Introduction to Engineering and Technology Concepts

Unit Nine

Chapter 3 – Course Review

Instructions for Success:

• This review is intended for you to follow along in your notebook.

• Material covered in this extensive review will be included on the final exam.

• Good luck!

Objective

• Students will review key concepts of the Introduction to Engineering and Technology Advanced Path course in preparation for the final exam.

Mindjog!

• On your worksheet, please respond to the following question: 

• “Remembering everything that you have learned, please redefine the term technology.”

Unit Review

Definition of Technology

• Technology – humans using objects to change the natural and manmade environment (Wright, 2004) .

• All technology has FOUR basic features (Wright, 2004) .

Four Features of Technology

• Technology is human knowledge.

• Technology uses tools, materials, and systems.

• Any application of technology results in artifacts and other outputs.

• Technology is developed by people to modify or control the environment (Wright, 2004).

Other Outputs?

• On the last slide, it was stated that one of the features of technology is the result of other outputs.

• What does this mean?

• First, if artifacts are human-made things, then the other outputs are the leftovers.

• These outputs can include things like pollution and scrap (Wright, 2004).

Technology’s Evolution

• We have already established that technology is dynamic.

• The earliest piece of technology has been around as long as humanity has walked this Earth – 2.5 million years ago! (Wright, 2004).

• Can you guess what it is?

• The first piece of technology was A ROCK!

Technology’s Evolution (continued)

• How is a rock a piece of technology?

• While not manmade, a rock makes our life easier.

• Technology can also be defined as anything that makes a human’s life easier.

• Our decedents used this early technology for cutting and pounding (Wright, 2004).

The Timeline

• The evolution of technology can be divided up into seven “ages.” They are:

• The Stone Age• The Bronze Age• The Iron Age• The Middle Ages• Renaissance• The Industrial Revolution• The Information Age (Wright, 2004).

The System Components

• All technological systems are made up of several components. They include:

• Goals

• Inputs

• Processes

• Outputs• Feedback and Control (Wright, 2004)

Processes

• All technological systems are characterized by some sort of action.

• The steps in these actions are called a process.process.

• Tech systems use three types of Tech systems use three types of processes:processes:

• Problem solving, production, and Problem solving, production, and management processes management processes (Wright, 2004).(Wright, 2004).

Processes (continued)

• The The problem solving process is similar to the is similar to the scientific method and can be broken down into scientific method and can be broken down into steps:steps:

• Identifying a problemIdentifying a problem• Developing potential solutions Developing potential solutions • Isolating, refining, and detailing the best Isolating, refining, and detailing the best

solutionsolution• Modeling/testing and evaluating the solutionModeling/testing and evaluating the solution• Communicating the final solution Communicating the final solution (Wright, 2004).(Wright, 2004).

Processes (continued)

• The The production process are the actions that are the actions that are completed to perform the function of the are completed to perform the function of the technological system.technological system.

• This can be something as basic as a set of This can be something as basic as a set of instructions to complete a specific task, like instructions to complete a specific task, like building something building something (Wright, 2004)(Wright, 2004)..

Processes (continued)

• The The management process are all of the actions are all of the actions people use to ensure that the production people use to ensure that the production processes operates efficiently and appropriately.processes operates efficiently and appropriately.

• Management uses four basic steps:Management uses four basic steps:• Planning – setting goals and different courses of Planning – setting goals and different courses of

actionaction• Organizing – diving tasks into segmentsOrganizing – diving tasks into segments• Actuating – assigning and supervising workActuating – assigning and supervising work• Controlling – comparing system output to the goal Controlling – comparing system output to the goal

(Wright, 2004)(Wright, 2004)

Dynamic Technologies

• It has already been stated that technology is dynamic; constantly changing.

• For example, what was once the telegraph has become the cell phone.

• Technology can be said to have three “Levels of Development:”

• Obsolete• Current• Emerging (Wright, 2004)

Obsolete Technologies

• Consider that certain technologies go through a period of evolution.

• Think in terms of the printing press, the typewriter, the computer, and now the laptop. Most people no longer have a typewriter in their homes because it is, for the most part, obsolete.

• While the typewriter might work just fine, it is not efficient enough for humanities’ current needs.

• Obsolete technologies are those that can no longer efficiently meet human needs for products and services (Wright, 2004).

Current Technologies

• Current technologies are the artifacts that you see around you everyday.

• They are currently efficient enough to meet humanity's needs.

• Think about cars, mp3 players, cell phones, microwaves, etc. These are all current.

• Current Technologies include the range of techniques used to produce most of the products and services today (Wright, 2004).

Emerging Technologies

• Emerging Technologies are the new technologies that are not widely employed today (Wright, 2004).

• Emerging Technologies posses of chance of becoming mainstream as time passes.

• There was a time before the internet, the computer, television, and radio. During this time these ideas were considered, “high tech.”

• As needs, desires, and costs changed, these “high tech” artifacts found their way into our everyday lives.

Unit Review

Processes Review

• The The problem solving process is similar to the is similar to the scientific method and can be broken down into scientific method and can be broken down into steps:steps:

• Identifying a problemIdentifying a problem• Developing potential solutions Developing potential solutions • Isolating, refining, and detailing the best Isolating, refining, and detailing the best

solutionsolution• Modeling/testing and evaluating the solutionModeling/testing and evaluating the solution• Communicating the final solution Communicating the final solution (Wright, 2004).(Wright, 2004).

In Fact…

• Developing design solutions really come down to three steps:

• Developing preliminary solutions.

• Isolating and refining the best solution.

• Detailing the best solution (Wright, 2004).• When developing solutions there is a good bit of

imagination involved. • Once the imagination has produced potential

solutions, they need to be refined to see if they are, in fact, possible.

Measurement

• Measurement is the practice of comparing the qualities of an object to a standard.

• In earlier times, we used body parts as that standard. Literally, one foot was the size of your foot. Unfortunately, not everyone’s foot is the same size.

• Two measurement standards are in use today: U.S. customary and the Metric System (Wright, 2004).

U.S. Customary System

• This system was developed in England from the 1100s to the 1500s.

• Some aspects of this system were based on body parts, for instance an inch and a thumb being the same thing.

• Despite using logic and common understanding, the system is confusing in that numerous terms are used to describe the same measure.

• For instance, 12 inches equals a foot but 36 inches equals three feet or one yard.

• Also confusing are the inconsistencies in computing fractions and multiples of different base measurements. (Wright, 2004).

Consider

• Consider that we have developed standards for seven physical qualities, including:

• Size and shape – the length, area, or volume of an object.

• Mass – the amount of matter in an object.• Temperature – how hot or cold an object or

place is.• Time – How long an event lasts • The other qualities are number of particles,

electrical current, and light intensity (Wright, 2004).

Material Resources

• Materials form the foundation for all production activities. Without material resources, production is not possible (Wright, 2004).

• There are three types of natural resources that can become the inputs to a production. These materials are:

• Genetic Materials• Fossil Fuel Materials• Minerals (Wright, 2004).

Unit Review

Six Simple Machines

• Machines are artifacts that transmit or change the application of power, force, or motion.

• Simple Machines work on the two basic principles of the lever and the inclined plane.

• The Six Simple Machines are:• The Lever

• The Wheel and Axle

• The Pulley

• The Inclined Plane

• The Wedge• The Screw (Wright, 2004)

Quick Review

• In the last chapter, we defined energy as the ability to do work.

• The concept of technology is anything that makes our lives easier…it does the work for us to a certain extent.

• Therefore, without energy, humans could not work on the development of technology that in turn could not work to benefit our needs (Wright, 2004).

Quick Review (continued)

• We also stated that energy is in two forms: kinetic and potential.

• Kinetic energy is energy that being used. • Potential energy is energy that is being stored.• Think of a battery…alone the battery has the

potential to be transformed and used. When placed in a device that runs on battery power, the energy becomes kinetic (Wright, 2004).

It’s the Law

• Finally, we noted that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Therefore, energy can only be converted from one form to another.

• Its general forms are as follows:• Mechanical • Radiant• Chemical• Thermal• Electrical • Nuclear (Wright, 2004)

Sources

• Now that we have defined the different forms of energy, there needs to be an understanding of exactly what source we are using to harness it.

• There are three:• Exhaustible• Renewable• Inexhaustible (Wright, 2004)

Energy Conversion

• So far, we have defined and discussed energy forms and sources.

• What we have said is that energy is transformed…and it is through these four ways:

• Inexhaustible Energy Converters• Renewable Energy Converters• Thermal Energy Converters • Electrical Energy Converters (Wright, 2004)

Unit Review

What is Construction?

• The Mindjog asked you to consider the components of your home. Did you think of things like lumber, piping, the foundation, and the like?

• What is construction anyway?

• Construction is a production activity that produces structures such as buildings or roadways (Wright, 2004).

What is Involved?

• What steps are taken when constructing a building?

• Preparing the Site• Setting Foundations• Building the Framework• Enclosing the Structure• Installing Utilities• Finishing the Exterior and Interior• Completing the Site (Wright, 2004)

What is Transportation?

• The Mindjog asked you to consider the different ways you could get from Point A to Point B. Did you mention a car, plane, or boat?

• What is transportation anyway?• Transportation is all acts that relocate

humans and their possessions.• Transportation Technology provides

movement using technical means to extend human ability (Wright, 2004).

Goals of Communication

• Every communication message is designed to deliver a certain impact.

• Communication can meet one or more of the three basic goals:

• Inform • Persuade • Entertain (Wright, 2004).

Types of Communication

• One way to look at communication is in the terms of sender One way to look at communication is in the terms of sender and receiver. and receiver.

• The most familiar type of communication is people The most familiar type of communication is people communicating with people. It is referred to as “communicating with people. It is referred to as “human to human to humanhuman.”.”

• There is also “There is also “machine to humanmachine to human.” It is used to display .” It is used to display machine operating conditions. Think about when computer machine operating conditions. Think about when computer displays errors.displays errors.

• If you’ve ever sent anything through a computer or set a If you’ve ever sent anything through a computer or set a thermostat, you’ve used, “thermostat, you’ve used, “human to machinehuman to machine.” .”

• There is also “There is also “machine to machinemachine to machine.” Humans create .” Humans create programs and put them into computers, and the computer programs and put them into computers, and the computer directs and controls an apparatus directs and controls an apparatus (Wright, 2004).(Wright, 2004).

Unit Review

Agriculture

• When you hear someone say, “agriculture,” what do you think of?

• Do you think of rows of corn, fields of wheat, and cows roaming the grounds?

• Agriculture is people using materials, information, and machines to produce food and natural fibers (Wright, 2004).

• Essentially, agriculture can described as “farming.”

Biotechnology

• Biotechnology and agriculture are two related studies.

• One aspect of biotechnology considers the practices that improve propagation, growing, and harvesting activities (Wright, 2004).

• More directly, biotechnology uses biological agents in processes to produce goods or services (Wright, 2004).

• These agents are microorganisms, enzymes, or animal and plant cells (Wright, 2004).

Medicine

• Medicine can be described as the diagnosing, treating, and prevention of diseases (Wright, 2004).

• Disease is any change that interferes with the appearance, structure, or function of the body (Wright, 2004).

• There are many professionals that treat disease and injury: physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, medical technologists, dentists, dental hygienists, and pharmacists (Wright, 2004).

Goals

• The aforementioned health care professionals respond to health care in three ways:

• Diagnosis – performed by conducting interviews, physical examinations, and medical tests.

• Treatment – involves applying medical procedures to cure disease.

• Prevention – actions taken to keep people from contracting a disease (Wright, 2004).

Technology in Medicine

• In the past, physicians depended on people to describe their symptoms. Today, many different types of diagnostic devices exist. For our discussion, we will examine three:

• Routine Diagnostic Equipment• Noninvasive Diagnostic Equipment• Invasive Diagnostic Equipment (Wright, 2004).

Treatment Technologies

• Treatment of illnesses can also require drugs, specialized equipment, or both.

• A drug is a substance used to prevent, diagnose, or treat a disease. It can be used to prolong the life of patients with incurable conditions.

• Other areas of technology include developing life support equipment, artificial body parts, medical computer systems, blood chemistry sensors, therapeutic instruments, and medical imaging and treatment systems (Wright, 2004).

Optical Technologies

• Optical Technologies consider the reaction to visible light waves (Wright, 2004).

• Optical properties include color (waves that are reflected), optical transmission (ability to pass light waves), and optical reflectivity (ability to reflect light waves) (Wright,

2004).• Think about microscopes, lasers, fiber optics, bar

code readers, and scanners…how do they play a role in our lives (Wright, 2004)?

Fiber Optics

• Still, the aforementioned techniques are limited by the distance the information can be sent.

• Fiber optics are channels that guide light waves through internal reflection over some distance.

• Internal reflection means that when the light waves strike the outer edge of the fiber, they are reflected back towards the center.

• Optical communication of this type is called guided optical transmission, which began development in the 1960s (Wright, 2004).

Fluid Power Systems

• Fluid Power Systems use either liquids or Fluid Power Systems use either liquids or gases to transfer power from one place to gases to transfer power from one place to another another (Wright, 2004)(Wright, 2004)..

• Systems that use air are called pneumatic Systems that use air are called pneumatic systems.systems.

• Liquids are used in hydraulic systems Liquids are used in hydraulic systems (Wright,

2004)..

Electrical Energy

• In the Chapters dealing with energy, we said that electrical energy is associated with electrons moving along a conductor (Wright, 2004).

• In a previous chapter, we discussed that atoms have electrons and that electrons have a negative charge.

Electrons

Insulator

• When the electrons do not move within the atom, binding them in such a way, the result is an insulator.

• An insulator is a poor conductor of electricity.

• Items that are considered insulators include wood, plastic, glass, and so on (Brian,

2004).

Conductor

• Conductors, such as metals, allow the electrons to move within the atom.

• When the electrons move, it becomes easier for electricity to flow though the material.

• As the electrons move, they transmit electricity from one point to another (Brian, 2004).

Computers

• When a lot of people think of technology they immediately visualize a computer with internet connection.

• Computers are used in all areas of life and are especially good when used for communication.

• A computer is a machine that performs a number of tasks controlled by a set of instructions (Wright, 2004).

Computer Memory

• Read only memory (ROM) is memory that can be read by the computer but cannot be changed (Wright, 2004).

• Random-access memory (RAM) is memory that can be read or changed by the computer and the user.

• In addition, data can be stored outside of the computer by external storage devices

• These can include CD-ROMs, hard drives, flash drives, etc (Wright, 2004).

Networks

• While computers alone can be used to do a specific task, they can be connected into networks. In this case, a computer is connected to other computers. There are two types:

• Local Area Network (LAN) – used in a single building or site, it connects several personal computers to a special computer called the sever. The sever is used to store programs and data for the network.

• Wide Area Network (WAN) – covers large geographical areas. The largest WAN is the internet (Wright, 2004).

The Internet

• The term internet means interconnected networks. The internet is a computer-based global information system.

• No one really owns it because much of its creation and initial workings emerged from research that was federally funded.

• It is a collection of large and small independent networks called intranets.

• These intranets link hundreds of computers, with the internet allowing them to share information (Wright, 2004).

Unit Review

Three Factors

• When purchasing technology, think about these important factors:

• Function – how well will the product meet your needs? How well does it work? Is the product durable and easy to maintain? How well will it do the job you have in mind?

• Value – Does the performance of the product match its price? Do other products meet your needs as well but cost less? Is it worth the selling price (Wright, 2004)?

Maintaining Technology

• Having your product work properly when called upon often requires maintenance.

• Preventive maintenance is designed to prevent breakdowns, such as oil changes.

• Understand that no technology will work all the time or last forever. Repairing technology is the process of putting a product back into good working order (Wright,

2004).

Management

• Technology is purposeful; it is developed to meet a problem or opportunity.

• However, it must be managed.• Therefore, technology is a product of managed human

activity.• Management can be defined as the act of planning,

directing and evaluating an activity.• Management involves authority and responsibility (Wright,

2004).

Areas of Industry

• There are several areas of industry:• Research and Development – activities that might result in

new or improved products and processes.• Production – develop methods for producing products or

services and the activities that produce the desired outputs.• Marketing – the activities that encourage the flow of goods

and services from the producer to the consumer.• Industrial Relations – activities that develop an efficient

work force and maintain positive relations with the workers and the public.

• Financial affairs – activities that obtain, account for, and

disburse funds (Wright, 2004).

Unit Review

Processing

• Before we get started, realize that tools and machines are used in three major types of processing:

• Material Processing• Energy Processing• Information Processing

• For the purposes of this Unit, we will be looking at tools and machines used in material processing (Wright, 2004).

Motion

• Cutting motion is the action that causes material to be removed from the work. It causes the excess material to be cut away.

• Feed motion is the action that brings new material into the cutter. It allows the cutting action to be continuous.

• Cutting and feed motions can be:• Rotating – uses round cutters or spins the work around

an axis• Linear – moves a cutter or work in one direction along a

straight line

• Reciprocating – moves the tool or the work back and forth (Wright, 2004).

Types of Machine Tools

• Hundreds of different machine tools exist, however they can be grouped into six categories:

• Turning Machines• Sawing Machines• Drilling Machines• Shaping Machines• Planing Machines• Grinding Machines (Wright, 2004).

General Safety Rules

• General Safety Rules

• Safety is an integral part of the technology laboratory setting.

• Understanding and following the appropriate safety procedures will aid in the learning opportunities presented to you.

Unit Review

Bridges

• We have said that construction activities do not always produce buildings.

• In regards to transportation technologies, a bridge is vital to provide a path to move over obstacles.

• These obstacles include marshy areas, ravines, other roads, and bodies of water.

• Bridges can carry a number of transportation systems that include highways, railroads, canals, pipelines, and footpaths (Wright, 2004).

Bridges (continued)

• Generally, there are two types of bridges: fixed and movable.

• A fixed bridge does not move. Once it is set in place, it stays there.

• Movable bridges can change their position to accommodate traffic below it. This type of bridge is used to span ship channels and rivers. The bridge can be drawn up or swung out of the way so that ships can pass (Wright, 2004).

Bridges (continued)

• Bridges have two major parts: the superstructure and the substructure.

• The superstructure includes the abutment and piers. It carries the loads of the deck to the substructure. The deck is the part used for the movement of vehicles and people across the bridge. The kind of superstructure indicates the type of bridge.

• The substructure spreads the load of the bridge into the soil. Deck

AbutmentSpan

Pier Piles

Earth

Earth

EarthWater (Wright, 2004)

Types of Bridges

• Beam Bridges – use concrete or steel beams to support the deck. This is a bridge that you would commonly see on interstate highways.

• Truss Bridges – Use small parts arranged in triangles to support the deck. These bridges carry heavier loads over longer spans than the Beam Bridges.

• Arch Bridges – use curved members to support the deck. Arch bridges are used for longer spans. (Wright, 2004).

Suspension Arch Truss Cantilever

Types of Bridges (continued)

• Cantilever Bridges – use trusses that extend out like arms. The ends of the arms can carry small span or hook up to each other. The load is transmitted by the arms to the center. None of the load is carried by the ends of the arms.

• Suspension Bridges – use cables to carry the loads. A large cable is suspended from towers. From the large cable, smaller cables drop down to support the deck. (Wright, 2004).

Suspension Arch Truss Cantilever

Measurement

• We discussed measurement in Chapter Two and stated that there are two types of accuracy: standard and precision.

• Many production settings do not require precise measurement. Standard measurement is often given to the foot, inch, or fraction of an inch.

• However production applications need a more precise size. Think about laboratory testing, metals, and specific parts.

• Using standard accuracy and the US Customary System, we are going to do some basic ruler measurements (Wright, 2004).

Sixteenths

• Each mark on the ruler, or “rule,” is called a sixteenth. • In one inch, there are 16 sixteenths. As a fraction, that is

16/16. 16/16, as with any number over itself, is one whole. Therefore, 16/16 equals one whole, or one inch.

• You will see an arrow highlighting all the sixteenths and then you will see the marks in the ruler change color, showing you the sixteenths.

11 22 33

Eighths

• Every other sixteenth is called an eighth. There are 8 eighths in an inch (8/8 = 1”).

• The arrow will now appear, showing you the eights.

11 22 33

Quarters

• Every fourth mark on the ruler is called a quarter. There are 4 quarters in 1”.

• Like eighths, some quarters can be reduced. Let’s see which marks are quarter marks.

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Halves

• Every eighth mark on the ruler is called a half. There are 2 halves in 1”.

• Let’s see where the halves are on the rule.

11 22 33

Whole Numbers

• Every sixteenth mark on a rule is a whole number. • Let’s see the whole numbers.

11 22 33

Unit Review

Lifestyle

• A lifestyle is what a person does with business and family life – their work, social, and recreational activities.

• Consider that during colonial times, families worked six days a week with long hours to grow a small amount of food. These people did not take vacations and instead worked on perfecting their craft or trade, such as being a blacksmith.

• Housing was modest and simple, as were other technologies available to meet basic human needs and wants (Wright, 2004).

The Future

• Since technology is a product of human activity, humans can control it. To do this, we must have an idea of the kind of future we want.

• Futuring or future research is an actual research technique that identifies five distinct features:

• Alternate Avenues – many possible answers rather than the answer.

• Different Futures – instead of refining what is, a futurist looks for an entirely new future.

• Rational Decision-Making – uses logical thinking over math and statistics when making decisions.

• Designing the Future – not improving present or past practices. Futurists focus on predicting a possible future that can be created.

• Interrelationships – linear models suggest one step leads to the next. Futurists see alternatives, cross-impacts, and leaps forward (Wright, 2004).

References

• Brian, M. (2004). How Electricity Works. Retrieved June 27, 2008 from http://science.howstuffworks.com/electricity.htm

• Molecular Expressions: Electricity and Magnetism (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2008 from http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/ohmslaw

• Wright, R. (2004) “Technology” The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.