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Mapping Opportunityfor Advocacy and Social Justice
Jason ReeceSenior Research [email protected]
Matthew MartinResearch [email protected]
Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and EthnicityThe Ohio State University
CRP 608- Winter Quarter, 2011January 18, 2011
Overview
• Use of mapping in our work• Opportunity mapping:
• Assumptions • Methodology • Examples
• Applications and Impact
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Space and Social Equity
Racial and social inequities are often manifested spatially
Local issues tend to have a regional scope and variation e.g. school performance, housing vacancy◦ Maps are naturally the best tools to display this spatial
phenomena◦ Maps give us the opportunity to look at our entire regions or
states Informing people about an issue at a scale they may not usually
think of linking communities sharing similar problems
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Why use maps?
Maps are incredibly efficient
compacting volumes of data
ability to convey information in seconds
tell a story or solve a problem
Provide spatial reference Shared sense of value Builds mutual trust
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Columbus Neighborhoods: 2006 Foreclosures
About Our Work
Emphasis on how systems work to produce inequity◦ How do multiple issues interact to either depress or uplift certain
populations or communities?◦ What can we do to “strategically intervene” and improve
outcomes for marginalized communities
Extensive use of GIS/mapping in our work◦ Inequity has a geographic footprint◦ Leverage points sometimes geographic in scope◦ Maps powerful for tools for Research Designing policy/programming Communicating research/issues to the public and other
stakeholders
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Using Maps for Advocacy
In our work we see mapping as serving these primary advocacy goals◦AnalysisExisting conditions, spatial trends, scenarios, optimization etc.
◦StorytellingA narrative◦ Legal Evidence Liability, disparate impactRemedy
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Analytical Examples
Are hospital investments benefiting communities of color? (Columbus)
Are job growth areas connected to transit? (Baltimore)
Is the distribution of subsidized housing units affirmatively furthering fair housing? (Baltimore)
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Hospital Investments and African American
neighborhoodsColumbus
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Health EquityResearch
Franklin County, OH Health Investment Disparity
Spatial Mismatch
Percent Change in Jobs
30 - 66.6
15 - 30
5 - 15
0 - 5
Job Loss
Recent Job Growth 98-02 and Public Transitin the Baltimore Region
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Job Growth & PublicTransit in Baltimore
Narratives Examples
Foreclosures in African American neighborhoods are due to subprime lending patterns (Cleveland)
What if Montclair, NJ schools returned to neighborhood school system?
Were Stimulus investments made in communities that were most impacted by the recession (Florida)?
Affordable housing is scarce in areas with access to quality education and employment opportunities.
How have historic redlining practices affected today’s opportunity landscape (Portland)?
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Race and Subprime Lending11
Maps: Produced and adapted from Charles Bromley, SAGES Presidential Fellow, Case Western University
Cleveland MSA Subprime Loans: 2005
Race and Foreclosure
Maps: Produced and adapted from Charles Bromley, SAGES Presidential
Fellow, Case Western University
Cleveland MSA Foreclosures: 2006
Montclair School District, NJ
Opportunity & Recovery
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Historic Redlining Practices and
Access to Opportunity in
2010
Redlining & Opportunity
Opportunity Mapping:Combining Analysis with a Strong Narrative
Research tool to◦ understand the dynamics of “opportunity” within
metropolitan areas◦ illustrate where opportunity rich communities exist
(and assess who has access to these communities) ◦ understand what needs to be remedied in opportunity
poor communities Based on Kirwan Institute’s “Communities of
Opportunity” framework
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The Communities of Opportunity Approach
Everyone should have fair access to the critical opportunity structures needed to succeed in life.
Low Opportunity neighborhoods limit the development of human capital.
A Community of Opportunity approach can develop pathways that result in increased social and economic health, benefiting everyone.
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Communities of Opportunity Primer18
Opportunity Matters: Space, Place, and Life Outcomes
“Opportunity” is a situation or condition that places individuals in a position to be more likely to succeed or excel.
Opportunity structures are critical to opening pathways to success:◦ High-quality education◦ Healthy and safe environment◦ Stable housing◦ Sustainable employment◦ Political empowerment◦ Outlets for wealth-building◦ Positive social networks
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Space and Opportunity
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Redlining maps (Hartford, CT)21
Some people ride the “Up” escalator to reach opportunity.
Others have to run up the “Down” escalator to get
there.22
Mapping Opportunity:Why and How
The Communities of Opportunity framework is inherently spatial ◦ Inequality has a geographic footprint
◦ Maps can visually track the history and presence of discriminatory and exclusionary policies that spatially segregate people
◦ Identifying places with gaps in opportunity can help direct future investment and identify structures which impede access to opportunity
The model uses state-of-the-art GIS and extensive data sets to analyze the distribution of opportunity in our metro regions
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Opportunity Mapping Model
A refined model to depict spatial pattern of opportunity◦ Identifying indicators as proxy for opportunity◦ Supported by social science literature◦ Data easily available◦ Index based approach compresses multi-factors to an index
Model is a good communications tool to work with communities
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The Geography of Opportunity25
Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Methods and Indicators
How do you map opportunity? ◦ Data representing community conditions is gathered for
neighborhood (census tracts) across the state or region Aggregated to the Census Tract level Analyzed to create a comprehensive opportunity index for the region
◦ The opportunity index is then mapped and census tracts are broken into quintiles based on their opportunity score Very Low, Low, Moderate, High, Very High
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Massachusetts Opportunity Mapping, Boston area
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Opportunity Analysis
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Redlining: 1937 to 2009
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African American men are isolated from
neighborhoods of opportunity in Detroit
Detroit Opportunity and Race31
Low opportunity neighborhoods have
higher number of linguistically
isolated households
Austin Opportunity and Linguistic Isolation
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Applications
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Building A Fair FloridaA Study of Opportunity and Recovery
Pre-Conference WorkshopMarch 11, 2010
Recession and Recovery
What does Florida’s opportunity landscape look like?
What communities in Florida have been impacted the most by the recession?
What’s happening with the resources from The Recovery Act (ARRA)?
Are jobs being created in Florida’s hard-hit communities?
What’s being done about the housing crisis?
Build A Fair Florida
Phase 1: A call for transparency, tracking, and accountability (September 2009)
Phase 2: Analysis of the opportunity landscape and the effects of the recession (October 2009)
Phase 3: A study of ARRA contract procurement and job creation (January 2010)
Phase 4: Reviewing the neighborhood stabilization program and the Federal response to the housing crisis (May 2010)
Opportunity Mapping
A study of the opportunity status of key regions in Florida◦ Miami◦ Tampa ◦ Orlando◦ Jacksonville
Preparatory analysis for ARRA resource allocation research and advocacy efforts◦ What places and have the greatest
need for investment?◦ What people and have the greatest
need for investment?◦ What elements of success need the
most investment? Education, Housing,
Transportation, Employment, etc.? Phase 2 Report
Mapping Opportunity
Education◦ Math & Reading Scores◦ Graduation Rates◦ Student Poverty◦ Teacher Qualifications◦ Educational Attainment
Economics & Mobility◦ Jobs & Job Change◦ % on Public Assistance◦ Unemployment Rates◦ Mean Commute Time◦ Business Vacancy Rates
Housing & Neighborhoods◦ Home Ownership Rates◦ Residential Vacancy Rates◦ Median Home Values◦ Poverty Rates◦ Proximity to Hazardous Sites
Layers of Opportunity
Economics & Mobility
Education
Housing & Neighborhoods
Comprehensive
Visualizing the Opportunity Model
Opportunity & Subsidized Housing
JacksonvilleMiami
Opportunity & Foreclosure
Jacksonville
Orlando
Opportunity & Race
Tampa-St. Petersburg
Orlando
Race and Low Opportunity
Low Opportunity and Race
Housing and Low Opportunity
Percentage of Subprime Loans per Opportunity Area by Region
Phase 2 Conclusions
Assuring a Fair and Equitable Recovery◦ Data Collection, Tracking, and Transparency◦ Targeted, Equitable Reinvestment for Hard-Hit Communities◦ Assuring Jobs Reach Those in Greatest Need
Creating Pathways to Opportunity◦ Community of Opportunity Model: Opening the “Levers” of
Opportunity◦ People, Places, and Linkages
Equitable and Sustainable Fiscal and Economic Policy◦ Reforming the State Tax Structure◦ High Road Economic Development: Not a continuation of policies
that encourage unsustainable growth and low-wage job creation
ARRA Jobs & Contracting
Measuring the Employment Impact of ARRA◦ Who has been most impacted by rising
unemployment?◦ Is ARRA creating jobs in hard-hit
communities?◦ What industries or programs are
experiencing success?
Is ARRA Contract Procurement Equitable?◦ Are minority-owned firms receiving
Federal and State contracts?◦ Are procurement goals being met?
Phase 3 Report
Race and Unemployment
Change in Florida Unemployment Rate by Race
Jobless Recovery?
Marginal Overall Impact Saved Over 20,000
Education Jobs Transportation Projects
Maintain Employment Status Quo
Potential Weatherization Job Growth
Florida 2009 Employment by Month
ARRA Investment & Jobs
Miami
Tampa-St. Petersburg
ARRA Contract Procurement
Share of Federal Contracts by Type of Firm
FDOT Projects: DBE Participation by District
FDOT ARRA Construction Projects
Opportunity & ARRA Projects
Phase 3 Conclusions
Improve Tracking of ARRA Spending◦ Track recipients of jobs created with ARRA funding by demographics
and job quality◦ Require reporting by all sub-contractors down to end-user◦ Report the percent of state and local transportation contracts that go
to Black, Latino, and Women-owned enterprises Increase Small & Minority Business Participation◦ Unbundle large contracts for small businesses◦ Set specific DBE participation goals for the construction industry,
and actively recruit African American-owned businesses into this sector
Ensure That Disadvantaged Communities Get Jobs◦ Use first source hiring to make sure local communities get jobs◦ Require recipients of ARRA funding to use apprentices or on-the-job
trainees◦ Utilize bonding to increase employment opportunities for ex-
offenders
Phase 4 Research
Are Federal programs helping to alleviate Florida’s housing crisis?
How are NSP funds being used to alleviate Florida’s housing crisis?
Is NSP helping to stabilize Florida’s rental housing markets?
Is NSP helping to create jobs in Florida’s hard-hit communities?
Impact
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Thompson v. HUD
Opportunity mapping in the Baltimore region was conducted as part of the Thompson v. HUD fair housing litigation◦ Plaintiffs used opportunity mapping to frame their
remedial proposal, in response to a liability ruling that found the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in violation of the Fair Housing Act ◦ The plaintiffs have proposed establishing 7,000
affordable housing units in the region’s high-opportunity communities, available to volunteers who wish to relocate out of the City of Baltimore’s public housing
Thompson v. HUD
Fair housing Litigation in Baltimore◦ brought on behalf of 14,000 African-American
residents of public housing◦ in response to history of racial segregation of public
housing ◦ Represented by Maryland ACLU and NAACP Legal
Defense Fund US District Court of Maryland, Judge Marvin
Garbis◦ Began in 1995…judge issued liability ruling in 2005 found HUD liable for violating the federal Fair Housing Act
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Opportunity Mapping in Baltimore
Use of 14 indicators of neighborhood opportunity to designate high and low opportunity neighborhoods in the Baltimore region
Indicators of Opportunity (General)◦ Neighborhood Quality/Health Poverty, Crime, Vacancy, Property
Values, Population Trends◦ Economic Opportunity Proximity to Jobs and Job Changes,
Public Transit◦ Educational Opportunity School Poverty, School Test Scores,
Teacher Qualifications
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Opportunity and Housing
Subsidized housing opportunities in Baltimore are generally clustered in the region’s lowest opportunity neighborhoods
Subsidized housing as a way of connecting people to opportunity
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Impacts
Outside of the litigation, the opportunity maps have been used in a variety of ways◦ Program evaluation and planning Monitoring partial consent decree program
◦ Identifying Opportunities/Challenges Assessing opportunities/challenges related to the foreclosure crisis
◦ Regional housing advocacy Baltimore Regional Housing Coalition
◦ Research Tracking outcomes for families who move to high opportunity areas
(John Hopkins)
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MA Legal Services and Opportunity Communities
Background on this project◦ Originated from effort to incorporate
mapping analysis into legal services Partners◦ Massachusetts Law Reform Institute,
MA Legal Assistance Corp (foundation) and other Legal Services Entities◦ Year long process of meeting with
stakeholders to understand mapping needs and issues◦ Training with service providers &
agencies (using mapping for programming)
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Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Methods and Indicators
Three areas of opportunity were analyzed using GIS mapping capability:◦ Education Quality and
Opportunity◦ Economic Health and
Transportation◦ Neighborhood
Stability and Health
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Impact
Program design and use within the legal services◦ New programming – proposed “Adopt A Zip Code” program◦ Use in exploring client concerns/challenges◦ Use in litigation (National Consumer Law Center)◦ Internal use by funder (MLAC)
Direct advocacy◦ State opportunity impact assessment (proposed)◦ Dissemination among state agencies
State level program design (public sector)◦ New $5 million state affordable housing program, targeted to
high opportunity communities◦ Implementation still unfolding
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Work in progress
National Opportunity Mapping Web-based Opportunity mapping
Comparison
Orlando: National Opportunity ContextOrlando: Florida Opportunity Context
Web-based mapping
Online interactive maps ◦ ArcGIS Server Baltimore Foreclosures
(http://www.kirwaninstitute.org/connect/baltimore.html)◦ Open source Austin Opportunity Mapping
(http://www.gis.osu.edu/webgis-projects/opportunity/index.html)
Concluding Thoughts
What is this information/approach useful for?◦ Diagnostics and targeted investments◦ Identifying areas of opportunity and challenges Opportunities◦ Opportunities for investment Targeting services better, targeting programs
Challenges◦ E.g. Foreclosure patterns
◦ Looking at broader policy issues and concern◦ Communications – using maps to illustrate areas of concern,
areas of opportunity, broader community discussions
Thank you!For questions, comments or for more information: www.kirwaninstitute.orgor e-mail us at [email protected] or [email protected]
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