GIS in Urban Planning

Dilhan

Definition• Urban Planning

– Urban• An Area with a relatively high population

density that contains a set of closely related activities.

– Planning• A Management Tool in the sense of setting

objectives and targets for production.– Urban Planning

• Decision Making for the allocation of Land Uses in a system where the Market is the primary mode.

Definitions• Geographic Information

System (GIS)A GIS is a computer based

information system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating and displaying geographically referenced information.

A computer system which can hold and use data describing

places on the earth's surface.

• A GIS is a database for spatial data

• A GIS stores its data in layers

• Each layer consists of a map plus a table of attribute data

How does GIS looks like?

GIS Capabilities• Topological map overlay

• Buffer generation• Proximity analysis• Spatial data management• Location\Allocation modeling• Network analysis• Sophisticated tabular analysis• Cartography and mapping• Report generation

GIS & RS Applications in Urban Planning

Urban Development Authority

• The Urban Planning is a complex phenomenon which requires enormous amount of data to support the decision. Our normal practice is to keep data in file format sometime in loose papers. After several years, nobody knows where the data was, how they analyze, and when it was.

• Our urban areas are growing rapidly and therefore need to be planned and adequately serviced to avoid problems associated with unplanned and adhoc growth.

• Planning so far has been a time consuming activity and by the time plan is prepared it would be outdated. A part of the delay can be attributed to the current status of data such as outdated maps, lack of information, etc. data collection procedures, and analysis and techniques used to prepare plans.

• Another very important aspect with the current methods is that it is not easy to make rational and informed planning decisions. Hence there is need for tools and techniques that enable rapid planning and enable taking rational and informed planning decisions. This is ultimately, lead to plans that are better and implementable.

• The innovative technologies make easy to planners to experiment and select best alternatives for their urban development proposals.

• Satellite Images and use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are example of such tools that facilitate preparation of rapid, comprehensive, rational, and implementable plans.

• The capability of GIS and RS is tremendous. But the problem is, with those technologies, are we ready to change the physical formation of the city?,

• Specially, in Sri Lanka Urban development takes place in adhoc manner. All resources are centered to the wet zone and we do not consider other zone’s potential.

• Why this has happened? • We do not have proper guidance on urban

development. The best example we have experienced was Tsunami devastation and others are flooding and land sliding.

• The GIS Centre of the Urban Development Authority has identified and recognized this gap.

• Now we focus our attention more usage of RS and GIS capabilities to the planning processes.

• How do we develop Land Use Database?

• A very detailed and systematic land use survey was carried out for the built area in the relevant Local authority area.

• There were various layers of information to be represented such as major land use, land use by floor, intensity of development for each plot and building types.

• A GIS environment was required to reflect and represent such a wide range of information, which was not possible through the Autocad.

• Further, by attaching a database of varied information to the map, it was possible to carry out several types of spatial analysis, to support land use planning decisions.

• How do we identify Potential Areas for Future Development/Urbanizable Zones?

• The most important application of the satellite images was the mapping of the development sprawl. It gave an indication of the growth directions.

• We compare two satellite images in two different years and mapped all changes. It also became evident for the first time that the town had doubled in size and that most of the development activities had already occurred outside of the LA boundary.

• This has tremendous implication on provision of infrastructure. E.g. Battaramulla Ps area,

• Therefore, it is essential to identify an urbanized zone and plan for infrastructure in this area in the near future to avoid problems of adhoc and unplanned growth.

How do we use satellite images for updating the Road net work?

The satellite images were used for updating the existing road net work in terms of ,

• correcting the existing road alignment, • correcting the railway line alignment, • updating the old map by picking up the new or missing

roads, adding under construction roads, • new roads and alternative proposals, • demolishing buildings, • identifying alternative lands for affected people, • save as much as natural resources such as paddy

lands, marsh, inland wetlands etc. • Conservation of Water bodies,

• The Satellite images were used for,

• Inventory of functioning tanks or water areas and feeder channels,

• Inventory of dried up or encroach water bodies and nature of encroachment,

• Delineating conservation zones around the water bodies

• Developing groups of water bodies as open spaces with recreational activities,

• Up gradation of waste lands and scrubs.

• Demarcation of “No Development Area”,

1. Mapping of Administrative Boundaries,

2. Delineating of Environmental Sensitive and Fragile Areas,

3. Conservation of Archaeological and Historical Monuments,

4. Preparation of Land Use Plans & Zoning Plans,

5. Water Demand & supply Analysis,

6. Traffic Analysis,7. Road Network Analysis

GIS & RS application in Urban Planning

Contd.

8. Monitoring Temporal Changes – Weather changes,– Urban growth, Land use

changes,

9. Prototyping of Routing Work– Process of Building plan

approval – Process of Change of use of

building– Process of Tax and rental

collection etc.10. Assessing physical

transformation of cities,

11. Land suitability modeling,

12. Disaster Management, e.g. Fire, Land slides, Floods, Drought etc.

13. Terrain Modeling, Slope angles,

14. Delineation and incorporation of socio-infrastructure databases,

15. Urban Information Systems,Database Management Systems,

Spatial data, Data reference to the earth, e.g. Land Information System,

Non-Spatial data, e.g.. Socio – economic data, Population, housing, income, infrastructures etc.

• Tsunami & Hazard Mapping,

• 3D Modeling

Mapping of Administrative Boundaries

Electorate BoundariesAdministrative Boundaries

Delineating of Environmental Sensitive

Areas

Criteria Used1. All Water Bodies, for Rivers 60 buffer2. All paddy and inland wetlands3. All Roads4. Archaeological Places, 400 metre buffer5. All forests, Sanctuaries, national Parks

Buffer Analysis

• Creating Buffer Zones for Security Purposes– Power Stations– Electricity Generation Stations– Parliament Area

Conservation of Historical sites and places

Wetlands Zoning Plans

Water Demand & Supply analysis

Road Network Analysis

Monitoring Land Use changes

Land Information DatabaseState Lands Mapping

Prototype Applications

• E-plan for DMMC Area

• Land Clearance System for CMC Area

Land Clearance System City of Colombo

Data Base - Attribute Data

Land Parcels; Assessment Number, Access Road Name & Width, Extent, Plot Coverage (Residential & Non-Residential)Buildings; Building Height, Age, No of Floors, Tenancy Type, Usage, Ground Floor Area, Other Floor Area, Total Floor Area, Preserved BuildingsZone 2010; Zone Name, Maximum Plot Size, Minimum No of Floors, Maximum no of FloorsPermissible Activities; Activity Name, Maximum Floor Area, Minimum Site Extent

Spatial DataLand Parcels LayerBuilding LayerZone 2010 Layer

• Database Development & Georeference

GIS Development

The MOSAIC of Scanned Images

• Database 3 Layers with Attribute Tables– Land Parcels– Buildings– Zone 2010

• Management Information

• Regulation Checks– Check Location– Check Zone– Check Extent– Check Building Details

Database Check

Land Parcels Layer

King’s Court

BMICH

Irrigation Dept

Torrington Flat

Police Park

Land Parcels Attributes Table

Buildings Layer

Police Park

BMICH

Church

Sirimavo Bandaranayake

Vidiyalaya Jawatta Cemetery

TorringtonFlats

Buildings Attributes Table

Zone-2010 Layer

Tsunami Mapping

In short, a GIS does not hold maps or

pictures -- it holds a database from

which the data can be viewed in a new

light.

Thank You