International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology ...€¦ · urban planning. In this paper we explore the connections between GIS and urban neighbourhood spaces with example

Author: Yogesh M. Keskar.PhD Research Scholar, School of Planning and

Architecture Bhopal,Former Asst. Professor- Planning, Govt. College

of Engineering, Pune.

Co-Author: Sanjeev KumarStudent of Master of Urban and Regional PlanningSchool of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal.

Abstract— Remote Sensing is the scienceand art of obtaining information about an object,area or phenomenon through analysis of the dataacquired by the device which is not in contact withthe object, area or phenomenon underconsideration.

Geographic Information System (GIS) is anorganized activity by which people measure andrepresent geographic phenomena then transformthese representations into other forms whileinteracting with social structures. The primarybenefit of Geographical Information Systems is theability to interrelate spatially multiple types ofinformation assembled from a range of sources.

In Urban Planning, GIS is one of the mostimportant tools. Urban planners use GIS both as aspatial database and as an analysis and modelingtool. The applications of GIS vary according to thedifferent stages, levels, sectors, and functions ofurban planning. In this paper we explore theconnections between GIS and urban neighbourhoodspaces with example of colonies in Bhopal city,Madhya Pradesh.

The paper concludes with a description of aspecific application of GIS functions used forspatial planning analysis. It discusses the scope ofGIS and tries to overcome the limitation of analysispart in planning studies. It further elaborates theaccuracy, accessibility and visibility dimension withthe example of housing colonies in Bhopal city.

Key Words — Remote Sensing, GIS, HousingColonies.

Introduction -

Remote Sensing:Remote Sensing is defined as the science

and art of obtaining information about an object,area or phenomenon through analysis of the dataacquired by the device which is not in contact withthe object, area or phenomenon underconsideration. It is the measurement of objectproperties on Earth’s surface using data acquiredfrom aircraft and satellites. It attempts to measuresomething at a distance, rather than in situ, and, forthis research’s purposes, displays thosemeasurements over a two-dimensional spatial grid,i.e. images. Remote-sensing systems, particularlythose deployed on satellites, provide a repetitiveand consistent view of Earth facilitating the abilityto monitor the earth system and the effects ofhuman activities on Earth.Remote sensing involves, Measuring and recordingof electromagnetic energy by the sensors mountedon aircraft or satellite reflected from or emitted byobject from vantage point above the surface andRelating of such measurements to the nature anddistribution of surface materials and atmosphericconditions.There are many electromagnetic (EM) band-lengthranges Earth’s atmosphere absorbs. The EM band

Need of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System in Urban Planning, a Case of Housing Colony in Bhopal City, Madhya Pradesh, India

1752

International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

Vol. 2 Issue 10, October - 2013

IJERT

IJERT

ISSN: 2278-0181

www.ijert.orgIJERTV2IS100559

ranges transmittable through Earth’s atmosphere aresometimes referred to as atmospheric windows.

Figure: 1 Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (oropacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.Source: Vectorized by User:Mysid in Inkscape, original NASA imagefrom File:Atmospheric electromagnetic transmittance or opacity.jpg.

The human eye only detects, viz. the reflectivesolar radiance humans actually see, that part ofthe EM scale in the band length range 0.4 – 0.7μm. But remote sensing technology allows for thedetection of other reflective and radiant (e.g.thermal) energy band-length ranges that reach orare emitted by Earth’s surface, and even someEarth’s atmosphere reflects, e.g. the EMreflective qualities of clouds. Hence, for viewingpurposes red, green, and blue (RGB) false colorassignments are used to express the reflectivequalities of objects in these EM band-lengthgroups, and the combination and mixing of thesefalse color assignments express the true physicalreflective qualities of all objects present in animage.

Figure: 2: The electromagnetic Spectrum.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS):Geographic Information System (GIS) is an

organized activity by which people measure andrepresent geographic phenomena then transformthese representations into other forms whileinteracting with social structures.

The primary benefit of Geographic InformationSystems (GIS) is the ability to interrelate spatiallymultiple types of information assembled from arange of sources. These data do not necessarily haveto be visual. Shape files are helpful for interpolatingand visualizing many other types of data, e.g.demographic data. Many study and research modelsrely on the ability to analyze and extractinformation from images by using a variety ofcomputer available research tools and then expressthese findings as part of a project with images in avariety of layers and scenes.

When utilizing satellite images to assess mosttypes of land cover change, primarily thoseinvolving change in vegetation coverage, variationsin climate must be considered. For better controland accuracy in these analyses, comparing imagesacquired during the same month or season isadvisable. But due to the limited availability ofsatellite images, obtaining materials correspondingboth spatially and temporally to the location andperiod under research are not always possible.Furthermore, annual and seasonal climate data arenot always available for the region or temporalperiod being researched. Sometimes, changes inaverage rainfall, temperature, etc. must be inferredusing more macro regional or global data.

Urban planning and GIS:Urban planning is one of the main

applications of GIS. Urban planners use GIS both asa spatial database and as an analysis and modellingtool. The applications of GIS vary according to thedifferent stages, levels, sectors, and functions ofurban planning. With the increase in user-friendliness and functions of GIS software and themarked decrease in the prices of GIS hardware, GISis an operational and affordable information systemfor planning. It is increasingly becoming animportant component of planning support systems.Recent advances in the integration of GIS withplanning models, visualisation, and the Internet willmake GIS more useful to urban planning. The mainconstraints in the use of GIS in urban planningtoday are not technical issues, but the availability ofdata, organisational change, and staffing.

1753



IJERT

IJERT

ISSN: 2278-0181


GIS deals with spatial objects, their properties, andtheir relationships to each other. Planners analyzethe past and the present, and then project to thefuture. GIS, on the other hand, is not in itself future-directed. However, it does a very good job ofenabling us to store, process and visualize currentand past information. Models are used to assistplanners in looking to the future. They permitscenario building and provide an important aid tofuture-directed decision-making. Planning,however, is more than models and GIS. Whiledatabases and spatial information systems areimportant components of current planningactivities, planners deal with constituencies, powerrelationships, and complex urban and regionalproblems.

Figure: 3: Linkages of GIS and Urban Planning.

Current GIS support efficient data retrieval, query,and mapping. Planners can also extract data fromtheir databases and input them to other modellingand spatial analysis programs. When combined withdata from other tabular databases or speciallyconducted surveys, geographical information can beused to make effective planning decisions. Databasemanagement, visualisation, spatial analysis, andspatial modelling are the main uses of GIS in urbanplanning (Levine and Landis 1989; Marble andAmundson 1988;Webster 1993, 1994). GIS is usedfor the storage of land use maps and plans,socioeconomic data, environmental data, andplanning applications. Planners can extract usefulinformation from the database through spatialquery. Mapping provides the most powerfulvisualisation tools in GIS. It can be used to explorethe distribution of socioeconomic andenvironmental data, and display the results ofspatial analysis and modelling exercises. Spatialanalysis and modelling are used for spatial

statistical analysis, site selection, and identificationof planning action areas, land suitability analysis,land use transport modelling, and impactassessment. Interpolation, map overlay, buffering,and connectivity measurement are the mostfrequently used GIS functions in spatial analysisand modelling. The use of the above functionsvaries according to different tasks and stages ofurban planning.

The many benefits in using GIS in urban planninginclude (Royal Town Planning Institute 1992):● improved mapping – better access to maps,improved map currency, more effective thematicmapping, and reduced storage cost;● Greater efficiency in retrieval of information;● Faster and more extensive access to the types ofgeographical information important to planning andthe ability to explore a wider range of ‘what if’scenarios;● improved analysis, better communication to thepublic and staff;● improved quality of services, for examplespeedier access to information for planningapplication processing.

Urban planning involves many functions, scales,sectors, and stages. In general, the functions ofurban planning can be classified into generaladministration, development control, plan making,and strategic planning. General administration anddevelopment control are relatively routine planningactivities, whereas plan making and non-routinestrategic planning are undertaken much lessfrequently. The scale of the planning area coveredcan range from a whole city, to a sub-region of acity, a district, or a street block. The mostfrequently involved sectors of urban planning areland use, transport, housing, land development, andenvironment.

Case Study: Aradhna Nagar Colony, BhopalThe use of GIS software in urban planning forshowing landuse of small colony in Bhopal isexplained here by following steps:

1754



IJERT

IJERT

ISSN: 2278-0181


Step 1: Taking satellite image for base mappreparation:Satellite image of different resolution taken bydifferent satellite can be used for this purpose.Satellite image from Google Earth was collected forsame purpose and colony boundary was identified.The satellite image was georeferenced inWGS_1984_UTM_Zone_43N coordinate systemand Transverse_Mercator projection.

Figure: 4: Satellite image (Google Earth) of Aradhna Nagar Colony,Bhopal

Step 2: Layer Management: RoadsAfter georeferencing and site boundary delineation,area of colony was found 167406 sq.m.We created layer of roads and shown road networkin colony. The area and percentage of this landuse(roads) had been calculated which was found 28992sq. m. and 17.32% respectively.

Figure: 5: Digitized satellite image (Roads) of Aradhna NagarColony, Bhopal

Step 3: Layer Management: Other Land useAfter digitizing roads other land use such as builtcover and open spaces were also digitized and areawith percentage calculated which found as follows:

Table 1: Area Statement of Different Land use

Land use Area (Sq. m.) PercentageRoads 28992 17.32Built Cover 63354 37.84Open Space 10619 6.35

Figure: 6: Digitized satellite image (Roads, Built Cover, OpenSpace) of Aradhna Nagar Colony, Bhopal

1755



IJERT

IJERT

ISSN: 2278-0181


Step 4: Spatial Analysis for Road Clearance byusing tools in GIS:Intersection tool is useful to identify the overlaparea while buffer helps to create a boundary aroundany shape. Its application is useful to findencroachment and reserving the space alongroadside for various purposes such as footpath, roadwidening, service lines etc. These both tools mightbe integrated in a model which can be used for roadclearance. Model was built as follow:

Figure: 7: Model Building for intersection and buffer

Process of Model Building –Road polygon and Built Cover Polygon were fed tointersection tool and the new intersect shape wasfurther fed to buffer tool which gives the final shapeof buffer.By using this model encroached area of built coveron road was identified which was found 36 sq.malso 1.2m offset to roads, area having 10260sq.mwas reserved for footpath.

Figure: 8: Identified encroached built cover on road and 1.2m bufferalong road for footpath

Conclusion:

Remote Sensing and GIS is the most useful tool forurban planning. With the above example we canconclude that GIS can help us for doing spatialplanning analysis. It proves that the scope of GIStries to overcome the limitation of analysis part inplanning studies, such as lengthy area calculationand mapping. It further shows the accuracy in termsof area calculations and mapping. We have tried toimprove accessibility and visibility dimension interms of encroached area of built cover and footpathalong road side.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

We are very much thankful to Prof. Natraj Kranthi,Asst. Professor in School of Planning andArchitecture Bhopal, for his valuable guidance forthis paper.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY:Yeh A G-O 1990 A land information system in the programming andmonitoring of new town development.Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 17: 375–84

Yeh A G-O 1991 The development and applications ofgeographic information systems for urban and regionalplanning in the developing countries. International Journal ofGeographical Information Systems 5: 5–27

1756



IJERT

IJERT

ISSN: 2278-0181


Yeh A G-O, Chow M H 1996 An integrated GIS and location–allocation approach to public facilities planning. Computers,Environment and Urban Systems 20: 339–50

Yeh A G-O, Li X 1996 Urban growth management in the PearlRiver Delta: an integrated remote sensing and GISapproach. ITC Journal: 77–85

Yeh A G-O, Urban Planning and GIS 877–88

Royal Town Planning Institute (1992) Geographicinformation systems: a planner’s introductory guide preparedby the Institute’s GIS Panel. London, The Royal Town PlanningInstitute

Lillesand, Thomas M., Ralph W. Kiefer, and Jonathan W. Chipman2004 Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, Fifth edition. Wiley,New York.

Gleason, Art, Scott Kaiser, and Tamara Smith 1994 Center for EarthObservation Users Guide. 8th Revision August 2004 by LarryBonneau, Yale University.

Schowengerdt, Robert A. 1997 Remote Sensing: Models and Methodsfor Image Processing. Academic Press, New York.

Sabins, Floyd F 1997 Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation,Third edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.

Richard K. Brail, Lyna L. Wiggins, Using GIS in Urban PlanningAnalysis.http://landsat.usgs.gov/

1757



IJERT

IJERT

ISSN: 2278-0181


Documents

International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology ...€¦ · urban planning. In this paper we explore the connections between GIS and urban neighbourhood spaces with example