in distressed communities also relates and feeds into mass incarceration, prisoner re‐entry challenges and further marginalization
Dynamic systems: Creating a reinforcing “feedback loop”
Neighborhood Disadvantage
Social Stressors
Increased Risk for Substance Abuse
Increased Risk for Incarceration
Concentrated Prisoner Re‐Entry and
Recidivism (Relapse)
Community, Opportunity, Poverty & other Social Determinants of Health
16
♦ A person’s health is strongly influenced by social determinants or the socioeconomic and environmental conditions in which they live
♦ Social & environmental determinants of health can include:
resource limitations, social norms, exposure to crime, violence and social disorder, persistent or concentrated poverty, school quality, transportation barriers and segregation, the built environment, housing quality, neighborhood blight, exposure to toxins, air and water quality, and physical hazards.
Health & Community
Group Exercise/Discussion #1
18
♦Discussion questions (10 to 15 minutes)How does place/neighborhood/community impact the health equity issues you work on?
Are their “systems of disadvantage” impacting these issues (how does this impact responding to the issue)
♦Recap as a group
Opportunity Mapping: Quantifying Systemic Neighborhood Disadvantage
19
A Model of Intervention:
Communities of Opportunity & Opportunity Mapping
Forming a New Narrative:The Opportunity Framework
20
♦ Everyone should have fair access to the critical opportunity structures needed to succeed in life.
♦ Low Opportunity neighborhoods limit the development of human and social capital
♦ A Community of Opportunity approach can develop pathways that result in increased social and economic health, benefiting everyone
Looking at people, places and linkages• Linkages = building connections to areas of
opportunity• Example: Opportunity based fair housing
People, Places and Linkages: Deliberate, coordinated, and regional investments in people, places, and linkages
Communicating with Maps
♦ Why is a map an excellent visual tool to inform someone about an issue/problem or solution?
Maps are incredibly efficient, compacting volumes of data into single pictures that can be understood at a glance
• One map may contain tens of thousands of pieces of information than can be understood in seconds
A good map can enable you to tell a story or solve a problem
• Research has shown that people can solve problems faster with map based information, than by looking at charts, tables or graphs
22
Still Requires Framing & Messages
♦ Using maps for advocacy still requires framing to have impactCommunicating information is not enough and sometimes can prove counter productive
♦ Examples of framing mapping communicationLinking narratives to structural problems
Showing relationships between barriers to opportunity and disparate outcomes
Understanding the geography of opportunity and how it relates to marginalized communities
Social Capital & Engagement
♦ The importance of engagement and empowerment
“Too often we think that the sole forces shaping our cities and suburbs are impersonal market factors or technical expertise, forgetting that the most important aspects of our lives are often the outcome of other social, political, psychological, or spiritual dynamics.”
• ‐Carl Anthony, Breakthrough Communities: Sustainability and Justice in the Next American Metropolis
Why use mapping to support community advocacy?
♦ Internal Capacity BuildingCreating a “common space” for dialogue and group learning
• To provide an entry point for starting consensus building or collaborative discussions among diverse stakeholders
• Developing collective narratives about “place”
To target resources and build internal capacity• To provide a local resource to identify areas of greatest need in communities and assess “gaps” where need is not being met by on‐going advocacy efforts, local initiatives, investments or policy initiatives.
• To help build local organizational capacity in understanding opportunity challenges and needs
Why use mapping to support community advocacy?
♦ External Capacity BuildingRaising awareness and accountability (building external capacity)
• To educate
• To raise attention and awareness
• To identify solutions to remedy barriers to opportunity
• To call for accountability from various powerful stakeholders
Mapping Communities of Opportunity: * Visualizing & Understanding the system of disadvantage in a community. * Engaging the community around this process to understand intervention points and levers for change.
Community Opportunity
Neighborhood Conditions &
Health
Economic Opportunity
Educational Opportunity
27
Previous Opportunity Mapping Projects• Chicago (2004) (Leadership Council for
Metropolitan Open Communities)• Baltimore, MD (2005) (Thompson v. HUD –
MD ACLU)• New Orleans (2005)• Cleveland (2006) (Presidents Council of
Cleveland)• Austin, TX (2007) (Green Doors)• African American Male Study (six region
study) (2007) (W.K. Kellogg Foundation)– Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los
Angeles, New York• Detroit, MI (2008) (MI Roundtable)• Massachusetts (2009) MA Law Reform
Institute• Connecticut (2009) CT Fair Housing Center• New Orleans (2009) (Greater New Orleans
Fair Housing Center)
• Miami, Jacksonville, Orlando and Tampa Bay, FL (2009) (Miami Workers Centers)
• State of Ohio (2010) State of Black Ohio Research Initiative
• Seattle, WA (2010) (Northwest Justice Project)
• Portland, OR (2010) (Urban League)• California (Multiple Sites) (2010) (The
California Endowment)• Jacksonville, FL (2011) (The Jacksonville
Children’s Commission)• San Francisco Bay Region (2011)• Merced County, CA (2011) (The California
Endowment)• Gulf Coast of Mississippi (2011) (Gulf
Regional Planning Commission)• Galveston, TX (2011)• Columbus, OH (2011) (Columbus Community
Development Collaborative)
29
Example of an Opportunity Map: Detroit MI
(Dark Areas = Most Opportunity Rich Communities)
(Light Areas = Most Opportunity Deprived Areas)
Place & Neighborhoods: Significant Impact on Child Development, Health and Well Being
30
Domains of Child Well‐Being (Simplified for this Analysis)
Child
Well‐Being
Neighborhood
Health and EnvironmentEducation
Duval County, FL Case Study(Working with the Jacksonville
Children’s Commission)
32
Neighborhood indicators Education and school related indicators
Health and environmental indicators
Neighborhood poverty rate Population on public assistance Unemployment rate Share of households headed by single parent Home ownership rate Housing vacancy rates Foreclosure rate Adult educational attainment Crime rates
Free and reduced price lunch students Teacher qualification Teacher experience Student/Teacher ratio Test results (Math and Reading) Non‐promotion rate
Children with diabetes, asthma, cancer Low birth weight babies Teen births Access to healthcare facilities Availability of healthcare professional Access to affordable food Exposure to toxic waste Access to parks and open spaces
Neighborhood Opportunity Map and Race
Outcomes: Engagement, Education & Communication
Food Security in Coastal MS, Case Study
37
Understanding Food Security in Mississippi
38
39
Understanding ER Use – PICO Case Study on ER Use for Community Organizing
40
♦ The health and healthcare system is a complex system— poverty, neighborhood & environmental conditions, and the public health delivery system are all implicated in health disparities.
♦ To ground the complexity of the system, we are using emergency room visits as an indicator of a larger systemic issue.
i.e. we know the health care system is broken because people are relying on the ER for things that are not emergencies….The ER is their primary source of care
Make Healthcare Work for Patients
Identify patients and barriers to healthcare
Direct concentrated wrap‐around
services to those patients with
doctors, nurses &social workers
Capture Savings!
Lower emergency room and hospital readmission rates
Re‐invest savings in primary/preventative care services and other community health needs
Kansas City’s Geography of Health Inequity
42
Source: Map produced by and data derived from the Kansas City Health Department, 2010
Community Health Assessment
28.7
30.8
27.7
44.4 44.3
35.5
25.8
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Premature Deaths
% of Deaths Prior to Age 65
Platte
Clay 01
Clay 02
Jackson 01
Jackson 02
Jackson 03
Jackson 04
43
The Geography of Preventable ER Admissions and Poverty
44
Building a Health Care Narrative Around ER Use
45
♦ There is a geography of health inequity in Kansas City (with poor health outcomes concentrated in certain areas)
These areas also generate most of the ER admissions
• Especially for conditions that are associated with a lack of preventative health care
These areas also are communities with higher poverty, are more segregated and have fewer preventative health resources
• for example: fewer primary care resources, as indicated in the map to the left
♦ What story does this tell?That the health care system is not working for these communities, to the detriment of all everyone in the regionThis entails a great cost and could indicate where resources could be redirected back to preventative community health needsIllustrates the need to better understand community and social determinants impacting health in these communities
Mapping Opportunity to Move a Health Equity Agenda: Group Exercise/Discussion #2
46
♦ Questions to discussHow can we better use data/mapping and visual learning to promote public health
• What stories are we trying to tell?
• How do we tell these stories in a compelling way?
How can we use mapping and data to build internal capacity and build relationships around an issue?
• What analysis do we need to better understand our issues?
How can we best utilize this visual form of communication and analysis to assure accountability and move decision makers and institutional powers?
Mapping as Storytelling: Closing Thoughts
47
♦ Questions to answer:How do maps help us tell the story about health disparities?
What information is missing?
What additional data do we need to gather to help tell this story?
Who should we be talking with?
♦ Next StepsGathering data, collecting stories, building a narrative to understand how to improve health equity and using that narrative to produce change
Thank you!Final Thoughts & Resources
48
Want to Learn More?Resources & Reference Materials
♦ Mapping for Social JusticeThe Kirwan Institute Study:
• Utilizing GIS to Support Advocacy and Social Justice
♦ More on Opportunity MappingThe Kirwan Institute Reports
• Communities of Opportunity: A Framework for an Equitable & Sustainable Future
• The Geography of Opportunity: A Review of Opportunity Mapping Research Initiatives
All Available on‐line at: kirwaninstitute.org
49
Want to Learn More?Resources & Reference Materials
♦ Mapping & Advocacy – Two recent articles from Clearinghouse Review
Jason Reece and Eric Schultheis. Poverty’s Place: The Use of Geographic Information Systems in Poverty Advocacy. Clearinghouse Review Journal of Poverty Law and Policy. January‐February 2009.
Maya Roy and Jason Reece. Poverty’s Place Revisited: Mapping for Justice & Democratizing Data to Combat Poverty. Clearinghouse Review Journal of Poverty Law and Policy. July/August 2010.
♦ To access, visit Clearinghouse Review at:www.povertylaw.org/clearinghouse‐review
50
Want to Learn More?Resources & Reference Materials
♦ Mapping for Social JusticeThe Kirwan Institute Study:
• Utilizing GIS to Support Advocacy and Social Justice
♦ More on Opportunity MappingThe Kirwan Institute Reports
• Communities of Opportunity: A Framework for an Equitable & Sustainable Future
• The Geography of Opportunity: A Review of Opportunity Mapping Research Initiatives
All Available on‐line at: kirwaninstitute.org
51
Want to Learn More?Resources & Reference Materials
♦ Mapping & Advocacy – Two recent articles from Clearinghouse Review
Jason Reece and Eric Schultheis. Poverty’s Place: The Use of Geographic Information Systems in Poverty Advocacy. Clearinghouse Review Journal of Poverty Law and Policy. January‐February 2009.
Maya Roy and Jason Reece. Poverty’s Place Revisited: Mapping for Justice & Democratizing Data to Combat Poverty. Clearinghouse Review Journal of Poverty Law and Policy. July/August 2010.
♦ To access, visit Clearinghouse Review at:www.povertylaw.org/clearinghouse‐review
52
KirwanInstituteon:
www.race‐talk.org