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Petroleum Production Engineering
Course prepared for Offshore Oil and Gas Engineering program
ENG 8691
by M. A. Abdi, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Faculty of Engineering and Applied ScienceMemorial University of Newfoundland (MUN)
Spring/Summer 2005
Schedule and Evaluation Breakdown
Instructional hours per week: 3 lecture hours Evaluation:
Midterm: 20% Friday June 17th, 2005
Assignments/Projects (term projects/reports): 25% Project topics selection: 1st of June Presentations: Early-mid July Reports due date: End of term July 29th
Final: 55% Office hours: Fridays 2:30 to 4:30 pm
Course Outline
Introduction Oilfield development and production of crude oil and natural
gas Components of petroleum production systems Well productivity and production engineer Properties and behaviour of petroleum reservoir fluids
Principles of petroleum production system analysis
Introduction to well flow capacity calculations Production from undersaturated oil reservoir Production from Two phase reservoirs Production from natural gas reservoirs
Single-phase flow of compressible vs. incompressible flow Introduction to multiphase flow in wells
Course Outline cont. Wellhead and surface gathering systems
Principles of facilities engineering Types of facilities Basic system configuration Flow in horizontal pipes single vs. two phase Flow through chokes Two and three phase oil and gas separation
Introduction to well completion techniques and equipment
Factors affecting the completion design Main phases in completion Perforating oil and gas wells Safety devices Well servicing and workover operations Well fracturing and acidizing Well testing Artificial production techniques: gas lift vs. pumping
References1. Economides M. J., Hill A. D, Ehlig-Economides C., Petroleum Production
Systems, 1994, Prentice Hall, NJ, ISBN: 0-13-658683-X2. Nind T. E. W., Principles of Oil Well Production, 2nd Edition, 1981, McGraw Hill,
ISBN: 0-88415-821-7 3. Manning F. and Thompson R., Oil Field Processing of Petroleum, Volume 2:
Crude, 1995, PennWell Publishing, ISBN: 0-87814-354-84. Perrin D., Oil and Gas Field Development Techniques - Well Completion and
Servicing, 1999, dition TECHNIP, IFP Press, Paris, France, ISBN:2-7108-0682-7 5. Arnold K. and Stewart M., Surface Production Operations; Volume 1; Design of
Oil Handling Facilities, 2nd Edition, 1999, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN: 0-88415-821-7
6. Jahn F., Cook M., and Graham M., Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production, 2003, Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN:0-444-82883-4
7. Lyons W. C., Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Volumes 1 and 2, 1996, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, ISBN: 0-88415-642-7
8. Skinner D.R., Introduction to Petroleum Production; Volume 1: Reservoir Engineering, Drilling, Well Completion, 1981, Gulf Publishing co., ISBN: 0-87201-767-2
9. Gray F., Petroleum Production For the Non-Technical Person, 2nd edition, 1995, PennWell Publishing, ISBN: 0-87814-450-1
10. Manning F. and Thompson R., Oil Field Processing of Petroleum, Volume 1: Natural Gas, 1995, PennWell Publishing, ISBN: 0-87814-343-2
Introduction
Oilfield development Elements of petroleum production Role of petroleum production engineer Stages of production
Introduction- continued
Occurrence and origin of oil and gas Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons Petroleum products vs. by-products
Crude oil Natural gas (associated gas) Water (produced water)
Characterization of Crude Oils
Sales specification (oAPI, sulfur content, BS&W, vapour pressure or RVP, etc.)
Spectrum of Produced hydrocarbons Shrinkage Solution or associated gas
Crude Oil Constituents Hydrocarbons
Alkanes Aromatics Other ring and naphthenic compounds
Crude Oil Constituents (cont.) Sulfur Nitrogen Oxygen Metals Particles asphaltene and wax NORM Arsenic and mercury
Characterization of Crude Oils
Concept of equilibrium Single component fluid Two component fluid Multi-component fluid Phase diagrams (envelopes)
Pressure-Temperature-Volume (PVT) Pressure-Temperature (PT) Pressure composition Composition-composition
Phase ruleN = C P +2
Phase Behavior - Fundamentals
PVT Phase Diagrams
Phase Behavior Single Component Systems
Phase Equilibrium gas-liquid gas-solid Liquid-solid
Triple point Critical point
B
A
CD
a b c de
f
h
gDense Fluid region-supercritical fluid
Concept of phase envelope
Equilibrium lines Bubble point Dew point
Critical point Cricondentherm Cricondenbar Rertrograde phase
change
Phase Behavior: Two-Component Systems
Temperature
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Cricondenbar
Cricondentherm
Dew-
Point
Line
Bubb
le-Po
int Li
ne
Vapo
ur p
ress
ure
of p
ure
A
Vapour
pressure
of pure
B
C
a bd e
h
j
klPC
TC
Two component phase envelop
90%
vapd
g
f
Full wellstream Source of phase
diagrams Classification of
reservoir fluids Dry gas Wet gas Gas Condensate Volatile oil Black oil Dead oil
Phase Behavior: Multi-Component Systems
C
Condensate reservoirOil reservoir
Gas reservoir
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
Temperature
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Two-Phase Region (Gas+Liquid)
C
r
i
c
o
n
d
e
n
t
h
e
r
m
Characterization of Reservoir fluids
colorless---Dry gas
colorless>50>50,000-Wet gas
Water white50-603,300-50,000>0.35Retrograde gas gas condensate
Colored dark brown
>402,000-3,300
Components of Production Systems Basic concepts and definitions
Reservoir Reservoir porosity: =Vp/Vb Reservoir height (thickness) Pay thickness Reservoir saturation hydrocarbon vs. water
Classification of reservoirs Undersaturated Saturated/Two-phase Lean gas Retrograde condensate
Original hydrocarbon-in-placeVHC = Ah(1-Sw)
Oil formation volume factor (Bo) Gas formation volume factor (Bg)
Components of Production Systems Basic concepts and definitions, cont.
g
w
o
w
BSAh
BSAhN )1(G )1( ==
Permeability and Darcy equation:
Well Completion and near wellbore conditions: Open hole: Simple, Slotted Liner or Gravel Packed Cemented, cased, and perforated
Components of Production Systems Basic concepts and definitions, cont.
lPk
Aq
=
Option for Well completion
The petroleum production system including the reservoir, underground well completion, the well, wellhead assembly and surface facilities
Components of Production Systems Well and Surface Facilities
Well Productivity and Production Engineering
Productivity index:
Role of production engineer
)( spBkh
ppqJ
Drwf +==
System of Units SI vs. Field
1 x 10-3Pa.scp (centipoise)Viscosity
3.28 x 10-4m3/sMSCF/d (1000 std ft3/day)
Flow Rate (gas)
1.84 x 10-6m3/sSTB/d(Std barrel/day)
Flow rate (oil)
6.9 x 103PapsiPressure
9.9 X 10-16 or ~ 1 x 10-15m2md (millidarcy)Permeability
3.05 x 10-1mftLength
1.45 x 10-4Pa-1psi-1Compressibility
4.04 x 103m2acreArea
Conversion(multiply field unit by)
SIFiled unitsVariableUseful units and their conversion factors to SI system