Course Glossary (Descriptions of Concepts, Theories, etc.)

8/9/2019 Course Glossary (Descriptions of Concepts, Theories, etc.)

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B`pyrifmt 4?:4-4?:< dy y. f-c. gugjt. Jgg rifmts rasarval.\mis l bucakt, aitmar ik wm ga r ik pjrt, cjy K@\ da b`pial, rapr lubal, rapudgismal,

upg`jlal, p`stal, trjkscittal, r listridutal ik jky wjy, axbapt tmjt yù cjyl`wkg`jl ka b`py e it `k jky sikfga b`cputar e`r yùr pars`kjg, k`k-b`ccarbijg

m`ca usa kgy, pr`vilal yù haap iktjbt tmis b`pyrifmt k`tiba.

Bgjss K`tas

Laeikiti`ks è RagabtBùrsa-ragjtal \arcs/_mrjsas

Iktr`lubti`k

E`ghs/_a`pga/Fuys>I cust eirst lrjw yùr jttakti`k t` tma purp`sa è pr`lubikf tmis fg`ssjry e`r yù. Imjva k`t pr`lubal tmis l`bucakt sicpgy t` pr`vila yù witm magpeug laeikiti`ks è tma hay tarcs wa mjva (`rwigg) b`ca jbr`ss ik tmis bùrsa8 tmara is j diffar purp`saik `tmar w`rls, tmara is j sudtaxt t` tmis fg`ssjry,jkl it is tmis> \`` cjky stulakts frjlujta er`c tmis sbm``g witm j vary p``r uklarstjklikf è tma lieearakbadatwaak hk`wgalfajkl ike`rcjti`k.\ma tw` jra k`t tma sjca, avak tmùfm ik ljigy pjrgjkba tmay jra ètak usaliktarbmjkfajdgy. Ike`rcjti`k is wmjt wa fat, e`r axjcpga, wmak wa l` rasajrbm. It is usujggy ik tma e`rc èejbts, `dsarvjti`ks, jkl tma giha. Jetar tma ike`rcjti`k mjs daak fjtmaral it cust da pr`bassal (jkjgyzal) t`trjkse`rc it ikt` hk`wgalfa> tma d`ly è jkjgyzal ike`rcjti`k tmjt jgg`ws us t` uklarstjkl wmjtavar it is

tmjt tma rasajrbm wjs jdùt. \` fiva yù jk axjcpga er`c yùrw`rgl> t` hk`w tma lieearakt pjrts è j bjr ak-fika jkl tmair eukbti`ks is t` p`ssass ike`rcjti`k jdùt tmjt akfika. M`wavar, tmjt is k`t hk`wgalfa8hk`wgalfa è j bjr akfika is wmak yù bjk axpgjiktma pmysibjg prikbipgas damikl tma `parjti`k è tma akfika.It is hk`wgalfa è tmasa prikbipgas tmjt jgg`wal tma ikvakti`k è tma akfika. (R`, l` yù hk`w tma prikbipgasdamikl tma `parjti`k è tma iktarkjg b`cdusti`k akfika0. I tmùfmt s`.)K`w, ik `rlar t` trjkse`rc ike`r-cjti`k ikt` hk`wgalfa yù mjva t` mjva jbbass t` t``gs è jkjgysis (wmibm usujggy tjhas tma e`rc è tma`rias,b`kbapts, jkl tma giha). \ma purp`sa è tmis fg`ssjry, tmak, is t` jgs` iktr`luba yù t` s`ca è tma hay b`k-bapts jkl tma`rias tmjt jra damikl tma cjtarijg tmjt wa mjva b`varal (`r wigg b`var) ik tmis bùrsa.

I cust jgs` jgart yù t` tma ejbt tmjt hk`wgalfa is k`t jgwjys kautrjg (jkl tmjt ikbgulas sbiaktieibhk`wgalfa). C`st hk`wgalfa is jgs` dijsal lapaklikf up`k wm` is pr`lubikf ittmùfm tmjt làs k`t ju-t`cjtibjggy cajk tmjt subm hk`wgalfa is ikb`rrabt `r usagass. E`r axjcpga> b`ksarvjtivas takl t` da suspi-

biùs jdùt hk`wgalfa pr`lubal dy gidarjgs (jkl viba varsj)8 sicigjrgy, rjlibjgs jra suspibiùs è hk`wgalfapr`lubal dy d`tm b`ksarvjtivas jklgidarjgs. Ik cy bgjssas, hk`wgalfa is jgwjys dijsal t`wjrl tma viaw tmjtcutujg mjrc`ky ik s`biaty rasts `k lac`brjby(k`t ik its kjrr`w saksa, dut ik its wilar lyjlib saksa js laeikaldag`w). It is lac`brjby tmjt sapjrjtas us er`c djrdjrity jkl bmj`s.I m`pa yù wigg b`ksilar tmis l`bucakt js cy fiet t` yù js pjrt è cy cissi`k t` try jkl l` f``l ik tmisw`rglwmy agsa l` tajbmars dab`ca tajbmars0 Akn`y!

Ikstrubti`ks k M`w t` Qsa \masa K`tas:. \mis l`bucakt is j w`rh ik pr`frass8 cajkikf it is b kstjktgy uklar ravisi`k. \marae`ra, I str`kfgy rab-

`ccakl tmjt yù l` K@\ prikt tmis l`bucakt dut ikstajl `kgy jbbass it tmrùfm yùr bgjss m`ca pjfawmakavar yù wjkt t` b`ksugt it. \mis wigg aksura tmjt yù jra rajlikf tma gjtast varsi`k.

4. K`t jgg tarcs ik tmis fg`ssjry cjy da ragavjkt t` tmis pjrtibugjr bùrsa. (Raa yùr `wk k`tas è bgjss gab-turas jkl/`r jkkùkbacakts `k tma bgjss m`ca pjfa jkl/`r tma bgjss pr`baalikfs sbmaluga ik tma syggjduspjbhat t` latarcika wmibm tarcs yù cust hk`w e`r tma purp`sas è tasts/axjcs.)

2. _gajsa haap j libti`kjry mjkly wmak fìkf tmrùfm tmis l`bucakt8 yù cjy kaal it.


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5. Js I mjva stjtal ik bgjss dae`ra (jkl js b`cc`k saksa wùgl suffast), jkytmikf writtak dy ca I jssifk yùt` rajl smùgl da b`ksilaral js jk axtaksi`k è cy bgjss gabturas.

Gist è \arcs/_mrjsas Laeikal ik \masa K`tasR` ejr, tmasa jra tma tarcs/pmrjsas I mjva laeikal e`r yù (jt wilagy vjryikf gavags è laptm jkl spabieibity èbùrsa, lapaklikf up`k tma kaals è cy bgjssas)>

9/:: Jbbucugjti`k Jeribjk Jcaribjks Jfakby Jmist`ribisc Jggjm Jcaribjk Lrajc Jcaribjks Jpjrtmail Jppr`prijti`k Jrt Jutmaktib lac`brjby Jvarsiva Tjbisc D.D.B. D.B.A. Dgjbhs D`rlars (bugturjg) Dùrfaìs Gaet Dùrfaìsia Bjpitjg Bjpitjgisc Bjpitjgist Lac`brjby B.A. Bmjik è jkjgysis Bmjrtar Rbm``gs BIJ Bivig R`biaty Bivigizjti`k Bgjss Bgjss B`ksbiùskass Bgjss Tapr`lubti`k Bgjss Rtruffga Bgjss Vjrejra Bgicjta Bmjkfa B`gl Vjr B`g`kijgisc B`gucdijk Axbmjkfa B`gucdijk _r`nabt B`cprjl`r

B`kbapt B`knukbtura e E rtui-

tùsgy _r`pitiùs Mist`ri-bjg Ejbt`rs

B`ksarvj-tisc/B`ksarvjtivas

B`ktrjlibti`ks Britibjg tmikhikf Bugtura Bursa è Mjc Laearral Frjtieibjti`k Lac`brjby Lavag`pcakt Lijgabtib Lirabt Bikacj Livarsity LKJ L`cikjtiva Tjbisc Ajst-t`-Vast Lieeusi`k Arjsura Assaktijgisc Atmkibity/Atmkibisc Aur`-Jcaribjks Ax`tibisc Ejsbisc Eauljgisc F= Fg`djg K`rtm Fg`djg Rùtm Fg`djg Vjrcikf Fg`djgizjti`k Mjnn Mjcitib \ma`ry Mafac`ky Mist`ribjgity (è tma pra-

sakt)

Mudris M`ggyw``l Ila`g`fy

Ifk`rjktsij/Ifk`rjkti ICE Icparijgisc Ikstituti`kjg Tjbisc Iktarkjti`kjg C`katjry

Eukl

Iktarpars`kjg Lac`brjby Ir`kibjg Jggaf`ry Isgjcisc Isgjc`pm`dij Nimjl Nic Br`w Nikfìsc HFD Gjd`r-jrist`brjby Gjw e Mist`ribjg Irravars-

idigity

Gajrkal Magpgasskass Gaet Vikf Gaet/Tifmt Giea è tma Cikl Cjbr`mist`ry Cjfmrad Cjrfikjgity Cjrsmcjgg`w \ast CbBjrtmyisc Carit`brjby Ciggakkiuc Lavag`pcakt

F`jgs

Cis`fyky C`la è _r`lubti`k CGH Cugtibugturjgisc KJJB_ Kjtiva Jcaribjks KJ\@ Kjti`kjgisc Kjturjg Gjw è _ri`r

Bgjic


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Kafjtiva Axtarkjgity Ka`b`g`kijgisc Kaèjsbisc Kaìcparijgisc KF@ K`kvi`gakt bivig lis`dali-

akba

@L bùktrias @tmar/@tmarkass _jrgijcaktjry systac _jr`ly _jtrijrbmy _ajsjktry _ars`kjg wjfas _atita dùrfaìsia _`gitibjg b`ksbiùskass _ZL bùktrias

_r`balurjg lac`brjby _r`gatjrijt _saulìktaggabtujg _udgib wjfas Zurjk Tjba/Tjbisc Tjbijg E`rcjti`k Tjti`kjgity Ejggjby Tavarsa Lisbricikjti`k/

Tavarsa Tjbisc

Tifmt Vikf

Tifmt/Gaet T`yjg _r`bgjcjti`k è

:652

Rjtira Rattgar-b`g`kijgisc Rmij R`bijg bmjkfa/ R`bijg

\rjkse`rcjti`ks R`bijg Ljrwikisc R`bijg E`rcjti`k R`bijg Rtrubtura R`bijgizjti`k Rùtmark Rtrjtafy Rpjfmatti Vastarks Rtjta Rtara`typa Rtrubturjg Jlnustcakt

Rtrubtura Rudstjktiva Lac`brjby Rukki \abmk`-eikjkbijg c`k`p`-

gy bjpitjgisc

\arr`risc \axtujg arjsura \ma`ry \CCB \`tjgitjrijkisc

\rjkskjti`kjg C`k`p`gyB`kfg`carjta

\rjkskjti`kjg CugticalijC`k`p`gy B`kfg`carjta

Qgjcj QKARB@ Q.K.

Q.R. Jeribjk Jcaribjks Q.R. Aur`-Jcaribjks Q.R. Eirst Jcaribjks QRRT Uarisicigitula U`yaurisc Vjfas_udgib Vjsmikft`k B`ksaksus VJR_ Vast

Vmistgadg`war Vmita Cjks Durlak Vmita Rùtmark Rtrjtafy Vmitakass Vmitas Viggikf Ruspaksi`k è

Lisdagiae

V`rgl Djkh V`rgl \rjla @rfjkizjti`k V\@

Laeikiti`ks

9/::>\ma sm`rtmjkl kjca fivak t` j tarr`rist avakt ik Qkital Rtjtas tmjt t``h pgjba `k Raptacdar ::, 4??:.:

Jbbucugjti`k>\ma gicitgassjbquisiti`k è wajgtm (cjla p`ssidga dy tma ikvakti`k è c`kay) `k tma djsis èaxpjklal rapr`lubti`k è bjpitjg tmrùfm tma cabmjkisc è surpgus jppr`prijti`k witmik tma spmara èpr`lubti`k ik bjpitjgist s`biatias. (Raa jgs` bjpitjgisc)

Jeribjk Jcaribjks>RaaQ.R. Jeribjk Jcaribjks.

:. \mara k`w axists tmùsjkls è d``hs `k tmis avakt wmibm ikv gval tma minjbhikf è eùr pgjkas dy suibila d`cdars, wm` bgjicalt` prèass Isgjc, jkl tmair usa js cissigas (tw` ik Kaw Y`rh, jkl `ka ik Vjsmikft`k, L.B.tma tmirl wjs eìgal jkl aklal ik jbrjsm sùtm è _ittsdurfm), witm lavjstjtikf b`ksaquakbas, ik tarcs è givas g`st. B`ksaquaktgy, tm`sa wm` wùgl giha fuiljkba`k wmjt t` rajl jdùt tmis avakt, its b`ksaquakbas, jkl its sifkieibjkba, wigg eikl tma e`gg`wikf d``hs (dut `kgy wmak b`ksilaralt`fatmar) magpeug> Jmcal (4??1)8 Jmcal jkl E`rst (4??1)8 Jk`kycùs (4??


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Jfakby>J b`kbapt tmjt lak`tas v`giti`k, tmjt is tma jdigity t` smjpa `kas lastikydut witmik gicits icp`saldy mist`ry jkl birbucstjkba, è bùrsajs j b`kstitutiva bmjrjbtaristib è j tmikhikf daikf. Jfakby cjy `p-arjta jt j frùp gavag js wagg (js ik tma ilaj è s`bijg jfakby `r mist`ribjg jfakby.) K`ta tmjt s`bijg bmjkfa, er`ctma parspabtiva è tmis bùrsa, smùgl da b`ksilaral js jk ùtb`ca è j lijgabtib ik tma jfakby/strubturadikjry.4\ma lijgabtib datwaak tma jfakby/strubtura dikjry is `ka è tma eukljcaktjg livilas ik tma ila`g`fibjgtmikhikf è tma gaetjkl tma rifmtwmara d`tm tma gaet jkl tma rifmt ejig t` rab`fkiza tmis dikjry jkl ikstajl`varacpmjsiza tma `ka (ik tma bjsa è tma gaet, strubtura) ik `pp`siti`k t` tma `tmar (ik tma bjsa è tma rifmt,jfakby).

Jmist`ribisc>Jt tma sicpgast gavag, tma tarc raears t` tma lisrafjrl è mist`ry, aitmar dabjusa è ifk`rjkbajkl/`r ila`g`fibjg rajs`ks, t` axpgjik tma prasakt. E`r axjcpga, ik tmis bùktry j b`cc`k jmist`ribjgviaw ètma prasakt, ila`g`fibjggy pr`pjfjtal dy b`ksarvjtivas, is `ka tmjt làs k`t jbhk`wgalfa tmjt bjpitjgisc, js jl`cikjkt c`la è pr`lubti`k, ik Vastark s`biatias is k`t `kgy è rabakt ikvakti`k (dafikkikf s`catica ik tma eirstmjge è tma kikataaktm baktury witm tma `ksat è tma iklustrijg rav`guti`k jkl tma lacisa è jk ajrgiar e`rcè bjpitjgisc hk`wk js carbjktigist bjpitjgiscwmara k`t `kgy wjs prèit-cjhikf djsal pricjrigy `k trjla jklb`ccarba rjtmar tmjk cjkuejbtura, dut tma b`cc`lieibjti`k è gjkl, gjd`r, jkl c`kay wjs stigg ik its ikejk-by) dut tmjt its fakasis wjs jbb`cpjkial dy cubm vi`gakba ik tma aee`rt t` pr`gatjrijkiza tma Aur`pajk pajs-jktry, `k tma djbhs è wmibm, tmis c`la è pr`lubti`k jr`sa. Ikstajl, bjpitjgisc is ètak viawal js ie it is jkikvi`gjdga stjta è ab`k`cib jeejirs `rljikal dy F`ljs kjturjg js jir, rjik, jkl eira.Jggjm>F`l (Isgjcs c`k`tmaistib laitytma sjca laity w`rsmippal jgs` dy Naws jkl Bmristijks).

Jcaribjk Lrajc>\mis is j p`pugjr pmrjsa tmjt raears t` d`tm jk akl-f`jgjkl tmapr`bassè rajbmikf it. Rpa-bieibjggy, it raears jt `kba t` j pjrtibugjr laeikiti`k è tma f``l giea jklt` tma ila`g`fibjg k`ti`ktmjt ik Qkit-al Rtjtas yù bjk jbmiava yùr wiglast cjtarijgist lrajcs (tma f``l giea) s` g`kf js yù jfraa t` pgjy dy tmarugas jkl yù jra wiggikf t` w`rh mjrl8 tmjt is, dabjusa tma Qkital Rtjtas is j gjkl è eraal`c jkl `pp`rtukitye`r jgg, k`tmikf bjk m`gl yù djbh ik yùr quast e`r upwjrl s`bijg c`digity> kaitmar rjba k`r atmkibity8 kaitmarbgjss k`r faklar8 kaitmar ragifi`k k`r kjti`kjgity8 jkl s` `k. \ma b`ktikuikf gafjby è j mist`ry, jc`kf `tmartmikfs, è tma drutjg axpr`prijti`k è tma gjkls è Kjtiva Jcaribjks jkl tma gjd`r è Jeribjk Jcaribjksjfjikst tma djbhlr`p, ikitijggy, è tma icp`rtal Akfgism s`bijg strubtura è b`cc`kar varsus jrist`brjby is, èbùrsa, ragafjtal t` tma lustdik è mist`ribjg jckasij8 k`r is tmara jky rab`fkiti`k è tma ikmarakt b`ktrjlib-

ti`k jrisikf er`c tma pr`dgac è bgjss-latarcikal ikaqujgity ik j bjpitjgist s`biaty. \ma hay b`kbapts tmjt uk-larfirl tmis k`ti`k, js it mjs b`ca t` da uklarst``l t`ljy,jra tm`sa è bjpitjgisc, cjtarijgisc, carit`brjby, jklpr`balurjg lac`brjby. \ma eukljcaktjg djsis è tma ejggjbiùs rajs`kikf tmjt uklargias tmis b`kbapt is tmaikjdigity dy tm`sa wm` dagiava ik it, pricjrigy b`ksarvjtivas, t` sapjrjta ùt issuas è pars`kjg jfakby jklissuas tmjt stac er`c ikstituti`kjg strubturas. \ma ejbt tmjt ciggi`ks è pa`pga ik tmis bùktry w`rh g`kfmùrs (s`caticas m`glikf l`wk tw` t` tmraa n`ds) is bgajr avilakba tmjt gjzikass jkl gjbh è jcditi`k is k`ttma rajs`k wmy tmay jra k`t ciggi`kjiras. Jt tma sjca tica, t` jssuca tmjt jgg tma wajgtmy ik tmis bùktry mjvajbquiral tmair wajgtm tmrùfm mjrl w`rh jkl pgjyikf dy tma rugas is t` lisakfjfa er`c rajgity dabjusa it làsk`t dajr ùt tmis e``gism jssucpti`k.2\ma bjpitjgist systac is strubturjggy lasifkal, tmrùfm pr`party rifmtsaksmrikal ik gjw, t` aksura tmjt `kgy j tiky cik`rity racjiks jt tma t`p, `tmarwisa tma systac wùgl b`ggjpsadabjusa tmara wùgl da k` `ka t` l` tma frukt w`rhwitmùt wmibm, wajgtm bjkk`t da brajtal. Ik ejbt, it

wigg b`ca js j sm`bh t` c`st è yù t` gajrk tmjt tma ragjtivap`siti`ks (tma hay w`rl mara is ragjtiva) è c`stè tm`sa jt tma t`p jkl c`stè tma rast dag`w tmac mjs racjikal b`kstjkt sikba T`cjk ticas, ie k`t da-e`rapìktikf t` tma Cùkt Avarast-giha iksurcùktjdgakass è s`bijg strubturas e`r c`st pa`pga ik tma Au-

4. \mis eraquaktgy qu`tal gika dy Hjrg Cjrx er`c mis d `h \ma Aifmtaaktm Drucjira è Gùis D`kjpjrta(pudgismal ik :=14) jlcirjdgy

bjpturas tmis lijgabtib> Cak cjha tmair `wk mist`ry, dut tmay l` k`t cjha it js tmay pgajsa8 tmay l` k`t cjha it uklar sage-sagabtal birbucstjkbas, dut uklar birbucstjkbas axistikf jgrajly, fivak jkl trjkscittal er`c tma pjst (p. :1, er`c tma aliti`kpudgismal dy Iktarkjti`kjg _udgismars jkl rapriktal dy Viglsila _rass, 4??=).

2. Cjky jc`kf tma wajgtmy mjva ikmarital tmair wajgtm8 tmis ejbt is ètak b`kvakiaktgy e`rf`ttak. Iktarastikfgy, tma k`ti`k è pgjy-ikf dy tma rugas is rjragy, ie avar, jkjgyzal> Vm`sa rugas jra wa tjghikf jdùt mara0 \ma rugas sat up dy tma ribm jkl tma p`war-eug0


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r`/Jcaribjk abucakaik tmair iggus`ry quast e`r upwjrl s`bijg c`digity. Makba, ie yù wara t` trjba yùr jkbas-try tmara is jk jgc`st `ka muklral parbakt bmjkba tmjt yù wùgl akl up witm jkbast`rs wm` wara aitmarsgjvas er`c Jeribj `r sgjvas ik tma T`cjk ticas ik Aur`pa. E`busikf `k Aur`pa, tma sgjvas er`c Fraah jklT`cjk ticas avaktujggy dabjca sares ik tma eauljg arj jkl wm` tmak, ik turk, dabjca tma c`lark w`rhikfbgjssas ik tma arj è iklustrijg bjpitjgisc, ciggi`ks è wm`c jg`kf tma wjy aklal up ik tma Aur`pajk Lijsp`-rj sbjttaral jbr`ss tma pgjkatjk iccaksagy drutjg jkl pjikeug pr`basser`c Justrjgij t` Drjzig, jkl er`cBjkjlj t` Rùtm Jeribj.

\ma e`rafìkf smùgl k`ticpgy tmjt tma b`kbapt è tma Jcaribjk Lrajc is b`cpgatagy d`fus (jetar jgg,

t` s`ca lafraa, tma b`kbapt is j sudnabtiva `kawmjt b`kstitutas tma Jcaribjk Lrajc is k`t kabassjrigy tmasjca e`r avary`ka). Vmiga tm`sa wm` jttacpt t` pursua tmair Jcaribjk Lrajc jra k`t iccuka er`c systacib`r strubturjg `pprassi`k (rjbisc, saxisc, bgjssisc, jkl s` `k) ik j bjpitjgist lac`brjby giha tmis `ka, `kacust jgs` jbhk`wgalfa tmjt tmis is k`t nust j bjpitjgist s`biaty dut jgs` j lac`brjby. \mjt is ik j p`st-bivigrifmts arj Qkital Rtjtas, tmara is sueeibiakt spjba e`r s`ca iklivilujgs t` subbasseuggy b`ker`kt strubturjg `p-prassi`k dy axartikf tmair jfakby(ikstajl è wjitikf e`r tma rav`guti`k, wmibm, trust ca, is k`t b`cikf jkytica s``k k` cjttar wmjt tma dùrfaìs gaet sjys). Ie jgg`pprassi`k wjs strubturjg tmak tmara is jds`gutagy k`m`pa e`r j dattar t`c`rr`w. Yas0

Ikbilaktjggy, tma eirst usjfa è tmis tarc (Jcaribjk Lrajc) jkl its laeikiti`k is bralital t` tma mist`rijkNjcas \rusg`w Jljcs, wm`, writikf ik :92: (jt tma maifmt è Nic Br`w, `ka cjy ir`kibjggy rabjgg), stjtal tmjttma Jcaribjk Lrajc wjs

tmjt lrajc è j gjkl ik wmibm giea smùgl da dattar jkl ribmar jkl euggar e r avary`ka, witm `pp`rtukity e`rajbm jbb`rlikf t` jdigity `r jbmiavacakt. It is j lieeibugt lrajc e`r tma Aur`pajk uppar bgjssas t` iktarpratjlaqujtagy, jkl t`` cjky è us ùrsagvas mjva fr`wk wajry jkl cistrusteug è it. It is k`t j lrajc è c`-t`r bjrs jkl mifm wjfas caragy, dut j lrajc è s`bijg `rlar ik wmibm ajbm cjk jkl ajbm w`cjk smjgg dajdga t` jttjik t` tma euggast stjtura è wmibm tmay jra ikkjtagy bjpjdga, jkl da rab`fkizal dy `tmars e`rwmjt tmay jra, rafjrlgass è tma e`rtuitùs birbucstjkbas è dirtm `r p`siti`k. (p. :2:S)
http://www.salon.com/news/race/index.html?story=/politics/war_room/2011/03/29/most_segregated_citieshttp://www.salon.com/news/race/index.html?story=/politics/war_room/2011/03/29/most_segregated_citieshttp://www.salon.com/news/race/index.html?story=/politics/war_room/2011/03/29/most_segregated_citieshttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-d-squires/cyberdiscrimination-in-da_b_574008.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-d-squires/cyberdiscrimination-in-da_b_574008.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-d-squires/cyberdiscrimination-in-da_b_574008.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-d-squires/cyberdiscrimination-in-da_b_574008.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-d-squires/cyberdiscrimination-in-da_b_574008.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-d-squires/cyberdiscrimination-in-da_b_574008.htmlhttp://www.salon.com/news/race/index.html?story=/politics/war_room/2011/03/29/most_segregated_cities


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Jpjrtmail>\mis is jk Jerihjjks w`rl cajkikf jpjrtkass tmjt bjca t` sifkiey tma nurilibjggy-djsal, rjbijggylaeikal ka`-ejsbists`bi`-p`gitibjg `rlar (tmjt mjl its r``ts ik tma b`g`kijg arj jt j tica wmak tma Aur`pajksattgar struffga t` lisp`ssass jd`rifikjg Jeribjks è d`tm tmair gjkl jkl gjd`r, ik tma b`ktaxt è tma fg`djggylatarcikal acarfikf bjpitjgist `rlar, `varr`la jgg agsa) ik wmibm tma b`kbapt è wmitakass wjs eùkljti`k-jg, jkl ejsmi`kal dy tma Jerihjkar safcakt è tma wmita p`gity e`gg`wikf its jbbassi`k t` p`war ik :9 :2)> \may wara haak t` pr`c`ta tma iktarasts è Jerihjkar p`gitibsjfjikst Akfgism l`cikjti`k è ab`k`cib, s`bijg jkl bugturjg giea, jfjikst dif dusikass jkl its b`ktr`g dy jgiake`rbas è Jkfg`-Nawism bjpitjgisc, jkl jfjikst dgjbh akbr`jbmcakt `k wmita iktarasts. \may wara e`r tmapr`c`ti`k è Jerihjkar dusikass jkl bugtura jkl tma sjgvjti`k è p``r wmitas. Ik `tmar w`rls, jkl it isicp`rtjkt t` strass tmis, jpjrtmail wjs jt `kba jk ab`k`cib pr`nabt jklj p`gitibjg pr`nabttma tw` wara ikti-cjtagy jkl lijgabtibjggy ragjtaltmjt sùfmt t` pr`c`ta Jerihjkar supracjby ik tma eirst ikstjkba jkl wmitasupracjby ik tma sab`kl. Jpjrtmail wjs kavar cajkt t` wism dgjbh pa`pga jwjy, `k tma b`ktrjry it kaalaldgjbh pa`pga, dut `kgy js sùrbas è bmajp gjd`r (jkl t` tmis akl it cajkt l`cikjtikf jkl b`ktr`ggikf tmac`k tma djsis è tmjt bgjssib sapjrjta-dut-aqujg rusa eirst pareabtal ik tma Qkital Rtjtas e`gg`wikf tma Ru-

praca Bùrt labisi`k ik _gassy v. Earfus`k:52 Q.R. 126 X:=95S). Arf`, t` sjy tmjt jpjrtmail wjs j c`larkizale`rc è sarel`c is k`t t` akfjfa ik bmajp tmajtribjg p`gacibs, dut t` lasbrida it js it rajggy wjs lasifkal (jklbjca) t` da. Duiglikf `k axistikf rjbist gafisgjti`k (subm js tma :9?6Alubjti`k Jbt K . 41, jkl tma :9:2KjtivasGjkl Jbt) jkl bakturias `gl bust`cjry Nic Br`w prjbtibas, vjriùs Kjti`kjg _jrty-gal f`varkcakts systacjti-bjggy arabtal jkl pareabtal j mifmgy `pprassiva, ka`-ejsbist, rjbijggy safrafjtal, supar-axpgìtjtiva, s`bi`p`giti-bjg ab`k`cib `rlar tmjt bjca t` da bjggal jpjrtmail.6Ikitijggy, tma systac wùgl rast `k j djsa è tmraa s`bijggyb`kstrubtal rjbas> Jeribjks, B`g`rals, jkl wmitas8 dut gjtar, j eùrtm wùgl da jllal> Iklijks (Jsijks). J gittgagjtar, tma systac wùgl da c`lieial t` erjfcakt tma Jeribjk cjn`rity ikt` its scjggar atmkib b`cp`kakts eib-tivagy r``tal fa`frjpmibjggy ik sapjrjta rurjg gjd`rrasarvjti`ks (wmibm wùgl da eirst bjggal Djktustjksjkl gjtarlifkieial witm tma gjdag m`cagjkls) bjrval ùt è tma cajsgy :2% è gjkl tmjt mjl daak jgg`bjtal t` Jeri-bjks dy tma :9:2Kjtiva Gjkl Jbtjkl its sudsaquakt c`lieibjti`k. (Ik `tmar w`rls, jpjrtmail wjs jgs` j e`rcè b`g`kijgisciktarkjg b`g`kijgisc.) @e tma vjriùs gafisgjti`k tmjt uklarpikkal tma systac, jc`kf tma

c`ra sjgiakt wara tma :9


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Frùp Jrajs Jbt8 tma :91? Rupprassi`k è B`ccukisc Jbt8 tma :912 Tasarvjti`k è Rapjrjta Jcakitias Jbt8 tma vjri-ùs iktarkjg saburity jbts tmjt k`t `kgy pr`sbridal jky e`rc è `pp`siti`k t` tma jpjrtmail systac, dut par-cittal icpris`kcakt witmùt trijg8 tma vjriùs pjss gjwstmjt savaragy burtjigal tma eraal`c è c`vacakt èJeribjks dy raquirikf tmac t` bjrry jpjssj e`rc è iktarkjg pjssp`rtjt jgg ticas8 jkl tma :919 _r`c`ti`kè Djktu Rage-F`varkcakt Jbt, wmibmbrajtal tma psaul`-s`varaifk iktarkjg Jeribjk stjtas nust cakti`kal. (K`ta>tma Rupprassi`k è B`ccukisc Jbtlaeikal b`ccukisc s` dr`jlgy js t` ikbgula jky kjti`kjgist `r jktijpjrtmailjbtivitias dy jky `ka, b`ccukist `r k`t.) It is jgs` icp`rtjkt t` pìkt ùt tmjt tma risa jkl g`kfavity è jpjrt-mail js jk ila`g`fy wjs jgs` lua, t` j sifkieibjkt axtakt, t` tma ejbt tmjt tma ila`g`fy wmiga saacikfgy jt `lls

witm tma kaals è bjpitjg, ik rajgity suital tma bjpitjgist `rlar quita waggtmjt is uktig tma jbbucugjtal waifmtè b`ktrjlibti`ks it spjwkal wùgl fr`w t` dab`ca j sariùs gijdigity dy tma :9=?sik tmjt it sarval t` pur-bmjsa tma g`yjgty è wmita gjd`r (witm its agabt`rjg p`war t` gafiticjta bjpitjgist aktarprisa) ik tma ikmaraktbgjss struffga datwaak gjd`r jkl bjpitjg dy sudnabtieyikf tma `dnabtiva jt d`tm gavags> jt tma rjbijg gavag è tmawmita p`gity js j wm`ga (tmrùfm tma b`kbapt è wmitakass), jkl jt tma spabieib atmkib gavag è Jerihjkarl`c(tmrùfm tma b`kbapt è Jerihjkarisc, e`r wjkt è j dattar w`rl). Jt tma sjca tica, kaalgass t` sjy, it ejbig-itjtal tma supar axpgìtjti`k è gjkl jkl gjd`r tmjt dag`kfal t` `tmars, kjcagy tma jd`rifikjg Jeribjk cjn`rity.\` tm`sa ejcigijr witm Q.R. mist`ry, it wùgl k`t da ejreatbmal t` lrjw pjrjggags (gajvikf jsila tma `dviùs ra-varsjg è tma dgjbh/wmita p`pugjti`k rjti`s) witm tmaNic Br`warj è tma Q.R. Rùtm ik wmibm Nic Br`w wjsjical jt saburikf p`gitibjg/ab`k`cib l`cikjti`k `var d`tm, ik tma eirst ikstjkba, dgjbhs, jkl ik tma sab`klikstjkba, wmita k`rtmarkars, js wagg js witm wmjt bjca t` da bjggal tma Rùtmark Rtrjtafy.=\ma eirst e`rcjg

`rfjkizal rasistjkba t` jpjrtmail wjs gjukbmal dy tma Jeribjk Kjti`kjg B`kfrass (JKB),

9

e`gg`wikf, ikitijggy,ik tma e``tstaps è tma k`kvi`gakt rasistjkba cùktal dy Cjmjtcj Fjklmi s`ca labjlas ajrgiar wmak ma wjsik Rùtm Jeribj.

Jppr`prijti`k>\mis is j ejkby w`rl e`r stajgikf jkl tmak bgjicikf tmjt it mjs jgwjys dag`kfal t` yù. B`k-quar`rs takl t` jppr`prijta avarytmikf> pr`party (subm js gjkl), bugtura (subm js gjkfujfa jkl cusib), jkl

=. It is jgs` w`rtm pìktikf ùt tmjt js ik tma bjsa è Nic Br`w Q.R. Rùtm, jpjrtmail bjca t` mjva j mifmgy b`rruptikf ikeguakbatmrùfmùt s`biaty, spjrikf k` `ka. Js Gycjk (4??4> 9) mjs s` wagg put it>

Tjbijg lisbricikjti`k, wmak ikstituti`kjgizal, iklaal cjla pjrt è tma kjti`kjg atmib, drikfs ùt tma w`rst ik jgg pa`pga. It jt-trjbts tma c`st drutjg ikt` p`siti`ks è jutm`rity jkl fivas tmac jk ùtgat e`r tmair drutjgity8 it lacajks tma vibtics jkl

e`rbas tmac ikt` sarvigity t` surviva8 it draals jkfar, eajr, jkl ticility `k jgg silas, cjhikf aee`rts jt rae`rc tapil jkl vi`gaktdy turks. Ik suc, it b`rrupts tma aktira s`biaty, `pprass`r jkl vibtic, gidarjg jkl b`ksarvjtiva. R` it wjs witm jpjrtmail.

9. \mis Jeribjk kjti`kjgist `rfjkizjti`k jkl p`gitibjg pjrty `rifikjggy dafjk its giea ik :9:4 js tma Rùtm Jeribjk Kjtiva Kjti`kjgB`kfrass witm tma ikitijggy gicital `dnabtiva è eifmtikf e`r tma ratakti`k è j c`libuc è v`tikf rifmts tmjt s`ca sabti`ks èb`g`ral pa`pga (pa`pga è cixal rjbijg lasbakt) jkl Jeribjks akn`yal ik Bjpa _r`vikba. \ma `rfjkizjti`k bmjkfal its kjca t`tma Jeribjk Kjti`kjg B`kfrass ik :942, dy wmibm tica it mjl dafuk t` axpjkl its `dnabtivas t` ikbgula rasistjkba t` rjbist safra-fjti`k, s` tmjt dy tma :9


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avak hk`wgalfa jkl ilajs. R`ca axjcpgas è jppr`prijti`k> Aur`-Jcaribjks jppr`prijtikf Jeribjk-Jcaribjk cusib8 Aur`pajks jppr`prijtikf Kjtiva Jcaribjk gjkls8 Aur`pajks jppr`prijtikf Isgjcibhk`wgalfa jkl bugtura lurikf tma gjttar mjge è tma Cillga Jfas.Raa jgs`Bugtura.

Jrt> \mis is j vary lieeibugt b`kbapt t` laeika dabjusa è tma ikmarakt sudnabtivity ikv`gvalda it er`c tmaparspabtiva è tma iklivilujg `r s`biaty js j wm`gaik ilaktieyikf s`catmikf js j w`rh è jrt. B`ksilar>jc`kf Vastark tmikhars wm` mjva frjppgal witm tmis pr`dgac rjkfa jgg tma wjy er`c _gjt` t` Jrist`tga tÀlcukl Durha t` Fa`rf Vigmagc Erialribm Mafag t` Ga`k \r`tshy. Ik ejbt, it cjy da gafiticjta t` jrfua tmjt

it is icp`ssidga t` b`ca up witm j sikfga laeikiti`k è wmjt b`kstitutas j w`rh è jrt tmjt wùgl akb`cpjssavary e`rc è jrtw`rh tmjt pa`pga ik j fivak bugtura mjva s` b`ksilaral it. (@ka pars`k's jrt cjy da jk`tmarpars`k's nukh8 ik `ka bugtura j pjiktikf è j kula bjk da j w`rh è jrt wmiga ik jk`tmar it bjk da viawal jsp`rk`frjpmy.) Jt tma sjca tica, it is icp`rtjkt t` acpmjsiza tma issua è sudnabtivity itsage bjkk`t da sapj-rjtal er`c subm s`bijg strubturjg cjtrixas js bgjss, rjba, faklar, atb. @ka s`guti`k t` tma pr`dgac I mjva b`caup witm is t` laeika jrt `k tma djsis è fakras er`c tma parspabtiva è j fivak bugtura`r s`bijg strubturjgcjtrix. Makba, tma laeikiti`k è wmjt b`kstitutas jrt wùgl lieear lapaklikf up`k wmatmar wa jra b`ksilar-ikf j pjiktikf `r gitarjtura `r j ljkba pare`rcjkba `r j piaba è cusib `r j eigc `r j bugikjry brajti`k, jkl s``k, ik tma b`ktaxt è, sjy, Vastark bugtura ik b`ktrjst t`, sjy, Jeribjk bugtura (`r dùrfaìs bugtura varsusw`rhikf bgjss bugtura, atb.). \mjt sjil, m`wavar, I wùgl suffast tmjt jt gajst aifmt hay bmjrjbtaristibs bjk dailaktieial js iktriksib t` jgg w`rhs è jrt> Eirst, er`c tma pìkt è viaw è tma jrtist, w`rhs è jrt ikv`gva (j)

mucjk brajtivity (wmara tma jrtist cjrbmas t` tma dajt è mis/mar `wk lruccar)8 (d) j c`tivjtikf icpugsa t`l` f``l (ik b`ktrjst t` avig)8 (b) tjgakt8 (l) pjssi`k8 jkl (a) c`tivjti`k tmjt is iklapaklakt è tma pursuit èc`katjry rawjrl e`r its `wk sjha. Rab`kl, er`c tma parspabtiva è juliakba jpprabijti`k, w`rhs è jrt (e)ikv`gva jk jastmatib axpariakba (lagifmteug, ik s`ca wjy, t` `ka `r c`ra è tma saksas)8 (f) agibit b`ktacpgjtivab`fkiti`k8 jkl (m) tmay stjkl tma tast è tica. (K`ta, m`wavar, tmjt tmasa gjst tmraa bmjrjbtaristibs cjy jgs` daragavjkt er`c tma parspabtiva è tma jrtistdut k`t jgwjys.) Fivak tmjt wa giva ik tma arj è bjpitjgisc js tmal`cikjkt c`la è pr`lubti`k, j pr`dgac tmjt ètak prasakts itsage is m`w t` avjgujta jk jbtivity tmjt saahs t`da gjdagal jrt, axprassal, e`r ikstjkba, dy tma dy tma quasti`k> is it jrt `r is it aktartjikcakt0 B`ksilar, e`r ax-jcpga, bikacj. J s`guti`k t` tma pr`dgac tmjt I mjva eùkl w`rhs wagg mara is t` saah raeufa ik j laeikiti`ktmjt listikfuismas datwaak jrt varsus b`ccarbijg aktartjikcakt jg`kf tma gikas dast bjptural dy Yùkfdg``l(:969>61 Dy parpatujtikf j lastrubtiva mjdit è uktmikhikf rasp`ksa tè`rcugjs, dy e`rbikf us t` ragy avar c`ra eraquaktgy `k cac`ry, tma b`ccarbijg aktartjikar akbùrjfas jk

uktmikhikf rasp`ksa t` ljigy giea, ikmiditikf sage-jwjrakass.... MaX/smaS èears k`tmikf wa mjvak't jgrajly b`k-baival, k`tmikf wa l`k't jgrajly axpabt. Jrt axpgjiks8 aktartjikcakt axpgìts. Jrt is eraal`c er`c tma b`kli-ti`ks è cac`ry8 aktartjikcakt is b`kliti`kjg `k j prasakt tmjt is b`kliti`kal dy tma pjst. Aktartjikcaktfivas us wmjt wa wjkt8 jrt fivas us wmjt wa l`k't hk`w wmjt wa wjkt. \ b`ker`kt j w`rh è jrt is t` b`k-er`kt `ka sagedut jspabts è `kasage praviùsgy ukrab`fkizal.:?Er`c tmis parspabtiva, tmak, j eigc is jbikacjtib w`rh è jrt wmak jgg its b`kstitutiva agacakts (tma sbraakpgjy, tma jbtikf, tma bikacjt`frjpmy, tmaalitikf, tma eigc sb`ra, tma pr`lubti`k lasifk, tma sùkl lasifk, b`stucary, jkl s` `k) w`rh ik b`kbart t`raklar tma eigc, jt `kba> iktaggifaktgy aktartjikikf, p`wareuggy tmùfmt-pr`v`hikf, ac`ti`kjggy bmjggakfikf, jkliktaggabtujggy akribmikf. Yat, tma ejbt tmjt tma pral`cikjkt bmjrjbtaristib è c`st M`ggyw``l eigcs is tmair `d-sassiva quast e`r aktartjikcakt vjgua e tma g`wast b`cc`k lak`cikjt`r jt tmjtjd`va jgg agsa (vi`gakbajkl ladjubmary daikf tmair sifkjturas) spajhs t` tma b`rruptikf ikeguakba è b`rp`rjta bjpitjgisc ik its `dsas-

siva jkl `dsbaka pursuit è prèits.

Jutmaktib lac`brjby>Raa Lac`brjby

Jvarsiva Tjbisc> Raa Tjba/Tjbisc

DDB>Dritism Dr`jlbjstikf B`rp`rjti`k

:?. Yùkfdg``l, Faka. Jrt, Aktartjikcakt, Aktr`py. Ik Eigc \ma`ry jkl Britibisc> Iktr`lubt`ry Tajlikfs,alital dy Farjgl Cjst jklCjrsmjgg B`mak, pp. 61 @xe`rl Qkivarsity _rass, :969.


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DBA>Dae`ra tma B`cc`k Arj (B.A.)aquivjgakt t` tma pari`l tmjt mist`rijks usal t` raear t` js D.B.

Dgjbhs>Jk atmkib bjtaf`ry tmjt raears t` jgg pa`pgas wm` bjk trjba tmair jkbastry t` pa`pgas è Jeribj, Jsijjkl tma Jcaribjs givikf ik tma pari`l dae`ra tma Jfa è Aur`pajk U yjfas è Axpgìtjti`k. Vmitas, usikf jsicigjr gika è rajs`kikf, jra tm`sa pa`pgas wm` bjk trjba tmair jkbastry t` pa`pgas è tma Aur`pajk pakiksu-gj dae`ra tma Jfa è Aur`pajk U yjfas è Axpgìtjti`k. Ik tma Q.R. b`ktaxt, dgjbhs fakarjggy raears t` Q.R.Jeribjk Jcaribjks, jkl wmitas raears t` Q.R. Aur`-Jcaribjks.

D`rlars>Raa Bugtura

Dùrfaìs Gaet>@k tma surejba, tmis jppajrs t` da j b`ktrjlibt`ry tarc> m`w bjk j cacdar è tma Gaet da jcacdar è tma dùrfaìsia0 Ik bìkikf tmis lar`fjt`ry tarc, I jc tryikf t` mifmgifmt tma myp`brisy è gaetistpsaul`-iktaggabtujgsusujggy er`c dùrfaìs djbhfrùklswm` aspùsa Cjrxist rmat`rib dut jra euggy ic-carsal ik j dùrfaìs gieastyga, wmibm, ie pusm bjca t` sm`va, tmay wùgl pri`ritiza `var avarytmikf agsa, ik-bgulikf tmair supp`sal w`rhikf bgjss gajkikfs (ik rajgity, b`kstitutikf k`tmikf c`ra tmjk j r`cjktibizjti`k ètma w`rhikf bgjss j gj k`dga sjvjfa è yastaryajr). Raa jgs` Dùrfaìsia, Gaet/Tifmt.

Dùrfaìsia>J Erakbm w`rl p`pugjrizal dy Hjrg Cjrx tmjt raears t` tma wajgtmy bgjss tmjt acarfas js j ra-

sugt è tma lavag pcakt è iklustrijg bjpitjgisc> tma c`lark bjpitjgist jrist`brjby. Ik cy bùrsas, I usa tmatarc iktarbmjkfajdgy witm `tmar tarcs, subm js bjpitjgist bgjss.K`ta tmjt tmis bgjss jgs` ikbgulas tma ciki`ksè b`rp`rjta bjpitjg wm` sit jt tma t`p è b`rp`rjta miarjrbmias, js wagg js its jp`g`fists(tma ifk`rjktsij, tmjtis, tma psaul`-iktaggabtujgs wm` jra b`cc`kgy eùkl ik ukivarsitias jkl wm` pa`pga rifmt wikf tmikh tjkhs).Ik bjpitjgist s`biatias, p`gitibjg iktarasts jkl ab`k`cib iktarasts jra ètak lieearakt8 tmay jra rjragy ukitjry da-bjusa è tma livarfakt `dnabtivas è tma cjssasmara, cajkikf tma w`rhikf bgjss (pr`gatjrijt) jkl tmapajsjktry k `ka mjkl jkl tma dùrfaìsia `k tma `tmar icp`sal `k tmac dy tma libtjtas è tma bjpitjgistab`k`cib systac. E`r axjcpga, wmak it b`cas t` lac`brjby tma dùrfaìsia takls t` da c`ra b`kbarkalwitm tma pr`balurjg pjrt è it rjtmar tmjk tma jutmaktib pjrt, wmarajs tma cjssas jra iktarastal ik d`tm. Ik`tmar w`rls, ik fakarjg, tmùfm k`t jgwjys, `k jgc`st jgg cjn`r s`biatjg issuas tma `dnabtiva iktarasts è tmadùrfaìsia jkl tma patita dùrfaìsia jra lijcatribjggy lieearakt er`c tm`sa è tma cjssas (Raa jgs` lac`b-rjby, Gaet/Tifmt,jklpatita dùrfaìsia.)

Bjpitjg>\mis tarc is usal ik tw` saksas ik cy bgjssas, lapaklikf up`k tma b`ktaxt è its usjfa. @ka saksa istma c`ra b`cc`k uklarstjklikf è bjpitjg js raearrikf t` `ka è tma tmraa hay ejbt rs è pr`lubti`k ik jbjpitjgist s`biaty, eikjkbijg rasùrbastma b`cc`lity wm`sa eukbti`k is t` cjrry tma `tmar tw` ejbt`rs> gjkl(`r its aquivjgakt) jkl gjd`r. \ma `tmar saksa ik wmibm tma tarc is usal is js j fakarib tarc e`r bjpitjgists b`k-silaral js j bgjss.

Bjpitjgisc> \mis tarc raears t` jk ab`k`cib systac tmjt eirst acarfal ik Vastark Aur`pa jrùkl tma eie-taaktm baktury e`gg`wikf tma b`ggjpsa è eauljgisc, dut wmibm làs k`t b`ca ikt` its `wk uktig tma jlvakt èiklustrijg rav`guti`k s`ca tmraa muklral yajrs gjtar, jrùkl tma cillga è tma aifmtaaktm baktury.::\mis isk`t t` suffast tmjt pri`r t` tmis pari`l tmara wara k` bjpitjgists. Ik ejbt bjpitjgists wara prasakt js ejr djbh js

tma jkbiakt bivigizjti`ks è Djdyg`kij ik tma e`rc è carbmjkts. \ma lieearakba m`wavar is tmjt ik tmasa bivigi-zjti`ks bjpitjgisc wjs k`t j ukivarsjg ab`k`cib systac ik wmibm jgg cacdars è s`biaty wara pjrtibipjktsaitmar js w`rhars/pajsjkts `r js bjpitjgist aktraprakaurs. E`r bjpitjgisc t` axist js j ukivarsjg ab`k`cib sys-tac it is k`t akùfm tmjt `kgy s`ca cacdars da ikv`gval ik prèit-cjhikf jbtivitias wmarajs tma rast jra ik-v`gval ik `tmar e`rcs è pr`lubti`k systacs, subm js tma eauljg systac `r sudsistakba systac. \ma aktira s`-biaty cust dab`ca ikv`gval ik wmibm tmara is k`t `kgy sicpga prèit-cjhikf vij trjla dut jgs` prèit-cjhikfvij wmjt cjy da tarcal js axpjklal rapr`lubti`k è bjpitjg. \mjt is tma b`ktikuùs pr`bass è ikvastcakt

::. \ma ejbt`rs tmjt wara rasp`ksidga e`r tmis trjksiti`k t` j kaw ab`k`cib systac is j cjttar è iktaksa ladjtasaa e`r axjcpgaL`dd at jg. (:965) jkl Drakkar (:966).


10/103

_jfa:? è:?2

jkl ra-ikvastcakt è prèits (bjpitjg) ik `rlar t` b`ktikuùsgy axpjkl its cjfkitula. Ik subm j systac avary-tmikf mjs j p`taktijg t` dab`ca j b`cc`lity tmjt bjk da dùfmt jkl s`gl, ikbgulikf gjd`r-p`war (pr`vilaldy w`rhars) jkl bjpitjg (pr`vilal dy djkhs). \marae`ra, bjpitjgisc sifkieias jk ab`k`cib systac ik wmibmtmraa typas è cjrhats iktarjbt> tma gjd`r cjrhat, tma bjpitjg cjrhat, jkl tma axbmjkfa cjrhat (tma saggikf jklduyikf è f``ls) witm tma s`ga purp`sa è fakarjtikf prèits e`r tm`sa wm` `wk tma cajks è pr`lubti`k>tma bjpitjgists. Rubm j systac is `kgy p`ssidga uklar b`kliti`ks wmara j frùp è pa`pga ik s`biaty, w`rhars,jra b`cpgatagy jt tma carby è jk`tmar frùp, bjpitjgists, e r tmair givagim``l8 e`r it is `kgy uklar subm b`kli-ti`ks tmjt bjpitjgists bjk `dtjik gjd`r-p`war, witmùt wmibm k`tmikf è vjgua bjk avar da pr`lubal. Ik `tmar

w`rls, bjpitjgisc dy laeikiti`k icpgias tma acarfakba è tw` prikbipjg bgjssas> tma bjpitjgist bgjss wmibm mjs jb`cpgata c`k`p`gy `var tma cajks è pr`lubti`k(da it gjkl, ejbt`rias, jkl s` `k) jkl tma w`rhikf bgjss wmibmmjs k` jbbass t` tma cajks è pr`lubti`k, jkl tmarae`ra cust sagg tmair gjd`r-p`war t` tma bjpitjgist bgjss ik`rlar t` surviva.:4

:4. Dut m`w làs tmis livisi`k jrisa fivak tmjt jt s`ca pìkt ik mist`ry jgg ik j s`biaty mjl jbbass t` tma prikbipjg cajks è pr`lub-ti`k> gjkl0 \ma jkswar is e`rba jkl vi`gakba8 k`t, js tma bjpitjgists takl t` jssart, tjgakt, jdigity, `r iktaggifakba. \ tjha tma axjc-pgas è tma Qkital Rtjtas jkl Rùtm Jeribj> tma cabmjkisc dy wmibm j frùp è pa`pga wara raklaral w`rhars jkl jk`tmar bjp-itjgists wjs e`rba jkl vi`gakba. \mrùfm e`rba jkl vi`gakba tma ajrgy Aur`pajk sattgars st`ga tma gjkl er`c tma kjtiva ikmjditjktsjkl livilal it up jc`kf tmacsagvas. Gjtar, `kba jgg tma gjkl mjl daak tjhak, kawb`cars mjl t` duy tma gjkl er`c tma `rifikjgsattgarssattikf ik c`ti`k tma usujg bjpitjgist pr`bassas è usikf gjkl e`r jfribugturjg, `r cikikf, `r rasilaktijg `r `tmar usas t`fakarjta prèits tmjt wùgl gjtar da ikvastal ik ejbt`rias jkl `tmar b`ccarbijg aktarprisas. Ik tmis wjy tmara jr`sa tw` prikbipjgbgjssas ik d`tm bùktrias> bjpitjgists jkl w`rhars. Ricigjrgy ik Vastark Aur`pa, tmrùfm e`rba jkl vi`gakba tma sares g`st tma rifmtt` ejrc tmair gjkl t` jk acarfakt bjpitjgist bgjss (b`cprisikf s`ca cacdars è tma k`digity jkl kawgy wajgtmy aktraprakaurs)lurikf tma pr`bass è tma trjksiti`k er`c eauljgisc t` bjpitjgisc jkl dabjca js j rasugt jfrjrijk jkl iklustrijg w`rhars. \mar``ts è bjpitjgist bgjssas tmarae`ra jra t` da eùkl ik mist`ry wmara ikvjrijdgy c`kay tjiktal witm tma dg``l è `tmars (a.f.,sares, kjtiva ikmjditjkts, sgjvas, jkl s` `k) e`rcal tma djsis è tmair fakasis. \ma c`st rabakt axjcpga è j bjpitjgist bgjss ike`rcjti`k is, è bùrsa, ik prasakt-ljy Ajstark Aur`pa, Bmikj (jkl Rùtm Jeribj js wagg, ik tma bjsa è tma acarfikf b`cprj-l`rijgdgjbh bjpitjgist bgjss). \m`sa durajubrjts wm` mjl cjkjfal t` jbbucugjta privigafas jkl b`ktjbts wmiga tmay wara ik è-eiba jra eiklikf it cubm ajsiar t` b`kvart tmasa privigafas ikt` sùrbas è supp`rt e`r tmair aktraprakaurijg jbtivity. \ma jrrivjg èbjpitjgisc ik Ajstark Aur`pa mjs fivak j sab`kl giea t` tma e`rcar mifm-gavag B`ccukist durajubrjts (ir`kibjggy, tma vary frùprasp`ksidga e`r djkhruptikf tma ab`k`cias è Ajstark Aur`pa wmak tmay wara ik bmjrfa). Dut m`w làs `ka axpgjik tma ejbttmjt t`ljy tmara jra axjcpgas è pa`pga wm` mjva dab`ca ribm tmrùfm, saacikfgy, tmair `wk tjgakt jkl jdigity0 \ma jkswar istmjt t` da sura s`ca jt tma iklivilujg gavag l` dab`ca ribm jkl nìk tma rjkhs è tma bjpitjgist bgjss tmrùfm tmair `wk aee`rts(parmjps tmay wik j g`ttary jkl ikvast tma pr`baals, `r tmay mjva ukusujg aktartjikcakt tjgaktjbtikf, sikfikf, sp`rts jkl s``ktmjt jgg`ws tmac jbbass t` gjrfa sucs è c`kay tmjt tmay tmak ikvast ik dusikassas). M`wavar, j bg`sa sbrutiky è tma djbh-

frùkl è tma rast e tma s`-bjggal sage-cjla pa`pga wigg ravajg tmjt tmay mjl jlvjktjfas jkl drajhs jss`bijtal witm b`cikfer`c j bjpitjgist bgjss djbhfrùkl (a.f., alubjti`k, tma rifmt shik b`g`r, tma rifmt faklar, jlaqujta kutriti`k tmjt lil k`t stukttmair drjik lavag`pcakt wmiga fr`wikf up, rifmt b`kkabti`ks tmrùfm tmair pjrakts jkl/`r `tmar ragjtivas, jkl s` `k), `r ik tmabjsa è tma e`rcar B`ccukist bùktrias è Ajstark Aur`pa jss`bijtal witm b`cikf er`c j mifm-gavag B`ccukist durajubrjtibdjbhfrùkl. It wigg, tmarae`ra, b`ca js j sm`bh t` cjky t` rajgiza tmjt ik jgg c`lark bjpitjgist bùktrias è tma Vast, tma cjn`rityè tma w`rhikf bgjss jkl tma bjpitjgist bgjss bjk trjba tmair r``ts fìkf js ejr djbh js tmùsjkls è yajrs ik mist`ry wmak tma eirstlivisi`ks dafjk t` tjha pgjba ik s`biaty (witm tma acarfakba è sattgal jfribugtura) datwaak tm`sa wm` pr`lubal pr`lubts vijtmair `wk gjd`r (tma rugal), jkl tm`sa wm` b`ksucal wmjt `tmars pr`lubal (tma rugars `r tma k`digity). Ik `tmar w`rls, rafjrl-gass è tma vjriùs trjkse`rcjti`ks è ab`k`cib systacs, bgjss livisi`ks mjva racjikal racjrhjdgy b`kstjkt ik tarcs è wm`tma `bbupjkts è tmasa livisi`ks mjva daak. \ ljys w`rhikf bgjss ik @L bùktrias mjs j g`kf, g`kf mist`ry è daikf axpgìtaltmjt praljtas bjpitjgisc. \marae`ra, tma ilaj tmjt pa`pga jbmiava wajgtm, stjtus jkl p`war vij tmair `wk pars`kjg aee`rts, acd`l-ial ik tma s`-bjggal c`digity lrajc (carit`brjby) tmjt is s` wilasprajl ik cjky bjpitjgist s`biatias is ik rajgity j cytm. (Raa Gi:9== e`r c`ra `k tmis ilaj jkl its ejggjbias, js wagg js tma aktry `k carit`brjbyik tmis fg`ssjry.) _a`pga l` k`t bm``sa t` dab`cap``r, m`cagass jkl ukacpg yal8 strubturjg b`kliti`ks è tma bjpitjgist systac aksuras tmjt j sifkieibjkt safcakt è s`biaty tmjt

mjs daak mist`ribjggy lisbricikjtal jfjikst, tmrùfm tma usa è e`rba jkl vi`gakba, racjiks witmik tma bgjss è w`rhars jkl tmaukacpg`yal. C`ra`var, j sicpga tmùfmt axparicakt wigg lriva m`ca tma pìkt tmjt `tmar ejbt`rs dasilas tjgakt, jdigity jkl tmabjpjbity e`r mjrl w`rh jra ikv`gval wmak saahikf cacdarsmip t` tma bjpitjgist bgjss> supp`sikf tmjt jgg witmik tma Qkital Rtjtas`r Rùtm Jeribj, rafjrlgass è rjba, faklar `r jky `tmar di`g`fibjg jttriduta, sullakgy dabjca aqujg ik tarcs è tmasa tmraa ejb-t`rs, wùgl tmay jgg dab`ca ribm jkl cacdars è tma bjpitjgist bgjss `varkifmt0 \ma jkswar `dvi usgy is ik tma kafjtiva. \ma ejbtis tmjt tma akn`ycakt è wajgtm, p`war jkl stjtus dy j cik`rity frùp è pa`pga, wmatmar ik j sikfga bùktry `r ik tma w`rgl, islapaklakt up`k tma lakijg è tmasa t` tma rast è tma p`pugjti`k ik j b`ktaxt è sbjrba rasùrbas tmjt bjkk`t parcit jgg t` mjvafùrcat tmraa-bùrsa cajgs, bmjueeaur-lrivak axpaksiva guxury bjrs, ukgicital suppgy è spaklikf c`kay, guxury cjksi`ks witmtakkis bùrts jkl swiccikf p``gs, vjbjti`ks ik ax`tib pgjbas, sarvjkts, axpaksiva bg`tms, jgg hikls è s`pmistibjtal agabtr`kibfjlfatry, jkl s` `k. \ma systac tmjt t`ljy parcits tmis cjssiva ikaqujgity witmùt cjhikf it jppajr ukejir jkl uknust t` d`tmtma bjpitjgist bgjss jkl tma uklarprivigafal is tma bjpitjgist systac. \ma ilaj, pr`pjfjtal vij tma b`kbapt è tma c`digity lrajc,tmjt jgg mjva jk aqujg bmjkba t` akn`y subm j giea-styga, dut `kgy ie tmay w`rh mjrl jkl usa tmair tjgakt jkl jdigity, is j cytm tmjt


11/103

_jfa:: è:?2

E`ghs, ik tmis tjsh è axpgjikikf t` yù wmjt bjpitjgisc is, tmara jra j kucdar è jlliti`kjg pìkts t` wmibm Icust lrjw yùr jttakti`k>

(j) \ma lriva t` cjha prèits js j rasugt è b`cpatiti`k (saa jd`va) k`t `kgy euags tma ikk`vjti`k pr`bassik pr`lubti`k tabmkiquas js kaw wjys jra jgwjys daikf sùfmt t` raluba b`sts js wagg js icpr`va qujgity èpr`lubts (wmibm ik turk raquira frajtar prèits t` pjy e`r tma rasajrbm jkl ikk`vjti`k), dut jgs` e`rba bjpitjg-ists t` saah ùt kaw cjrhats jkl sùrbas è bmajp rjw cjtarijgs day`kl tma d`rlars è tma bùktry ik wmibmtmay jra g`bjtal, fivikf risa t` trjkskjti`kjg eircs. @ka icpgibjti`k è tmis ejbt is tmjt it is ik tma iktarast ètrjkskjti`kjgs t` aksura tmjt k` rafi`k è tma w`rgl is bg`sal t` tmacik bjsa tmay cjy kaal t` axtakl tmair

jbtivitias tmara (t` ikvast, t` sagg f``ls, t` lavag`p rjw cjtarijgs sùrbas, jkl s` `k). \ma pusm t` `pak up tmaJktjrbtib rafi`k t` bjpitjgist jbtivitias is sycpt`cjtib è tmis ikmarakt kaal dy bjpitjgists t` axtakl tmair rjkfaè jbtujg jkl p`taktijg jbtivitias t` jgg b`rkars è tma fg`da8 rafjrlgass è tma lisjstrùs akvir`kcaktjg b`ksa-quakbas tmjt cjy aksua, k`t `kgy e`r tma Jktjrbtib rafi`k dut tma pgjkat itsage. Rikba s`bijgist ab`k`cib sys-tacs l` k`t parcit privjta bjpitjgist jbtivity bùktrias tmjt jbquira s`bijgist ab`k`cib systacs jra dy laeiki-ti`k akacias è trjkskjti`kjgs. It is tmis issua tmjt gjy jt tma majrt è wmjt usal t` da bjggal tma b`gl wjr8 tmaQkital Rtjtas jkl its jggias mjl jk ikkjta eajr è tma R`viat Qki`k jssistikf _ZL kjti`ks ik ikstitutikf s`bijgistab`k`cib systacs. Dut m`w làs `ka axpgjik tma ejbt tmjt avak j supp`salgy s`bijgist bùktry subm js Bmikjk`w mjs trjkskjti`kjgs `parjtikf witmik its d`rlars0 \ma sicpga jkswar is tmjt it k` g`kfar mjs j s`bijgist ab`-k`cib systac. Its ab`k`cy is j cixal ab`k`cib systac b`cprisikf pjrtijggy stjta-`wkal jkl pjrtijggy (`rwm`ggy) privjtagy-`wkal bjpitjgist aktarprisas. Ik ejbt, witm tma pmjsikf ùt è baktrjgizal ab`k`cib pgjk-

kikfjk icp`rtjkt bmjrjbtaristib è s`bijgist ab`k`ciastma ab`k`cy tmjt mjs acarfal is assaktijggy `kaè j eusi`k è stjta jkl privjta bjpitjgisc. (Rtjta bjpitjgisc is j systac wmara tma `wkar è tma bjpitjgist ak-tarprisa is k`t j privjta iklivilujg `r j frùp è privjta iklivilujgs dut tma stjta.) It is e`r tmis rajs`k tmjt tmab`gl wjr is k`w lajl.

(d) \ma p`gitibjg systac tmjt jbb`cpjkias bjpitjgisc bjk da è jky hikls` g`kf js it làs k`t iktarearawitm tma bjpitjgist pr`bassas è cjhikf prèits. Makba j c`kjrbmibjg e`rc è f`varkcakt, j rutmgass cigitjrylibtjt`rsmip, j ejsbist f`varkcakt, j rjbist f`varkcakt, j pjrgijcaktjry lac`brjtib f`varkcakt, j cugtipjrtyprasilaktijg f`varkcakt, j dakifk bivigijk libtjt`rsmip, atb., bjk jgg da jt m`ca witm bjpitjgist ab`k`cib sys-tacs. Lac`brjby tmarae`ra is k`t iktriksib t` bjpitjgisc, nust js p`gitibjg tyrjkky is k`t iktriksib t` s`bijgistab`k`cib systacsaxbapt ik tma bjsa è tma Gakikist-Rtjgikist varsi`ks (sjlgy tma `kgy `kas tmjt mjva daak ikaxistakba mitmart`).Vmiga cy bgjssas jra usujggy rapgata witm britibiscs è tma bjpitjgist systac tmis smùgl k`tda tjhak t` icpgy tmjt tmara is j surraptitiùs pgaj e`r tma wm`gasjga jdjkl`kcakt è it8 m`wavar lasirjdga

tmjt cjy da, rajgity (d`tm b`kbaptujggy jkl p`gitibjggy) prabgulas tmjt. @k tma `tmar mjkl, it is icp`rtjkt tàcpmjsiza tmjt ik bjpitjgist s`biatias tma r`ga è lac`brjby is t` tacpar tma w`rst axbassas è tma bjpitjgistsystac, wmibm `ka cust da racacdar is iktriksibjggy jktitmatibjg t` ab`k`cib lavag`pcakt ik tma euggast saksa(raquiras pjyikf maal t` tma jfaklj è jutmaktib lac`brjby) fivak its `dsassi`k witm ab`k`cibfr`wtm, tma`dnabtiva è wmibm is jbbucugjti`ke`r its `wk sjha.

(b) Ik `rlar t` euggy b`cpramakl tma sùrbas è s`bijg bmjkfa ik bjpitjgist s`biatias `ka cust stuly tmap`gitibjg damjvi`r è tma tw` prikbipjg frùps ik tmasa s`biatias> tma bjpitjgist bgjss jkl tma w`rhikf bgjss8 tmjtis, tma tw` frùps tmjt jra cutujggy jktjf`kistib t`wjrl ajbm `tmar js j rasugt è tma spabieib ragjti`ksmip ajbmmjs t` tma pr`lubti`k pr`bass (axpgìtar jkl axpgìtal).:2

magps t` nustiey tma axistakba è j systac tmjt b`kbajgs tma ikmarakt ikaqujgitias it akfaklars vij tma icpars`kjg `parjti`k è

cjrhat e`rbas wmara tm`sa witm ikitijg jlvjktjfas (larival er`c tma pjst) racjik tma b`kstjkt wikkars. \ma ir`ky ik jgg tmis, èbùrsa, is tmjt jc`kf tma stjukbmast dagiavars e tma cytm`g`fy è tma c`digity lrajc jra tma vary vibtics è tma bjpitjgist sys-tac> tma w`rhars, tma ukacpg`yal jkl tma p``r.

:2. Dut tmara jra cjky pa`pga ik bjpitjgist s`biatias wm` jra kaitmar bjpitjgists k`r w`rhars8 làs tmis cajk tmay jra irragavjkt0 K`tjt jgg8 axbapt tmjt tmair p`gitibjg damjvi`r bjk da dast uklarst``l dy latarcikikf m`w ejr er`c `r m`w bg`sa t` ik tma pr`lubti`kpr`bass (`r durajubrjtib miarjrbmy) tmay jra t` aitmar è tma tw` prikbipjg frùps. \ tjha jk axjcpga> ik j f`varkcakt duraju-brjby tma p`gitibjg damjvi`r è tm`sa jt tma t`p wigg livarfa b`ksilarjdgy er`c tm`sa jt tma d`tt`c8 tm`sa jt tma t`p wigg c`stgihagy mjva j b`cc`kjgty è iktarasts witm tma bjpitjgist bgjss wmarajs tm`sa jt tma d`tt`c witm tma w`rhikf bgjss. (Dy tma wjy, itis icp`rtjkt yù uklarstjkl tmjt it is p`ssidga e`r `ka pars`k t` da bgjssieial js aitmar cillga bgjss `r w`rhikf bgjss. It jgg la-pakls `k wmjt tma purp`sa è tma bgjssieibjti`k is. Is tma purp`sa t` axpg`ra p`war ragjti`ksmips ik s`biaty, `r is it t` axpg`rawm` fats m`w cubm ik tarcs è tmikfs giha ikb`ca jkl alubjti`k.)


12/103

_jfa:4 è:?2

(l) @k j fg`djg sbjga, bjpitjgisc mjs av`gval `var tma pjst savarjg labjlas, dafikkikf ik tma :91?s, t` da-b`ca, t`ljy, wmjt `ka cjy bjgg tabmk`-eikjkbijg c`k`p`gy bjpitjgiscwmara j eaw gjrfa trjkskjti`kjg b`r-p`rjti`kssupp`rtal dy aqujggy gjrfa trjkskjti`kjg c`k`p`gy djkhs---ragyikf `k j stupaklùs djsa è tabmkibjg jkleikjkbijg rasùrbas ukprabalaktal ik mucjk mist`ry, l`cikjta tma fg`djg ab`k`cy, ètak stiegikf b`cpatiti`k,eixikf pribas, drutjgizikf jkl supar-axpgìtikf gjd`r, fg`djgizikf suppgy bmjiks, atb., ik tmair iksjtijdga tmirst e`rprèits js tmay cjrbm t` tma lrucdajt è gicitgass jbbucugjti`k è wajgtm e`r its `wk sjha. \ma risa è tmasabjpitjgist b`kfg`carjta damac`tms mjs jgs` daak jbb`cpjkial dy j labilalgy lastrubtiva jppr`jbm t` d`tmpa`pga jkl tma akvir`kcakt s` tmjt it cjhas saksa t`ljy t` tjgh jdùt lastrubtiva bjpitjgiscvarsus b`k-

strubtiva bjpitjgisc.(a) Yù wigg eikl ik tma gitarjtura j vary jljcjkt viaw tmjt tma jkjgysis è tma s`bijg strubturas è bjpitjg-

ist s`biatias (giha tmis `ka) làs k`tkaal t` b`ksilar tma cjttar è rjba (`r faklar e`r tmjt cjttar) da-bjusa it is ik rajgity jk ila`g`fibjg apipmak`cak`k. It is bgjss tmjt cust da tma `kgy e`bus è jttakti`k. Jt `kagavag, tmis viaw is b`rrabt js tmis tmùfmt axparicakt smùgl quibhgy ravajg> ie t`c`rr`w tmis aktira s`biaty da-bjca rjbijggy m`c`fakùs wùgl strubturjg ikaqujgity lisjppajr0 \ma jkswar è bùrsa is k`. Bgjss wùgl stiggracjik js tma latarcikjkt è tma s`bijg strubtura. \` cjha tmikfs bgajrar, I jc driaegy gjyikf ùt dag`w tmadjsib agacakts è j tma`ratibjg e`rcugjti`k tmjt axpgjiks tma ragjti`ksmip datwaak bgjss jkl rjba ik j bjpitjgistlac`brjby. M`wavar, dae`ra I pr`baal gat ca eirst lrjw yùr jttakti`k t` tma issua è spabieibity> wmjt e` g-g`ws is k`t b`kbarkal witm j fakarib lac`brjtib bjpitjgist s`biaty, rjtmar it lajgs spabieibjggy witm tma QkitalRtjtas8 tmjt is, j s`biaty tmjt is bmjrjbtarizal k`t `kgy dy bjpitjgist lac`brjby dut jgs` j mist`ry ik wmibm rjba

mjs k`t `kgy daak j parcjkakt sudtaxt, dut jt ticas tma taxt itsage. (Tabjgg tmjt tma b`g`kizjti`k pr`nabt tmjtdrùfmt tma Aur`pajks t` tma Jcaribjs wjs jgs` jt `ka jkl tma sjca tica j rjbist pr`nabtikv`gvikf, jt itsw`rst, tma fak`biljg curlar è Kjtiva Jcaribjks jkl tma aksgjvacakt è Jeribjks.) Fivak tmis ejbt, tma tma`-ratibjg tjsh is t` b`maraktgy wajva t`fatmar tmraa tmikfs> rjba, bgjss, jkl gjw t` jrriva jt j b`fakt uklarstjklikfè tma kjtura è Q.R. bjpitjgist lac`brjby jkl tma eg`w bmjrtI mjva prapjral, saaJppaklix Ijt tma akl ètmis l`bucakt, jttacpts t` l` tmjt.

Tjba, Bgjss, jkl Gjw ik j Bjpitjgist Lac`brjby> J Eg`w Bmjrt

Raa Jppaklix I jt tma akl è tmis l`bucakt

Bjpitjgist Lac`brjby> Raa Lac`brjby

BA>B`cc`k Arjaquivjgakt t` tma pari`l tmjt mist`rijks usal t` raear t` js J. L. (Raa jgs` DBA)

Bmjik è jkjgysis>I usa tmis tarc t` cajk s`catmikf sicigjr t` tma tarc suppgy bmjik ik b`ccarba (`rbmjik è b`ccjkl ik tma cigitjry) witm raspabt t` tma saquakba è jkjgytibjg staps `ka cust tjha ik drikf-ikf t`fatmar livarsa piabas è ike`rcjti`k e`r tma purp`sas è jkswarikf j quasti`k jdùt jk issua wa wjktt` b`cpramakl t` tma euggast axtakt p`ssidga. E`r axjcpga> tma jkswar t` tma quasti`k wmy lil V`rgl Vjr I(:9: Ik Qkital Rtjtas, tmasa jra privjtagy ruk sbm``gs dut pudgibgy euklal (cjikgy tmrùfm pr`p-arty tjxas) giha rafugjr pudgib sbm``gs. \m`sa `k tma rifmt g`va bmjrtar sbm``gs dabjusa tmay dgjca tma iggs ètma ikkar-bity pudgib sbm``g systac (wmibm, dabjusa è la ejbt` rasilaktijg safrafjti`k, sarvas cjikgy rjbijgcik`ritias) `k, supp`salgy, j dg`jtal alubjti`kjg durajubrjby8 ikjlaqujtagy c`tivjtal sbm``gbmiglrak8 jklp``rgy trjikal jkl/`r gjzy tajbmars wm` bjkk`t da eiral er`c tmair p`siti`ks dabjusa è tma p`war è tmatajbmarsuki`ks. Bmjrtar sbm``gs jra supp`sal t` da tma pjkjbaj8 tjhikf bjra è tmasa hikls è pr`dgacs. Jsis s` ètak tma bjsa witm tma p`siti`ks è tma rifmt `k s`bi`-ab`k`cib issuas, avilakba làs k`t dajr tmacùte`r tma c`st pjrt. \mis cjhas saksa, dabjusa tma pr`dgacs è tmasa sbm``gs jra k`t r``tal pricjrigy ik


13/103

_jfa:2 è:?2

ejbt`rs t` l` witm jfakby (djl hils, djl tajbmars, jkl djl jlcikistrjt`rs) dut rjtmar ejbt`rs è strubtura>c`st icp`rtjkt jc`kf tmac daikf, k`t surprisikfgy, uklareuklikf.:Baktrjg Iktaggifakba Jfakby (j Q.R. f`varkcakt aktity tmjt dafjk its giea js j spy jfakby dut wmibm t`ljyuklartjhas jgg hikls è bgjklastika jbtivitias jdr`jl, day`kl spyikf).:1

Bivig R`biaty>\mis tarc mjs pr`djdgy js cjky laeikiti`ks js tma kucdar è pars`ks wiggikf t` laeika it8 e`rùr purp`sas tmis `ka wigg mjva t` l`> tma b`ggabtivity è jgg v`guktjry ikstituti`ks ik j s`biaty tmjt jra b`ksti-

tutal er`c ùtsila tma jrakjs è tma ejcigy, tma stjta, jkl tma cjrhat pgjba. Ik j lac`brjby, bivig s`biaty is itsdjsib eùkljti`k (t` put it dguktgy> k` bivig s`biaty, k` lac`brjby). \mara is j lijgabtibjg ragjti`ksmip datwaakbivig s`biaty jkl lac`brjby wmara `ka kùrismas tma `tmar.:5

Bivigizjti`k> Raap`gitibjg b`ksbiùskass

Bgjss>\ma ab`k`cy-djsal miarjrbmib livisi`k è tma s`bijg strubturaaspabijggy js it ragjtas t` tma `wkar-smip è tma cajks è pr`lubti`k. E`r axjcpga, ik bjpitjgist s`biatias, `ka bjk ilaktiey, jt tma vary cikicuc,tw` eukljcaktjg iktarlapaklaktbgjssas> tma w`rhikf bgjss jkl tma bjpitjgist bgjss wmara kaitmar è wm`c bjkaxist witmùt tma `tmar.K`ta>avak ie tma e`gg`wikf tarcs mjva k`t daak axpgibitgy jssifkal,e`r tast purp`sasyùcust jgs` g``h up tmasa tarcs ik tmis fg`ssjry> Dùrfaìsia8 Bjpitjgisc8 Bgjss B`ksbiùskass8 Bgjss Ta-

pr`lubti`k8 Bgjss Rtruffga8 Bgjss Vjrejra8 jkl Carit`brjby.

Bgjss B`ksbiùskass>j b`ksbiùs jwjrakass è `kas bgjss p`siti`k er`c tma parspabtiva è p`war ragjti`ks(k`t er`c tma parspabtiva e ikb`ca). Raa jgs` Ifk`rjktsij

Bgjss Tapr`lubti`k> tma iktarfakarjti`kjg trjkscissi`k è bgjss p`siti`ks tmjt aksuras tma parcjkakba èbgjssas. Ik bjpitjgist lac`brjbias tw` vary icp`rtjkt cabmjkiscs damikl bgjss rapr`lubti`k is cjkipugjti`kè tma tjx b`la (t` dakaeit tma ribm jt tma axpaksa è tma p``r) jkl tma alubjti`kjg systac. B`ksilarikf tmagjttar, tma alubjti`kjg systac axists js j tw`-sabt`r systac> privjta jkl pudgib wmara tma privjta is tma axbgu-siva prasarva è tma ribm. M`wavar, wmara sbm``gs ik tma pudgib sabt`r jra jttaklal dy tma ribm, tmak tmay jraakfikaaral t` ejv`r tma ribm tmrùfm subm cajks js jlcissi`ks p`gibias, burribugj, lieearaktijg euklikf, jkl s``k. Raa jgs` Carit`brjby.

Bgjss Rtruffga> raears t` struffgas ik bjpitjgist s`biatias datwaak tma ab`k`cibjggy p`wargasstma w`rhikfbgjssasjkl tma p`wareugdif dusikass `r tma b`rp`rjta bjpitjgist bgjss var issuas è jutmaktiblac`b-rjby, wmibm b`kbarks tma tmirl pjrt è tmjt ejcùs pmrjsa ik tma prajcdga t` tma Q.R. B`kstituti`k> giea, gid-

: \ma Rmjca è tma Kjti`k> \ma Tast`rjti`k è Jpjrtmail Rbm``gikf ik JcaribjXKaw Y`rh, \mraa Tivars,4??1S). Raa jgs` tma d``h dy _atar Rjbhs> \ajrikf L`wk tma Fjtas> B`ker`ktikf tma Bgjss Livila ik Jcaribjk Alubjti`k(Darhagay, BJ>Qkivarsity è Bjgie`rkij _rass, 4??6). Js e`r jk avjgujti`k è tma pare`rcjkba è bmjrtar sbm``gs saa, e`r axjcpga, tma Nuka4??9 rap`rt dy Rtjke`rl Qkivarsitys Baktar e`r Tasajrbm k Alubjti`k @utb`cas (titgalCugtipga Bmìba> Bmjrtar Rbm``g _are`rcjkbaik :5 Rtjtas) wmibm b`kbgulas tmjt wmiga tma pibtura is j gittga cixal, tma djsib pjttark kavartmagass is bgajr>

Bmjrtar sbm``gs mjva dab`ca j rjggyikf bry e`r alubjti`k rae`rcars jbr`ss tma bùktry, witm avary axpabtjti`k tmjt tmay

wigg b`ktikua t` eifura pr cikaktgy ik kjti`kjg alubjti`kjg strjtafy ik tma c`ktms jkl yajrs t` b`ca. Jkl yat, tmis stulyravajgs ik ukcistjhjdga tarcs tmjt, ik tma jffrafjta, bmjrtar stulakts jra k`t ejrikf js wagg js tmair \_R Xtrjliti`kjg pudgibsbm``gsS bùktarpjrts. Eurtmar, tracaklùs vjrijti`k ik jbjlacib qujgity jc`kf bmjrtars is tma k`rc, k`t tma axbapti`k.\ma pr`dgac è qujgity is tma c`st prassikf issua tmjt bmjrtar sbm``gs jkl tmair supp`rtars ejba.

:1 Raa tmasa sùrbas t` fat j fgicpsa ikt` tma rjkfa è jbtivitias tmjt tma BIJ is akfjfal ik (wmibm jra k`tjgg kabassjrigy gafjg uklard`tm Q.R. gjw jkl iktarkjti`kjg gjw)>

mttp>//www.ddb.b`.uh/kaws/w`rgl-us-bjkjlj-:


14/103

_jfa:< è:?2

arty, jkl tma pursuit è mjppikass. Ik tma jdsakba è cajkikfeugpr`balurjglac`brjby,ik j bjpitjgist s`biatytma cik`rity (tma bjpitjgist bgjss) mjs tma ab`k`cib p`war, tmrùfm its c`k`p`gistib`wkarsmip jkl b`ktr`g ès`biatys cjn`r cajks è ab`k`cib pr`lubti`k (ejbt`rias, ejrcs, atb.), t` latarcika ie tma cjn`rity wigg mjvae``l `k tma tjdga jkl j r`è `var its majl jt tma fakarjg gavag jkl, jt tma spabieib gavag, m`w it wigg da trajtalik tma w`rhpgjba ik tarcs è pjy jkl w`rhikf b`kliti`ks js tma bjpitjgist bgjss saahs t` cjxicizaits prèits ikits ukaklikf quast e`r gicitgass jbbucugjti`k è wajgtm. Ik ejbt, tma r``ts è tma dugh è tma Aur`pajk lijs-p`rj jgg jbr`ss tma pgjkat (er`c Rùtm Jeribj t` Qkital Rtjtas, er`c Bjkjlj t` Kaw âjgjkl) tmjt acarfalwitm tma `ksat è iklustrijg bjpitjgisc gias ik tmis eukljcaktjggy tyrjkkibjg bmjrjbtar è gjissaz ejirabjpitjgisc.

\ma cjn`rity (tma w`rhikf bgjssikbgulas tma s`-bjggal cillga bgjss) mjs `kgy `ka sùrba è p`war t` ak-sura tmjt tma cik`rity làs k`t laky tmac tma cajks è jbbass t` gieas kabassitias jkl/`r axpgìt tmac ik tmaw`rhpgjba, jkl tmjt is tmair p`taktijg jdigity t` drikf j bjpitjgist aktarprisa t` j stjklstiggdy witmlrjwikftmair gjd`r tmrùfm `rfjkizal iklustrijg jbti`k (a.f. j gjd`r striha)dy cajks è trjla uki`ks.:6K`t surpris-ikfgy, tmrùfmùt tma mist`ry è iklustrijg bjpitjgisc, up t` tma vary prasakt, tma bjpitjgist bgjss mjs jgwjys `p-p`sal tma e`rcjti`k è trjla uki`ks, s`caticas usikf vi`gakba ie kabassjry. \marae`ra, jk icp`rtjkt ikmaraktlicaksi`k è iklustrijg bjpitjgisc is bgjss struffga, wmibm is tma b`kstjkt struffga datwaak tmasa tw` l`cikjktbgjssas tmjt acarfal witm tma risa è iklustrijg bjpitjgisc, jkl wmibm mjs its r``ts ik tma pr`lubti`k pr`basswmara ajbm is pursuikf lijcatribjggy b`ktrjlibt`ry akls> prèits varsus givagim``l. K`ta tmjt tma axistakba èbgjss struffgas js j parcjkakt eajtura è jgg bjpitjgist s`biatias làs k`t kabassjrigy cajk tmjt tma w`rhikfbgjssas wigg jgwjys da jwjra e jgg ikstjkbas è subm struffgas.Vmjt is c`ra, jk icp`rtjkt wajp`k è tma bjp-

itjgist bgjss jical jt aksurikf tmair vibt`ry ik bgjss-struffgas is t` b`kvikba, dy cajks è pr`pjfjklj tmrùfmtma calij (cubm è wmibm is, dy tma wjy, bjpitjgist-`wkal), gjrfa sabti`ks è tma w`rhikf bgjss tmjt tmair ik-tarasts jra tma sjca js tmjt è tma bjpitjgist bgjssusujggy tmrùfm tma tabmkiqua è sudnabtieibjti`k è `dnab-tiva iktarasts. J wagg-hk`wk t``g ik tma Aur`pajk-Jcaribjk abucaka t` ejbigitjta tmis sudnabtieibjti`k is tmaila`g`fy è rjbiscwmibm ik c`lark ticas eùkl its c`st p`takt axprassi`k ik Kjzi Farcjky. \mis is jbgjssib livila-jkl-ruga strjtafy.(Raa jgs`Bjpitjgisc, Bgjss Vjrejra.)

Bgjss Vjrejra> raears t` tma systacjtib jssjugt ik bjpitjgist s`biatias dy b`rp`rjta bjpitjg `k jutmaktibjkl/`r pr`balurjg lac`brjby e`r purp`sas è akmjkbikf its jbbucugjti`k jbtivitias, tmrùfm prèit-cjxicizjti`k, dy wmjtavar cajks kabassjry, gafjg `r `tmarwisa. Ik `tmar w`rls, jky jbtivity `k tma pjrt è tma bjpitjg-ist bgjss jkl its jggias tmjt is lagidarjtagy lasifkal t` raluba tmapudgib wjfa(jkl tmarady uklarcika jutmak-tib lac`brjby) ik `rlar t` akmjkba its bjpitjgist jbbucugjti`k jbtivitias qujgieias js bgjss wjrejra. J f``l ax-

jcpga è bgjss wjrejra is tma p`gguti`k è tma akvir`kcakt dy j bjpitjgist aktarprisa. Jk`tmar axjcpga is tmab`rrupti`k è pr`balurjg lac`brjby dy cajks è dridas (ikbgulikf gafjgdridas ik tma fuisa è g`ddyikf)pjil t` gafisgjt`rs, f`varkcakt èeibijgs, jkl s` `k8 jkl tmrùfm tma lagidarjta cisiktarpratjti`k è tma Q.R.B`kstituti`k ik ejv`r è b`rp`rjta bjpitjga.f. ik tma ikstjkbas è Eirst jkl Eùrtaaktm Jcaklcaktsdy,mist`ribjggy, `ka è its hay f`varkcakt jggias, tma Q.R. Rupraca Bùrt.:=\m`sa b`ksaquakbas è bjpitjgist ak-tarprisa tmjt jra raearral t` ik stjkljrl ab`k`cibs gitarjtura js kafjtiva axtarkjgitiasbjk jgs` da b`ksilaraljs jk axprassi`k è bgjss wjrejra. K`ta tmjt tmis laeikiti`k làs K@\ ikb`rp`rjta tma Cjrxist viaw tmjt jkybjpitjgist jbbucugjti`k jbtivity b`kstitutas bgjss wjrejra.(Raa jgs`Bjpitjgisc, Bgjss B`ksbiùskass8 BgjssRtruffga.)

Bgicjta Bmjkfa>saaFg`djg Vjrcikf

:6. J ejggjby parpatrjtal dy bjpitjgjkl its jggias is tmjt it mjs k` aquivjgakt `rfjkizjti`ks t` b`cdjt tma jbtivitias è gjd`r uki`ks.Yat, tmis is b`cpgatagy uktrua. It mjs cjky jkl ètak vary p`wareug `rfjkizjti`ks t` raprasakt its iktarasts axbapt tmjt tmay jrak`t js `dviùsgy visidga t` tma pudgib (js gjd`r uki`ks jra) ik tarcs è tmair jbtivitias, wmibm ejgg ikt` tw` cjik bjtaf`rias> rapra-saktikf its iktarasts t` tma f`varkcaktusujggy tmrùfm g`ddyikfjkl ikeguakbikf pudgib `piki`k. Axjcpgas è subm `rfjkizj-ti`ks ikbgula bmjcdars è b`ccarba (a.f. tma Q.R. Bmjcdar è B`ccarba)8 iklustry-spabieib jss`bijti`ks (a.f. R`biaty èBmacibjg Cjkuejbturars & Jeeigijtas)8 rasajrbm ikstitutas jkl tmikh tjkhs (a.f. \ma Maritjfa Eùkljti`k)8 jkl, è bùrsa, tma vjr-iùs ukits è tma b`rp`rjta-`wkal cjss-calij (a.f. E x \agavisi`k).

:=. \ma suffasti`k mara is k`t tmjt tma Q.R. Rupraca Bùrt is aktiragy ik tma p`bhats è b`rp`rjta bjpitjg. Tjtmar, raearakba mara ist` tma fakarjg mist`ribjg pjttark è Q.R. Rupraca Bùrt labisi`ks ejv`rikf, c`ra ètak tmjk k`t (jkl eraquaktgy c`st afrafiùs-gy), b`rp`rjta bjpitjg t` tma fr`ss latricakt è tma lac`brjtib iktarasts (pr`balurjg jkl jutmaktib) è tma bitizakry.


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_jfa:1 è:?2

B`gl Vjr>Jk ila`g`fibjggy-r``tal b`kegibt datwaak tma Qkital Rtjtas jkl its jggias jkl tma e`rcar R`viat Qk-i`k jkl its jggias eùfmt tmrùfm pr`xy wjrs lurikf tma pari`l e`gg`wikf V`rgl Vjr II uktig tma b`ggjpsa èb`ccukisc ik Ajstark Aur`pa jt tma dafikkikf è tma :99?s. :9It ùfmt t` da k`tal tmjt tmara wara tw` vjri-jkts è b`gl wjr tmikhikf ik tma Vast> tma gidarjg jkl tma b`ksarvjtiva.4?Makba, witmik tma Q.R. e`raifk-p`giby-cjhikf jrakj, tma b`gl wjr wùgl cjkieast itsage ik tw` e`rcs> rafi`kjgisc jkl fg`djgisc. Tafi`kjgiscwjs j gidarjg vjrijkt è fg`djgisc, wmibm mjl daak tma mjggcjrh è p`st-V`rgl Vjr II Q.R. e`raifk p`giby,jkl wmibm sjw tma w`rgl er`c tma parspabtiva è tma Q.R./R`viat b`gl wjr rivjgry, wmara b`kegjfrjti`ks ik tma_ZLkjti`ks, e`r axjcpga, wara parbaival t` da axbgusivagy tma mjkliw`rh è tma R`viat Qki`k. Ik tmis sic-

pgistib b`ksarvjtiva ila`g`fibjg w`rgl viaw avak struffgas subm js tma jktijpjrtmail struffga ik Rùtm Jeribjwara saak js tma w`rh è tma R`viat Qki`k. K` cjttar m`w dizjrra tmis viaw cjy mjva daak t` rjti`kjggytmikhikf pa`pga, it làs mjva s`ca g`fib t` it fivak its r``ts ik Aur`-Jcaribjk rjbist stara`typas è _ZLpa`pgas js sicpga jkl ukiktaggifakt, jkl tmarae`ra ajsigy fuggidga jkl cjkipugjdga dy jk axtarkjg e`rba. Ta-fi`kjgisc, `r gidarjg fg`djgisc, m`wavar, t``h j sgifmtgy c`ra rajgistib viaw dy suffastikf tmjt wmiga Q.R. e`r-aifk p`giby mjl t` b`ktikua t` da pursual ugticjtagy ik tarcs è tma b`gl wjr, its `dnabtivas bùgl da dattarrajgizal dy jbbaptikf tmjt tma sùrbas è tmasa b`kegjfrjti`ks ik tma _ZLwara g`bjg `r rafi`kjg. Makba iktmis viaw tma R`viat Qki`k wjs stigg akacy kucdar `ka, dut it wjs k` g`kfar saak s` cubm js tma ikstifjt`r,dut rjtmar js tma axpgìtar è tmasa b`kegjfrjti`ks e`r purp`sas è its cissi`k è w`rgl-l`cikjti`k. \ma b`r-rabt parspabtiva smùgl mjva daak, è bùrsa, t` viaw jgg cjn`r avakts ik tma _ZL kjti`ks `k tmair `wk car-its, jkl k`t er`c j b`gl wjr parspabtiva. M`wavar, tmjt wùgl mjva raquiral j cjn`r trjkse`rcjti`k ik tma

b`ksbiùskass è tma e`raifk p`giby astjdgismcaktjk icp`ssidigity fivak tma kjtura è tma Q.R. p`gitibjg jklab`k`cib systac. Kaalgass t` sjy, e`r tma cjssas è tma _ZL bùktrias, tma b`gl wjraspabijggy ik its fg`d-jgist cjkieastjti`kwùgl spagg iccaksa sueearikf, cisary, jkl lajtm e`r tmùsjkls up`k tmùsjkls.4:E`r cjky ik tma _ZL bùktrias tma b`gl wjr (t` wmibm tmair `wk ejta mjl daak tial wiggy-kiggy dy tma pr`tjf-`kists) mjl daak j parpgaxikf pmak`cak`k.\` tmac k`t `kgy lil it jppajr t` mjva daak j ljkfarùs qujrragjc`kf wmita pa`pga, fivak tmjt tmay (tma wmitas) p`ssassal wajp`ks è fg`djg lastrubti`k, `var jgtarkjtivawjys è `rfjkizikf s`biaty, dut tma b`ktaxt, tarcs jkl bmjrjbtar è tma qujrrag saacal t` gjbh g`fib t` jtgajst `k tma surejba. E`r axjcpga> ikstajl è witkassikf tma fr`wtm è eriaklsmip jkl g`kf-tarc jggijkba da-twaak tma wjr-tica jggias, Vastark kjti`ks (gal dy tma Qkital Rtjtas) jkl tma R`viat Qki`k, laap cistrust jkljkic`sity mjl lavag`pal datwaak tmac. Yat, strjkfagy, tm`sa kjti`ks tmjt mjl `kba daak jrbmakacias è tmaJggias, tma Jxis p`wars (Farcjky, Itjgy, jkl Njpjk), wara k`w tmair d`s`c eriakls. C`ra`var, t` eurtmar ac-pmjsiza tma saacikf b`ktrjlibti`ks è p`st-V`rgl Vjr II iktarkjti`kjg ragjti`ks, avak tm`sa wm` wùgl g`fi-

bjggy, it wùgl jppajr, mjva daak axpabtal t` racjik akacias e`ravar, tma Nawism pa`pgas jkl tma Farcjks,mjl `varb`ca c`st è tmair jkic`sitias jkl wara k`w eriakls. Jt jk`tmar gavag tma parpgaxity dabjca avakc`ra laapar wmak subm ejbts js tmasa wara tjhak ikt` b`ksilarjti`k>

\ma R`viat Qki`k lil k`t p`ssass bjpitjgist trjkskjti`kjg b`rp`rjti`ks tmjt bùgl jbt js b`kluits e`r tmal`cikjti`k è _ZL ab`k`cias, tmarady sipm`kikf èe rasùrbas jkl prèits t` akjdga it t` akn`y tma sjcamifm stjkljrl è givikf tmjt tma Vast akn`yal (jkl b`ktikuas t` akn`y) tmrùfm tma jbtivitias è tmair trjkskj-ti`kjgs. \mis birbucstjkba tmarae`ra rjisal tma sariùs quasti`k è wmibm sila ik tma b`gl wjr rajggy mjl ax-pjksi`kist jcditi`ks jkl wmibm sila mjl tma c`st t` fjik er`c b`klackikf jkl uklarcikikf wjrs è kj-ti`kjg gidarjti`k jkl eraal`c. Jetar jgg, it is j mist`ribjg ejbt tmjt witm tma axbapti`k è tmjt pjrt è tma w`rgltmjt is k`w hk`wk js R`viat Jsij, it wjs tma Vast jkl k`t tma R`viat Qki`k tmjt mjl mist`ribjggy daak ik tmae`raer`kt è b`g`kizikf tma _ZL kjti`ks e`r ab`k`cib fjiks.

Vastark jssarti`ks tmjt tmair `pp`siti`k t` tma R`viat Qki`k rastal `k frùkls tmjt tma R`viat s`-bi`-ab`k`cib jkl p`gitibjg systac (ik b`cc`k pjrgjkba hk`wk js b`ccukisc) raprasaktal tma ugticjta ik

:9.\mis b`kegibt bùgl jgs` da lasbridal js bgjss-b`kegibt `k j fg`djg sbjga witm tma Vast (e`r ùr purp`sas ikbgulikf Njpjk) rapra-saktikf tma bjpitjgist bgjss jkl tma rast è tma pgjkat tma w`rhikf bgjss.

4?. \ma gitarjtura `k tma b`gl wjr is vjst jkl wùgl eigg j scjgg gidrjry, m`wavar cubm è it, er`c tma parspabtiva tmis w`rh, is ègittga vjgua jkl ik ejbt ètak d`rlars `k k`tmikf c`ra tmjk pr`pjfjklj (wmara it is usujggy p`rtrjyal js j s`rt è j fg`djg bmassfjca ik wmibm tma Qkital Rtjtas w`k). E`r j bralidga aktry pìkt ikt` tma usaeug pjrt è tmjt gitarjtura tmasa tmraa sùrbas smùglsueeiba> D`rstagcjkk (4??:), Vastjl (4??1), jkl Rtjtgar jkl N`mks (4??5). R`ca cjy da surprisal tmjt tmara is k` raearakba t`tma w`rhs è N`mk Gawis Fjllis, b`ksilaral tma praciar b`gl wjr mist`rijk dy Q.R. cjikgika mist`rijksdut tmjts tma rud>cjikgika.

4:. E`r j britibjg jkjgysis è tma rafi`kjgist/fg`djgist jppr`jbmas t` Q.R. e`raifk-p`giby-cjhikf saa V`gpa (:9=1).


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_jfa:5 è:?2

libtjt`rsmip jkl tyrjkky er`c wmibm tma rast è tma w`rglaspabijggy tma _ZL bùktriasmjl t` da pr`-tabtal dy tma Vast jt jgg b`sts (dattar lajl tmjk ral) wjs myp`britibjg. Vmiga jgg tma tica b`klackikf tmaR`viat Qki`k e`r mucjk rifmts vi`gjti`ks, tma Qkital Rtjtas jkl its Vastark jggias wara dusigy akfjfal ik sat-tikf jkl/`r pr`ppikf up rifmt wikf, pr`-bjpitjgist, pr`-Vastark g`bjg tyrjkts è jgg smjpas jkl sizas ik tma_ZLbùktriasrjkfikf er`c tma dg``l-s`jhal libtjt`rsmips ik Jsij jkl Gjtik Jcaribj, tmrùfm tma rjbistAur`pajk rafica ik Rùtm Jeribj, t` tma _`g _`ts è Jeribj. \masa jbti`ks wùgl, c`ra`var, sariùsgy rjisatma quasti`k è tma vjgility è tma èt-pr`bgjical k`ti`k dy tma Vast tmjt it wjs `kgy witmik j bjpitjgist ab`-k`cib systac tmjt eraal`c bùgl egùrism.

\ma iktarpratjti`k dy tma Vast è jky jbt `k tma pjrt è j _ZL bùktry tmjt gal t` tma lavag`pcakt èb`ccarbijg jkl p`gitibjg ragjti`ks witm tma R`viat Qki`k js iklibjtikf tmjt tma bùktry ik quasti`k wjs k`w jsjtaggita è tma R`viat Qki`k, jkl tmarae`ra mjl t` da b`ksilaral j w`rtmy tjrfat è Vastark m`stigity, wjs ik-ejktiga jkl icdabigibaspabijggy b`ksilarikf tmjt Vastark kjti`ks wara ejggikf `var ajbm `tmar t` lavag`pb`ccarbijg jkl ab`k`cib ragjti`ks witm d`tm tma R`viat Qki`k jkl Bmikj ik tma :96?s jkl :9=?s. Ik ejbt, tmalasira t` sustjik jkl axpjkl tmasa ragjti`ks wjs s` frajt tmjt `ka è tma eirst e`raifk p`giby jbts è tmaTajfjk Jlcikistrjti`k wjs t` rasbikl tma Q.R. frjik axp`rt acdjrf` tmjt tma Bjrtar Jlcikistrjti`k mjl ic-p`sal `k tma R`viat Qki`k e`gg`wikf tmjt bùktrys ifk`cikiùs ikvjsi`k è Jefmjkistjk. 44_armjps tma js-sucpti`kik typibjggy rjbist ejsmi`kwjs tmjt tma _ZL kjti`ks wara ikbjpjdga è pr`tabtikf tmacsagvaser`c jky R`viat lasifks `k tmair s`varaifkty tmjt cifmt mjva aksual up`k jssucpti`k è ab`k`cib jkl p`git-ibjg ragjti`ks witm it.

\ma ragubtjkba jkl ètak ùtrifmt raeusjg dy Vastark kjti`ks t` supp`rt wjrs è kjti`kjg gidarjti`k jkleraal`c (ik ejbt drjklikf tm`sa wjfikf tmasa wjrs js tarr`rists, jkl gajvikf tma eraal`c eifmtars k` bmìbadut t` turk t` tma `kgy bùktry wiggikf t` fiva tmac jssistjkba, tma R`viat Qki`k) wùgl racjik ukaxpgjikal iktma ejba è bgjics dy tmac tmjt tmay jg`ka (jkl k`t tma R`viat Qki`k) st``l e`r lac`brjby jkl eraal`c. Yat,tma R`viat Qki`k, wmibm `staksidgy wjs supp`sal t` bmjcpi`k tyrjkky jkl `pprassi`k, wùgl da ik tma e`ra-er`kt è supp`rtikf gidarjti`k c`vacakts ik tmair struffgas e`r eraal`c jgc`st jgg `var tma V`rgljt ak`r-cùs ab`k`cib b`st t` itsage fivak tmjt, js k`tal ajrgiar, it lil k`t p`ssass trjkskjti`kjg bjpitjgist eircs tmjtbùgl drikf djbh prèits jkl rasùrbas.42\masa b`ktrjlibti`ks jkl myp`britibjg damjvi`r tmjt s` bmjrjbtarizal tma b`gl wjr, aspabijggy js it ragjtal t` tma_ZLbùktrias, rjisal tma quasti`k è wmjt tma b`gl wjr wjs rajggy jdùt. Vjs it sicpgy j wjr `var ila`g`-fy jical jt staccikftma sprajl è t`tjgitjrijkiscik tma e`rc è R`viat b`ccukisc fivak tmjt Bmikj

44. K`tiba tmjt tmis wjs jk jlcikistrjti`k tmjt prilal itsage ik daikf stjukbmgy jkti-b`ccukist, murgikf subm apitmats jt tma R`viatQki`k js tma Avig Acpira (eittikfgy larival er`c tma Rtjr Vjrs c`ti`k pibtura sjfjfivak Tajfjks jbtikf djbhfrùklbùpgal witm mis ejktjsias è duiglikf Rtjr Vjrs spjba wajp`ks e`r usa jfjikst tma R`viat Qki`k).

42. K`w, b`gl wjr ejkjtibs wara quibh t` rasp`kl witm tma jssarti`k tmjt wmjtavar magp tma R`viat Qki`k mjl pr`vilal mjl daak `kjk `pp`rtukistib djsis, jgwjys witm tma jic è murtikf Vastark iktarasts. \mis cjy da s`, dut it is k`t euggy b`kvikbikf e`r tw`rajs`ks> Eirst, R`viat jssistjkba t` _ZL kjti`kjgist e`rbas mjl fakarjggy aktjigal ab`k`cib sjbrieiba `k tma pjrt è tma R`viatQki`k ik tma vjfua m`pa è fjikikf s`ca p`gitibjg ikeguakba ik tma eutura. B`ktrjst tmis witm tma p`siti`k è tma Vastark kjti`kswm`sa laeaksa è b`g`kijgisc jkl icparijgisc mjl jgwjys mjl, jt tma d`tt`c, lirabt cjtarijg iktarasts ik tma e`rc è jbbass t`prèits, bmajp gjd`r, jkl bmajp rjw cjtarijgs. \marae`ra, it is lùdteug tmjt tma R`viat Qki`ks supp`rt è _ZL kjti`kjgist e rbase`r s` g`kf, jkl `k j ejirgy gjrfa-sbjga, ikv`gvikf b`ksilarjdga ab`k`cib b`st, mjl daak c`tivjtal dy `kgy tma kaal t` jbmiavapr`pjfjklj vibt`rias jfjikst tma Vast. \mis is aspabijggy s` wmak it is b`ksilaral tmjt p`gitibjg ikeguakba bjk vary ajsigy d a g`stwitm bmjkfas ik tma p`gitibjg bgicjta witmik tma tjrfat bùktryjs tma R`viat Qki`k wjs t` pjikeuggy lisb`var er`c tica t`tica (j bjsa ik pìkt daikf Afypt e`gg`wikf Cumjccjl Jkwjr Ag Rjljts jbbassi`k t` p`war ik :96?). Rab`kl, ie `pp`rtukisc

wjs rajggy tma c`tivjtikf ejbt`r, js tma B gl wjr ejkjtibs jssartal, tmak `ka cust p`sa tmis quasti`k> Vùgl tma R`viat Qki`kmjva bmjkfal silas ik Rùtm Jeribj, e`r axjcpga, ie tma Vast mjl bmjkfal silas0 \mjt is, ie QRFs, e`r ikstjkba, mjl labilal t`lr`p tmair supp`rt è RJJF jkl ikstajl mjl dafuk t` supp`rt tma JKB ik avary wjy p`ssidga (ik tma sjca cjkkar tmjt tmaywùgl supp`rt tma B`ktrjs ik Kibjrjfuj jkl tma Cunjmillik ik Jefmjkistjk), tmak wùgl tma R viat Qki`k mjva dafuk sup-p`rtikf RJJF0 \ma jkswar `dviùsgy mjs t` da j eirc kyat. Dut wmjt mjl c`tivjtal tma R`viat Qki`k t` supp`rt tma gidarj-ti`k e`rbas jc`kf tma _ZL kjti`ks ie k`t `pp`rtukisc0 \ma jkswar sicpgy is tmjt it wjs, ik tma cjik, ila`g`fy. Ila`g`fibjggy,tma R`viat Qki`k wjs pralisp`sal t`wjrl supp`rtikf jktirjbist jkl jkti-icparijgist e`rbas. Ik ejbt, its vary b`kstituti`k aknìkalit t` l` s`. Vmatmar tma b`gl wjr ejkjtibs gihal it `r k`t, j vary gjrfa l`sa è jgtruisc (witm s`ca `pp`rtukisc cixal-ik èbùrsa) mjl daak ikv`gval ik R`viat e`raifk p`giby damjvi`raspabijggy rafjrlikf tma _ZL bùktrias. \mara is `ka qujgieibjti`ktmjt cust da aktaral mara. \ s`ca lafraa, R`viat supp`rt è tma kjti`kjgist e`rbas ik spabieib ikstjkbas wjs jgs` c`tivjtal dyits rivjgry witm Bmikj (witm wm`c it dabjca acdrìgal ik j b`gl wjr è s`rts e`gg`wikf tma Rik`-R`viat spgit jrùkl :954 `varstrjtafib jkl ila`g`fibjg lieearakbas).


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_jfa:6 è:?2

wjs jgc`st j Vastark jggy ik avarytmikf dut kjca e`gg`wikf _rasilakt Tibmjrl Kix`ks visit t` tmjt bùktry ik:964ik ejv`r è tma ila`g`fy è Vastark lac`brjby dabjusa b`ccukisc wjs supp`salgy jktilac`brjt-ib, `pprassiva, jkl t`tjgitjrijk ik kjtura0 @r wjs it ik jbtujgity c`ra tmjk j quasti`k è ila`g`fy0 \mjt is, wjsit j wjr `var rasùrbas, prèits, jkl p`taktijg cjrhats0 E`r tmara is k` quasti`k tmjt fivak tmjt bjpitjgisc bjk`kgy surviva ik jk ab`k`cib akvir`kcakt tmjt parcits ukdrilgal jbbucugjti`k è wajgtm vij ukrastribtal eg`wè gjd`r, rjw cjtarijgs, f``ls jkl prèits (sudnabt `kgy t` tma gjw è suppgy jkl lacjkl), jky p`rti`k è tmafg`da tmjt eukbti`ks uklar jk jgtarkjtiva ab`k`cib systac raprasakts j tmrajt t` tma g`kf-tarc iktarasts èbjpitjgisc avarywmara (saa dag`w). Ik gifmt è tmis pìkt, jkl tma b`ktrjlibti`ks cakti`kal jd`va, tma b`gl

wjr wjs, ik trutm, k`t j wjr jdùt f``l varsus avig, `r jdùt eraal`c varsus tyrjkky, `r jdùt t`tjgitjri-jkisc varsus lac`brjby, dut rjtmar it wjs eukljcaktjggy j wjr `var jbbass t` cjrhats jkl rasùrbas, aspabijg-gy ik tma _ZLbùktrias, sikba tma Vast mjl g`kf axmjustal its `wk rjw cjtarijgs, jkl sikba bjpitjgisc bùglk`t (jkl bjkk`t) surviva witmùt tma ragaktgass quast e`r prèits. \mus tma b`gl wjr wjs, ugticjtagy, jdùt ak-surikf tmjt tma mist`ribjggy-latarcikal icparijgist ab`k`cib jlvjktjfas akn`yal dy Vastark bjpitjgist trjkskj-ti`kjg eircs wara ik k` wjy b`cpr`cisal dy f`varkcakts tryikf t` pr`tabt tmair `wk rasùrbas witmik tmair`wk kjti`kjg d`rlarswmibm jgtarkjtiva ab`k`cib systacs, subm js tma s`bijgist systac, aknìkal tmac t` l`.4 er`c tma raficas è Jkt`ki` Rjgjzjr jklCjrbag` Bjatjk` ik _`rtufjg t` tm`sa è tma Aur`-Rùtm Jeribjk rjbists ik _rat`rij jkl tma cigitjry tmuf iktma tmak ^jira (C`dutu Rasa Rah`), jkl er`c tma raficas è Jfust` _ik`bmat ik Bmiga jkl Jkjstjsi` R`c`zj

ik Kibjrjfuj t` tma raficas è Earlikjkl Cjrb`s ik tma _migippikas jkl tma Rmjm è Irjk.41Cjky è tmasaraficas ejr ùtlil s`ca è tma B`ccukist raficas ik tma tyrjkky tmjt tmay ikegibtal `k tmair pa`pgas8 yat tmaQkital Rtjtas supp`rtal tmac dabjusa tmair tyrjkky wjs ik tma sarviba è bjpitjgist iktarasts> l`castib jkle`raifk, sm`rt-tarc jkl g`kf-tarc jkl jbtujg jkl p`taktijg.45

4 iktma b`ker`ktjti`k datwaak bjpitjgisc jkl s`bijgiscjs uklarst``l ik its ab`k`cib saksa. (Raa, e`r axjcpga, T`dik X4??:S e`rjk iksifmteug stuly è `ka cabmjkisc dy wmibm tma b`gl wjr ila`g`fy wjs sustjikal ik tma Qkital Rtjtas> ruc`rjk jcjgfjcè `pjqua hk`wgalfa jkl bugturjg b`las, wmibm trjkse`rcal j listjkt jlvarsjry ikt` j bgajr jkl prasakt ljkfar. Ik `tmar

w`rls, XtSma kjti`ks p`giby cjhars jkl cigitjry strjtafists stjghal jkl eajral jk agusiva praljt`r djsal `k suffasti`k jkl jut`-suffasti`k, tma dgurrikf è ejbt jkl eibti`k, jkl tma pr`nabti`k è b`ggabtiva eajrs jkl lasiras Xp. 2S.)

41. B`cpjra tma `pak usa è t`rtura dy tma Qkital Rtjtas itsage t`ljy ik its s`-bjggal wjr `k tarr`r.45. Avak t`ljy, tma rajg b`kbark tmjt tma Qkital Rtjtas jkl its jggias mjva ik tma Cillga Ajst is k`t `var tma cjttar è eraal`c jkl

lac`brjby dut t` wmjt axtakt bjk tma iktarasts è Vastark bjpitjg da sabural ik tmjt rafi`k. \ma b`zy ragjti`ksmip witm tmadutbmars è Dainikf tmjt tma Dusm Jlcikistrjti`k (Rr.) mjl cjiktjikalb`ktikual dy subbassiva QRFs t` tma prasakt ljypr`vilas eurtmar tastic`ky `k tmis pìkt. Ik tma ayas è tma Dusm Jlcikistrjti`k (js witm sudsaquakt jlcikistrjti ks) tma Bmi-kasa libtjt`rs wara jbbaptjdga dabjusa è tmair pr`-bjpitjgist ab`k`cib p`gibias. Jkl avak lurikf tma maifmt è tma rakawal b`glwjr ajrgy ik tma jlcikistrjti`k è T`kjgl Tajfjk tmara wjs k` gjbh è aktmusijsc t` sagg Q.R. frjik t` tma R`viat Qki`k, avaktmùfm er`c j Q.R. strjtafib pìkt è viaw tmis lil k`t cjha saksa dabjusa frjik sjgas t` tma R`viat Qki`k cajkt tmjt it (tma R`-viat Qki`k) bùgl kafgabt jfribugtura jkl b ktikua t` axpakl its sbjrba ras urbas `k tma laeaksa iklustry8 subm wjs tma prassura`k tma jlcikistrjti`k er`c Q.R. jfribugturjg bjpitjgist iktarasts. \marae`ra, tma b`gl wjr wjs k`t eùfmt e`r tma sjha è j cytmibjg


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_jfa:= è:?2

B`g`kijgisc.\ma pr`bass è e`rbidgy icp`sikf `k `tmar pa`pgas tarrit`rijgmafac`ky (ik b`ktrjst t` tma k`k-tarrit`rijgmafac`ky è icparijgisc jklka`b`g`kijgisc) dy tma b`g`kizikf p`war.46\ma jbtujg prjbtiba èb`g`kijgisc is tarcal b`g`kizjti`k. Dy its vary kjtura, b`g`kijgisc bjrrias witm it tma icparjtiva è tma jdr`fj-ti`k è tma rifmts è tma b`g`kizal js sudsucal dy tma Kjturjg Gjw è _ri`r Bgjic8 jkl tmarae`ra b`g`ki-zjti`k is jgwjys j tw`-stjfa pr`bass> b`kquast e`gg`wal dy tma icp`siti`k è strubturas è mafac`ky (wmibmrjkfa er`c e`rbas è lirabt bàrbi k t` e`rbas è ab`k`cib sud rlikjti k t` e`rbas è ila`g`fibjg cjkipugj-ti`k Xsubm js alubjti`k jkl `tmar jspabts è bugturaS), dy tma b`g`kizars. \mis aktira pr`bass smùgl k`t, it is

icp`rtjkt t` strass, da rafjrlal js jk aktiragy `ka-wjy straat ik wmibm tma b`g`kizal gia supika js vibtics8 `ktma b`ktrjry, avak ik laeajt `k tma djttgaeiagl tmay l` k`t jdjkl`k `tmar e`rcs è rasistjkba agsawmara ik tmaab`k`cy, p`gity jkl s`biaty fakarjggytmarady axmiditikf mist`ribjg jfakby, js `ka wùgl axpabt è tmikhikfdaikfs. Eurtmar, ik cy bgjssas, b`g`kijgisc raears spabieibjggy t` tmjt è tma c`lark arj (saa icparijgisce`rjk axpgjkjti`k è tma listikbti`k). Jt tma sjca tica, ukgass iklibjtal `tmarwisa, b`g`kijgisc ik cy bgjssas ra-ears t` tmjt vjrijkt è it tmjt wa cjy tarc sattgar b`g`kijgisc. K`ta tmjt js `ka bjk laluba er`c tma e`raf`-ikf, b`g`kijgisc, dy its vary kjtura, wjs jgs` jk ikmaraktgy rjbist pr`nabt. @kgy rjbists bjk tjha `var `tmar pa`-pgas gjkls, rafjrlgass è tma nustieibjti`kik tma bjsa è tma Aur`pajk b`g`kijgisc, tma wmita cjks dur-lak,atb. M`wavar, c`st Aur`pajk pa`pgas wùgl k`t mjva b`ksilaral b`g`kijgisc js rjbisc jt jgg. (Ik ejbt,ik j c`st dizjrra wjybmjrjbtaristib è tm`sa wm` jrr`fjktgy tmikh tmay dag`kf t` j bm`sak rjbaavak jttma maifmt è djrdjrib praljti`k, axpgìtjti`k, jkl `pprassi`k tmay tmùfmt tmay wara lìkf s`catmikf f``l

e`r tm`sa tmay mjl b`g`kizal.)

B`gucdijk Axbmjkfa>J tarc usal t` lasbrida j mist`ribjg pr`bass tmjt `bburral `var savarjg bakturias jkltma gafjby è wmibm b`ktikuas t` ravardarjta t` tma prasakt ljy (dut wmibm ik its udiquity wa tjha e`r frjktaljkl ik tarcs è its eugg cjbr`mist`ribjg icpjbtis pr`djdgy ukejtm`cjdga). Yat, it wjs j pr`bass wm`sa da-fikkikf mjl j vary prabisa ljta jkl pgjba> @bt`dar :4, :


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_jfa:9 è:?2

jks, e`rbikf tmac t` cifrjta t` `tmar gjkls, js tma Aur`pajk eauljgsystac wjs liscjktgal, ètak dy cajksè e`rba jkl vi`gakba).

B`gucdijk _r`nabt> raears t` tma uksubbasseug pr`nabt, wmibm ik tica, m`wavar, wùgl turk ùt t` da èc`kucaktjg cjbr`mist`ribjgsifkieibjkba e`r tma aktira pgjkat, cjstarciklal jkl gal dy j Fakàsa cjrikarik tma acpg`y è tma s`varaifks è Rpjik, Zuaak Isjdaggj I è Bjstiga jkl mar musdjkl Hikf Earlikjkl II èJrjf`k, t` eikl j saj rùta t` tma Ajst dy sjigikf Vast (ik `rlar t` birbucvakt tma l`cikjti`k è tma gjklrùtas dy Cusgics jkl tmair Fakàsa jkl Uakatijk carbmjkt jggias) ik pursuit è tma jbtujg jkl ejdgal Ajst-

ark ribmas jfjikst j djbhlr`p è pars`kjg ejca jkl fg`ry dy jk jcditiùs jkl aktarprisikf b`cc`kar wm`dafjk mis giea witm tma djptiscjg kjca è Bristè`r` B`g`cd t` gjtar dab`ca Bristdjg B`gkwm` wafakarjggy hk`w t`ljy js Bmrist`pmar B`gucdus. \ma pr`nabt, wm`sa mist`ribjg jktabalakts gjy ik tma ajrgypmjsa è tma Aur`pajk Takjissjkba ik wmibm tma r`ga è Isgjc wjs è b`ksilarjdga sifkieibjkba jkl ikv`gvikftmraa scjgg smips (tma Rjktj Cjrj, tma _iktj, jkl tma Kij) sjigikf er`c tma Rpjkism p`rt è _jg`s `k Jufust2, :Ik tma gitarjtura lajgikf witm b`g`kijgisc/icparijgisc tmis tarc av`gvaler`c its Aur`pajk icparijgist Bmikasa b`ktaxt t` raear t` jk iktarcalijry er`c jc`kf tma b`g`kizal wmàcarfas t` sarva tma iktarasts è tma b`g`kijg `r icparijg p`war ik axbmjkfa e`r pars`kjg (cjtarijg) dakaeits(dut witmik tma gicitjti`ks è tma b`g`kijg/icparijg systac). Ik tma bjsa è tma Dagfijk-rugal b`g`kijg B`kf`,tma b`cprjl`rijg agita wara raearral t` js tma v`gus(Vastark-alubjtal Jeribjks wm` mjl av`gval t` dab`ca

bivigizal, js laeikal dy tma b`g`kijgists). \ma b`cprjl`rs p`siti`k ik tma b`g`kijg `r icparijg `rlar is jkjg`-fùs t` tmjt è tma cubm laspisal p`siti`k è tma trustaaik j pris`k systac ik tmjt tma b`cprjl`r is, iktma eikjg jkjgysis, jgs` jk `pprassal pars`k giha tma rast è tma p`pugjti`k avak wmiga ma magps ik tma cjikta-kjkba è tma systac. Tacacdar, it is icp`ssidga e`r b`g`kizjti`k/icparijgisc t` subbaal witmùt tma b``par-jti`k è s`ca er`c jc`kf tma b`g`kizal, wm` jra wiggikf t` pjrtibipjta ik tma kaw systac è `pprassi`k tmjtis drùfmt e`rtm dy b`g`kijgisc/icparijgisc, ik axbmjkfa e`r tma gicital dakaeits lispaksal dy tma b`g`ki-jg/icparijg `rlar tmjt jbbruas t` tma p`siti`k è j trustaa.4=Uary ètak tma b`cprjl`rijg agita wara lrjwker`c tma trjliti`kjg pra-b`g`kijg agitas wmara tmay axistal, `r wmara k` subm agitas axistal, `r wmara tmara wjsrasistjkba er`c subm agitas, j wm`ggy kaw frùp è pa`pga wara sagabtal e`r tma b`cprjl`rijg r`ga. Ik rjra bir-bucstjkbas, tma b`cprjl`r cjy uklarf` j bmjkfa ik p`gitibjg b`ksbiùskass jkl acarfa t` bmjggakfa tma b`-g`kijgists/ icparijgists witm tma `dnabtiva è k`t sicpgy suppgjktikf tma b`g`kijgists (tma usujg trjnabt`ry pur-

sual dy c`st b`cprjl`rs) dut brajtikf j kaw p`gitibjg jkl ab`k`cib `rlar tmjt wigg trugy raegabt tma iktarastsè tma aktira bitizakry. Ik tma Jeribjk b`ktaxt, _jtriba Gucucdj wjs, e`r axjcpga, `ka subm v`gu.Ik t`ljysp`st-b`g`kijg dut ka`-icparijgist w`rgl, b`cprjl`rijgisc is stigg vary cubm jgiva witm, lapaklikf up`k tmaspabieib birbucstjkbas è tma bùktry `r tarrit`ry uklar e`bus, atmkibisc, p`gitibjg b`rrupti`k, ab`k`cib b`r-

4=. \` fiva j frjpmib axjcpga> B`ksilar, dy jrùkl tma cillga è tma kikataaktm baktury tma Dritism wara ik b`cpgata b`g`kijg b`k-

tr`g è Iklij, j pr`bass tmjt mjl dafuk s`ca muklral `r s` yajrs dae`ra. K`w, tmis bùktry è s`ca :1? ciggi`k pa`pga wjsrugal dy j e`rba è Drit`ks kucdarikf `kgy j eaw tmùsjkl! \mis bùgl mjva `kgy daak p`ssidga tmrùfm tma bugtivjti`k dy tmaDritism è j caktjggy-aksgjval Iklijk b`cprjl`rijg yas, cjssjm (`r c`ra b`rrabtgy, yas, sjmid) bgjss wiggikf jkl jdga t` l`tmair dillikfjkl tma gafjby è wmibm b`ktikuas t` tmis ljy wmara tma Ajst Iklijk ètak datrjys j trjfib, b`cibjg, jkl laapgyacdjrrjssikf ikeari`rity b`cpgax vis--vis Vastarkars.


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rupti`k, hgapt`brjby, drutjgity, j laap lisljik e`r mucjk rifmts, bugturjg sudsarviakba, atb., jk iktafrjg pjrt èb`cprjl`rijgisc.

B`kbapt>fakaribjggy spajhikf, tmis w`rl raears t` jk jdstrjbt ilaj `r j tmaca8 ik `tmar w`rls, it raears t` jpr`lubt `r `dnabt è tma cikl. Er`c cy parspabtiva, b`kbapts jra tma assaktijg duiglikf dg`bhs è tma`rias.M`wavar, `k tmair `wk tmay bjk jgs` (giha tma`rias è bùrsa) sarva js t``gs è jkjgysis. Cjky è tma tarcs iktmis fg`ssjry (lac`brjby, bgjss, fg`djgizjti`k, carit`brjby, atb.) qujgiey js b`kbapts. (Raa jgs`\ma`ry.)

B`knukbtura è E`rtuitùsgy _r`pitiùs Mist`ribjg Ejbt`rs>J b`kbapt tmjt saahs t` axpgjik cjn`r s`bijgtrjkse`rcjti`ks e tma `rlar tmjt bjk bmjkfa s`biatias parcjkaktgydy p`sitikf tmjt tmay jra js cubm jpr`lubt è bmjkba jkl birbucstjkba js lirabtal mucjk aklajv`rs (ik tma smjpa è s`bijg c`vacakts,dr`jlgy uklarst``l).49Ik `tmar w`rls, subm trjkse`rcjti`ks jra jgwjys jk ùtb`ca è j e`rtuitùs ragjti`k-smip datwaak jfakby jkl mist`ribjg strubturas (tma gjttar daikf uklarst``l, ik tmis ikstjkba, js cjn`r mist`r i-bjg ejbt`rs, da tmay kjturjg `r mucjk, tmjt `rifikjta ùtsila tma libtjtas è tma jfakby ik quasti`k jkl tmara-e`ra jra daraet è iktakti`kjgity, tmjt is, ik tarcs è tma trjkse`rcjti`ks). (Raa jgs` R`bijg Bmjkfa.)

B`ksarvjtisc>\mis is jk ila`g`fy tmjt, `dviùsgy, tma b`ksarvjtivas aspùsa8 m`wavar, pgajsa k`ta tmjt tmarais j listikbti`k datwaak p`gitibjg b`ksarvjtisc, jkl bugturjg (`r s`bijg) b`ksarvjtiscit is quita p`ssidga e`r jpars`k jlmara t` `ka, dut k`t tma `tmarjkl ùr b`kbark mara is witm tma e`rcar. R`, wmjt tmak is p`gitibjg

b`ksarvjtisc0 Uary driaegy it is jk ila`g`fy tmjt jlv`bjtas tma prasarvjti`k è tma axistikf `r j dyf`ka p`giti-bjg, s`bijg, jkl ab`k`cib `rlar. Ik `tmar w`rls it is jk ila`g`fy tmjt nustieias cjiktakjkba è tma stjtus qu` `rits `vartmr`w ik ejv`r è j pjst `rlar (stjtus qu` jkta)er`c tma parspabtiva è l`cikjkt p`war ragjti`ksik s`biaty (ik`tmar w`rls, it is jk ila`g`fy tmjt nustieias jk jrrjkfacakt wmara tm`sa wm` jra `k t`p racjik `k t`p jkltm`sa wm` jra jt tma d`tt`c racjik jt tma d`tt`cer`c tmis parspabtiva b`ksarvjtisc is ikmaraktgy `pp`salt` jutmaktiblac`brjbyavak wmiga it cjy bmjcpi`k pr`balurjglac`brjby). Mist`ribjggy, b`ksarvjtisc iktma Vastark w`rgl jr`sa ik `pp`siti`k t` tma rav`guti`kjry p`gitibjg, ab`k`cib jkl s`bijg bmjkfas wrùfmteirst dy tma Erakbm Tav`guti`k jkl gjtar dy tma Iklustrijg Tav`guti`k. E`r axjcpga, Alcukl Durha, `ka ètma pr`cikakt b`ksarvjtivas è tma :=tmbaktury Akfgjkl, jkl wm`sa tmùfmts wùgl ikeguakba b`ksarvjtivap`gitibjg tma`ry ik tma :9tmbaktury, dagiaval ik tma prasarvjti`k è tma p`war è tma c`kjrbmy jkl tma gjklalfaktry (tma uppar bgjss)8 ratakti`k è j bg`sa ragjti`ksmip datwaak tma Rtjta jkl tma Bmurbm8 jkl tma gicitjti`kè v`tikf rifmts t` j sagabt eaw ik s`biaty. _`gitibjg b`ksarvjtisc ik tma twakty eirst baktury mjs taklal t` ac-

pmjsiza gjissaz ejira (cajkikf t` gajva jg`ka ik Erakbm) ab`k`cibs, wmara tmara is, supp`salgy, k` Rtjta ik-tarvakti`k ik tma ab`k`cyaxbapt ik birbucstjkbas axpgibitgy raquirikf tma pr`tabti`k, myp`britibjggy, è tmaiktarasts è bjpitjgists, è bùrsajkl virugakt `pp`siti`k t` tma lavag`pcakt è j s`bijg sjeaty kat cikl-al Rtjta (usujggy raearral t` dy b`ksarvjtivas js tma wagejra Rtjta). _`gitibjg B`ksarvjtivas, tmarae`ra, dagiava ikjds`guta cikicjg f`varkcaktaxbapt wmara bjpitjgist iktarasts jra tmrajtakal (e`r axjcpga, b`ksarvjtivas l`k`t `dnabt t` tma usa è Rtjta p`war t` scjsm trjla uki`ksaspabijggy ik situjti`ks è b`kegibt datwaak bjpi-tjgists jkl w`rhars). Rikba b`ksarvjtisc mjrhs djbh t` j pjst s`bijg `rlar it e`gg`ws tmjt prasakt ljy b`ksarvj-tivas, subm js tm`sa ik tma Q.R., jra `pp`sal t` cjky è tma jlvjkbas tmjt mjva daak cjla ik tma jraj è mu-cjk jkl bivig rifmts sikba tma akl è tma Rab`kl V`rgl Vjr, ikbgulikf rifmts e`r pa`pga è b`g`r, w`cak, jklavak bmiglrak. \may jra jgs` `pp`sal t` aee`rts dy tma ealarjg f`varkcakt t` rafugjta iklustrias ik `rlar t`pr`tabt b`ksucars lirabtgy (a.f., er`c erjul, uksjea pr`lubts, ejgsa jlvartisikf, atb.) jkl iklirabtgy (a.f., er`c

akvir`kcaktjg p`gguti`k), jkl è bùrsa jra vamacaktgy `pp`sal t` jky pr`frjcs lasifkal t` magp tma p``r.

49. \mis is j vary icp`rtjkt b`kbapt dabjusa it magps t` ladukh tma cytm pr`pjfjtal dy tma p`wareug, tma b`kquar`rs tmjt tmairp`war is r``tal ik tmair `wk fakatib cjhaup (tmjt is tmjt tmay jra j kjturjggy supari`r pa`pga d`rk t` ruga, l`cikjta axpgìt, atb.`tmars). Vmarajs tma trutm is tmjt tmis p`war jkl l`cikjti`k is jk ùtb`ca è daikf ik tma rifmt pgjba jt tma rifmt tica, s` t`spajh. Ik `tmar w`rls, k` frùp è mucjk daikfs (dy wmjtavar cajks yù bjtaf`riza tmac> rjba, bgjss, faklar, atb.) mjva j c`-k`p`gy `var iktaggifakba jkl brajtivity. Ie tmay lil mjva subm j c`k`p`gy tmak m`w b`ca tmay `r tmair acpira jkl bivigizjti`ksjra k` g`kfar witm us t`ljy. (\ma pjssjfa ikt` tma lustdik è mist`ry è kucarùs bivigizjti`ks jkl acpirasa.f. tma AfyptijkBivigizjti`k, tma Fraah Bivigizjti`k, T`cjk Acpira, tma Bmikasa Bivigizjti`k, tma Dyzjktiuc Acpira, tma Isgjcib Acpira, tmaJztab Bivigizjti`k, \ma Dritism Acpira, tma R`viat Acpira, jkl s` `kjttasts t` tmis pìkt) Bivigizjti`ks `r acpiras jra k`t pra-`rljikal, wmatmar dy kjtura `r F`l. \`ljy tma l`cikjkt bivigizjti`k is tma Vastark Bivigizjti`k, dut wigg it gjst e`ravar0 Mist`rytaggs us tmjt tma jkswar is k`, dut `kgy tica wigg tagg.


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@k tma djsis è tmair pr`kùkbacakts jkl `k tma djsis è tma e`rafìkf it bjk da sjeagy jssartal tmjt ik fak-arjg (tmara wigg jgwjys da axbapti`ks è bùrsa) b`ksarvjtivaslapaklikf up`k tma lafraa è iktaksity èjlmarakba t` tmair ila`g`fytakl t` lispgjy tma e`gg`wikf jttridutas> rjbisc8 saxisc8 ejv`ritisc t`wjrl tmawajgtmy8 ikt`garjkba t`wjrl jgtarkjtiva viawpìkts, ila`g`fias jkl gieastyga8 pjtrijrbmjg taklakbias8 ukquasti`k-ikf `daliakba t` gjwavak ie uknust8 lisljik e`r pr`frjcs, pr`nabts jkl ilajs jical jt pr`tabtikf tma akvi-r`kcakt dabjusa tmay dagiava akvir`kcaktjg pr`tabti`k b`sts bjpitjgists c`kay (jkl sikba tmay mjva c`kaytmay l` k`t mjv

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