· PDF filescientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the objective of ... – To solve specific problem DEFINING RESEARCH ... Given the values

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Basic steps of a research project

• Identify a topicWhat, When• Formulate questionsWhat, Why• Define problem & populationWho, When• Select design & measurementHow• Gather evidence, verify and justifyHow, Where• Interpret evidence Why• Tell about what you did and found out

THESIS, PAPER, PROJECT REPORT ……….

Which of these can be classified as research?

1.Praveen prepared a paper on “computer usage inengineering colleges” after reviewing literature on thesubject available in his college library.

2.Girish says that he has researched and completed adocument which gives information about the age of thestudents, their results, their parents income and distanceof their college from their residence.

3.Sanoop has gone through the systematic procedure ofconducting an experiment in the Electrical Machines lab,conducted the experiment, took the readings andestimated the efficiency of the DC Machine.

4.Saradha participated in a workshop on curriculumdevelopment and prepared what she calls, a report on thecurriculum for Engineering and Management.

None of the above examples can be classified under the name

research !.

? ?

Consider the following case which is an example of research

• The General Manager (Production), of a carmanufacturing company was concerned with thecomplaints received from the car users that, the carthey produce have some problems with sound at thedash board and the rear passenger seat after fewthousand kilometres of driving.

• He obtained information from the manufacturingplant company workers to identify the various factorsinfluencing the problem.

• He then formulated the problem and generatedguesses (hypotheses).

• He constructed a checklist and obtained requisiteinformation from a representative sample of cars.

• He analyzed the collected data by scientific methods,interpreted the results in the light of his hypothesesand reached conclusions.

Meaning of Research

• An organized, systematic, data-based, critical,scientific inquiry or investigation into a specificproblem, undertaken with the objective offinding answers or solutions to it.– Must have a purpose– Undertaken to understand various phenomena– To solve specific problem

DEFINING RESEARCH

“Organized scientific investigations to solveproblems, test hypotheses, develop or inventnew products.”

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DEFINING RESEARCH

“Research comprises the following:• Defining and redefining the problem• Formulating hypothesis• Collecting, organizing and evaluating data• Making deductions and reaching conclusions• Carefully testing the conclusions to determine

whether they fit the hypothesis”

DEFINING RESEARCH

• Research is systematic, because it follows certain, steps that are logical in order. These steps are:– Understanding the nature of problem to be studied and

identifying the related area of knowledge.– Reviewing literature to understand how others have

approached or dealt with the problem.– Collecting data in an organized and controlled manner so

as to arrive at valid decisions.– Analyzing data appropriate to the problem.– Drawing conclusions and making generalizations.

DEFINING RESEARCH

“Systematized effort to gain knowledge”-Redman and Mory.

“a process of manipulation of things,concepts or symbols for the purpose ofgeneralizing to extend, correct or verifyknowledge, whether that knowledge aids inthe construction of theory or in the practiceof an art”-

Slesinger and Stephenson in Encyclopedia of Social Sciences

Research Quotes

• If we knew what it was we were doing, it wouldnot be called research, would it? (Albert Einstein)

• Research is creating new knowledge. (NeilArmstrong)

• Research is to see what everybody else hasseen, and to think what nobody else hasthought. (Albert Szent-Gyorgyi)

• Research is knowing more and more about lessand less until one knows absolutely everythingabout nothing. (Nicholas Butler)

Objectives of Research1.To gain familiarity with a certain

phenomenon or gain new insights(Exploration)

2.To portray accurately the characteristics of aparticular individual, group or situation.(Description)

3.To see the frequency with which somephenomenon is associated with somethingelse (Diagnosis)

4.Hypothesis of causal relationship betweenvariables (Hypothesising)

Motivation for Research• Getting a PhD with consequential benefits - promotion• Facing the challenge in solving the unsolved problems• Getting intellectual joy of doing some creative work• Service to society• Getting respectability• Directives of Governing bodies - AICTE• Employment conditions – Career progression• Curiosity about new things• Desire to understand causal relationships• Social thinking and awakening• Under pressure from Environment• Pressing need to find the solution of a problem

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Factors Aiding Engineering and Management Research

• Competition – local, domestic and global• More complex industrial and business

organizations• Stakeholders demanding greater role• Customers demand leading to complex issues • Growth of Internet• Growth of technology and greater computing

power• Advanced Analytical techniques

Researcher vs Decision Maker

Defining Research Methodology

Methodology means thesystematic study of the methods,principles, procedures and rulesapplied within a discipline

Hence research methodology

Research Methods and Methodology

• MethodsSpecific details and/or procedures to

accomplish a task.Methods the researchers use in performing

research operations.

• Methods fall under three groups– Methods for collection of data– Mathematical and statistical techniques used for

analysis of data– Methods used for accuracy of results

Research Methods and Methodology

• Methodology– Way to systematically solve the research problem– general approaches or guidelines– Science of studying how research is done

scientifically

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Research Methodology

• When we talk of research methodology, wenot only talk about the research methods,but also consider the logic behind, themethods we use in the context of ourresearch study, and explain why we are usinga particular method, and not using others.

• This leads to, research results become,capable of , being evaluated either by ,theresearcher himself or others.

Types of ResearchDescriptive vs.. Analytical

• Descriptive Research (Ex post facto Research)– Description of state of affairs as it is existing at

present.– Researcher has no control over the variables

• Analytical Research– Researcher uses facts of information already

available and analyze these to make criticalevaluation of the material

Descriptive Type of Research

• Presents a profile of a group or describes a process,mechanism or relationship or presents basic backgroundinformation or a context.

• Used very often in applied research.• Can also be used to gain an insight into the changing social

and economic circumstances of population groups.• Often survey research.• Examples

General Household survey (describes demographiccharacteristics, economic factors and social trends).Traffic surveys, Surveys regarding distribution andtransmission losses, Equipments breakdown andinvestigations

Analytical Type of Research

• Goes beyond simple description to model empiricallythe social phenomena or the technical phenomenaunder investigation.

• It involves theory testing or elaboration of a theory.• Used mostly in basic research.• Examples

Modeling of manufacturing systemsNeural Network studies

Types of ResearchApplied vs. Fundamental

• Applied Research (Action research)– Discover a solution for some pressing practical

problem– Eg. Corrosion prevention, Environmental

Pollution, Alternative energy sources

• Fundamental Research (Pure Research)– Finding information that has a broad base of

application and thus, adds to the already existingorganized body of scientific knowledge

– Eg. Research carried out in pure sciences

Types of ResearchQuantitative vs. Qualitative

• Quantitative research– Based on the measurement of quantity or

amount.– Applicable to phenomena that can be expressed

in terms of quantity.

• Qualitative Research– Concerned with qualitative phenomenon.– Phenomena relating to or involving quality or

kind

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Types of ResearchConceptual vs. Empirical

• Conceptual Research– Related to some abstract ideas or theory.– Generally used by philosophers or thinkers to develop

new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones• Empirical Research

– Data based research coming up with conclusions whichare capable of being verified by observation orexperiment

– Relies on observation or experiment alone often withoutdue regard for system or theory

Types of ResearchOne time vs. Longitudinal

• One time research– Research confining to single time period

• Longitudinal research– Research carried on over several time periods

Types of ResearchExploratory and Formalized

• Exploratory research– Development of hypothesis rather than its testing

• Formalized research– Research with substantial structure with specific

hypothesis to be tested

Exploratory Type of Research

• Goal is to generate many ideas.• Develop tentative theories and conjectures.• Become familiar with the basic facts, people and

concerns involved. • Formulate questions and refine issues for future

research.• Used when little is written on an issue.• It is the initial research.• Usually qualitative research.

Types of ResearchConclusion Oriented vs. Decision oriented

• Conclusion Oriented research– Researcher is free to pick up a problem, redesign

the enquiry as (s)he proceeds, and is prepared toconceptualize as (s)he wishes.

– E.g. Productivity and Performance Improvement

• Decision oriented research– Always for the need of a decision maker, and the

researcher in this case is not free to embark uponresearch according to his own inclination.

– E.g. Operations Research, Marketing research

Other Types of Research

• Simulation Research– Research carried out by simulating environment

or setting laboratories– Eg. Experiments conducted on a model

• Diagnostic Research– Case study methods or in depth approaches to

reach basic causal relations, using deep probingdata gathering devices

– Eg. Real cases of organizations and objects

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Evaluation Type of Research

• Characterised by the focus on collecting data to ascertain theeffects of some form of planned change.

• Used in applied research to evaluate a policy initiative orsocial programme to determine if it is working.

• Examples• Effectiveness of implementation of ISO 9001 in an

organization• Effects of different materials for attaining superconductivity.• Effectiveness of change of raw material in manufacturing

through value engineering• Effectiveness of a crime prevention programme in a local

housing estate.

Summary – Research Types

• Descriptive and Analytical• Applied and Fundamental• Quantitative and Qualitative• Conceptual and Empirical• One time and Longitudinal• Exploratory and Formalized• Conclusion Oriented and Decision Oriented• Simulation• Diagnostic • Evaluation

Basic Approaches to ResearchQuantitative and Qualitative

• Quantitative Approach– Generation of data in quantitative form, which

can be subjected to rigorous quantitative analysisin a formal rigid fashion.

Quantitative Approach Further classified into

InferentialSample study and drawing conclusion regardingpopulationExperimentalControlled, variables are manipulated to observe theireffect on other variablesSimulationThe operation of a numerical model that represents thestructure of a dynamic process. Given the values of initialconditions, parameters and exogenous variables, asimulation is run to represent the behavior of the processover time.

Basic Approaches to ResearchQuantitative and Qualitative

• Qualitative Approach– Concerned with subjective assessment of

attitudes, opinions and behavior.– Research is function of researchers insights and

impressions.– Generates results either in non quantitative form

or in the form which are not subjected torigorous quantitative analysis.

RESEARCH PROCESS

Define ResearchProblem

Review Concepts

And theories

Review PreviousResearchfindings

Formulatehypothesis

DesignResearch(IncludingSampleDesign)

CollectData

AnalyzeData

Interpretand

report

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Feed BackFeed Forward

Review the literature

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Formulating the research problem

• Identify the general area of research interest– relates to states of nature or relationship of variables.

• Consider feasibility of a particular solution• Discuss with colleagues, guides or agencies

• Rephrase the problem into analytical and operational terms.– Rephrasing the problem determines the data which are to

be collected, characteristics of data which are relevant,relations which are to be explored and the choice oftechniques to be used.

General Area of Research

Productivity in manufacturing Organizations

Structural Engineering

IC Engines

Power Systems

Rephrased Research Problem

Lean manufacturing versusAgile Manufacturing –Achieving Customizationand ProductivityHow can the strength ofstructures increased byoptimizing quantity of steeland concreteHow can the fuel efficiencyof an IC engine increased byan optimal designHow can the transmissionand distribution lossesminimised in powertransmission

General Area of Research

Manufacturing Systems

Quality Management

Job recruitment via the internet

Advertising and share prices

The future of trade unions

Rephrased Research ProblemDetermination of an optimalscheduling approach whichminimizes batch productioncost and ensures availabilityIdentification of the bestapproach for quality assurance- ISO 9001 versus Six SigmaHow effective is recruiting fornew staff via the internet incomparison with the traditionalmethods.How does the running of a TVadvertising campaign designedto boost the image of acompany affect.What are the strategies thattrade unions should adopt toensure their future viability?

Review of Literature

• Review of Concepts and theories and Reviewof previous research finding.

• Refer to abstracting and indexing journals, andpublished and unpublished bibliographies.

• Refer academic journals, Conferenceproceedings, reports of agencies, books etcdepending on the nature of the problem.

Review of Literature

Conceptual Literature

Concepts and theories related to area of research

Example : theory literature from text books and online resources

Empirical Literature

Studies and research made earlier similar to the one planned

Example : Published research papers and thesis

Formulation of Hypothesis

• Tentative assumption made in order to drawout and test its logical or empiricalconsequences.

• Should be very specific and limited to thepiece of research

• Sharpens thinking and focuses attention,indicates type of data required and type ofmethods to be used.

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How to develop a working hypothesis?

• Discussions with colleagues, experts and agencies about theproblem, its origins and objectives in seeking a solution

• Examination of data and records, if available, concerning theproblem for possible trends, peculiarities and other clues.

• Review of similar studies in the area of studies on similarproblems.

• Exploratory personal investigation which involves original fieldinterviews, on a limited scale with interested parties andindividuals with a view to secure greater insight into thepractical aspects of the problem.

Preparing the research design

• Stating the conceptual structure within whichthe research would be conducted.

• Function of research design is to provide forthe collection of relevant evidence withminimal expenditure of effort, time andmoney.

Preparation of research design involves consideration of the following

• The means of obtaining information• The availability and skills of the researcher

and his/her staff.• Explanation of the way in which selected

means of obtaining information will beorganized and the reasoning leading to theselection.

• The time available for research• The cost factor relating to the research

Determining sample design –Census and Sampling

• A complete enumeration of all the items in thepopulation is known as census enquiry.

• Selecting a few items from the universe forthe study purpose is called sampling.

• Census not practical always since– Element of bias– Great deal of time money and energy– Not practical under many circumstances

Sample Designs• Probability sampling

– Each and every item in the population is having anequal probability of being considered

• Non - Probability Sampling– The probability for consideration for the items in

the population are not equal.• Mixed Sampling

– A combination of the above two.

Probability Sampling Methods

• Simple Random Sampling• Stratified Sampling• Cluster Sampling

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Simple random samplingCluster Sampling

A cluster sample is obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals.

A stratified sample is obtained by separating the population into non-overlapping groups called strata and then obtaining a

proportional simple random sample from each group. The individuals within each group should be similar in some way.

Non Probability Sampling Methods

• Deliberate or purposive sampling

–Convenience sampling–Judgment sampling–Quota Sampling

Convenience Sampling

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Quota Sampling

Student Population

Sample = 10%

B.Tech 4000 400M.Tech 200 20PhD 10 1Total 4210 421

Mixed Sampling Methods

• Systematic sampling• Area sampling• Multistage sampling

A systematic sample is obtained by selecting every kth

individual from the population. The first individual selected corresponds to a random number between 1 and k.

Determination of Sampling Plan

Sampling unitWho or What is to be surveyed?

Sample sizeHow many people or objects should be surveyed?

Sampling procedureHow should the respondents or objects be chosen?

RESEARCH PROCESS


Review Concepts

And theories


Formulatehypothesis


CollectData

AnalyzeData

Interpretand

report

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Data Collection Classification of Data

Primary dataOriginated by a researcher for the specific purposeof addressing the problem at hand. The collectionof primary data involves all six steps of theresearch process.

Secondary dataData that have already been collected for purposesother than the problem at hand. These data canbe located quickly and inexpensively.

Comparison of Primary & Secondary Data

Primary Data Secondary Data

Examples Data collected from specific

experimental setups

Data published by Governments or

NGOs

Collection Purpose For the problem at hand

For other problems

Collection Process Very Involved Rapid and Easy

Collection Cost Relatively High Cost

Relatively Low Cost

Collection Time Long Duration Short Duration

Primary Data Sources

Observation research using people ormachines

– Discovers behaviour but not motivations orreasons.

Survey research– Effective for descriptive information.

Experimental research– Investigates cause and effect relationships.

Ways of Primary Data Collection

• Observation• Experimental setups• Experiments in installations/machineries• Control Instrumentation (sensors/probes)• Personal Interview• Telephone interview• SMS• Mailing questionnaire• Online through Internet• Schedules and Checklists

A Classification of Secondary Data

Secondary Data

Ready to Use

Requires Further

Processing

PublishedMaterials

Computerized Databases

Syndicated Services

Internal External

Issues while Collecting the Data– Error in the equipments/ machinery– Error or calibration problems in

Measuring Instruments– Limitations of operation of

equipments/machinery– respondent non availability– respondents refusing to cooperate.– Respondents/equipments giving

biased or dishonest answers.– Bias from the part of research staff

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RESEARCH PROCESS


Review Concepts

And theories


Formulatehypothesis


CollectData

AnalyzeData

Interpretand

report

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Developing the Research Plan

The research plan is a written document thatoutlines the type of problem, objectives, dataneeded, and the usefulness of the results.

– Data sources– Research approach– Research instruments– Sampling plan– Contact methods

Data Analysis - Activities• Coding

– Classify the data into purposeful and usefulcategories

• Editing– Improving the quality of data for coding

• Tabulation– Putting classified data in the form of tables using

computer support.

• Analysis– of data by statistical/ mathematical techniques

Data Analysis Approach

Qualitative Analysis

Quantitative Analysis

Hypothesis Testing - Introduction• A policeman produces a person before the court as accused:• Person is really innocent (Ho : Null Hypothesis)

• Insufficient Evidence to prove guilty, The judge find person innocent –decision is right (cannot reject Ho)

• sufficient evidence to prove guilty, The judge find person guilty – The decision is not right (reject Ho)

• Person is really guilty (H1 : Alternate Hypothesis)• Sufficient evidence to prove guilty, The judge find person guilty –

decision is right (Reject Ho)

• Insufficient evidence to prove guilty, The judge find person innocent –decision is not right (Cannot reject Ho)

• All judgment efforts are directed to the assumption ofINNOCENCE. In hypothesis testing it is called as NullHypothesis H0

Hypothesis Testing• The manufacturer of microprocessor Intel, supplied a lot of

microprocessors for use of the manufacturer Dell and Dell adopted asampling inspection programme as per acceptance sampling procedures.

• The lot of Microprocessors are really good ones with acceptable qualitylevel (Null Hypothesis Ho)

• Sampling inspection revealed that they are good quality (decision right)cannot reject null hypothesis

• Sampling inspection revealed that they are bad quality (wrong decision)reject null hypothesis

• The lot of Microprocessors are not good ones with acceptable qualitylevel. (Alternate hypothesis) H1

• Sampling inspection revealed that they are bad quality (decision right)reject null hypothesis

• Sampling inspection revealed that they are good quality (decision wrong)cannot reject hypothesis

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Null Hypothesis:

Evaluated in terms of probabilities provided by thesample statistics.

Alternate Hypothesis: (Research Hypothesis)

Used for or to test research prediction; The nullhypothesis is a logical opposite of the researchhypothesis. If the null hypothesis is rejected thenthe research hypothesis is accepted.

Hypothesis TestingLogic of Hypothesis Testing

Test statisticQuantity based on sample data and nullhypothesis used to test between null andalternative hypotheses.

Rejection regionValues of the test statistic for which wereject the null in favor of the alternativehypothesis

Hypothesis TestingLogic of Hypothesis Testing

Wrong Decision Wrong Decision -- Type Type II ErrorError

•• AA TypeType II errorerror isis thethe mistakemistake ofofrejectingrejecting thethe nullnull hypothesishypothesis whenwhen itit isistruetrue..

•• TheThe symbolsymbol (alpha)(alpha) isis usedused totorepresentrepresent thethe probabilityprobability ofof aa typetype IIerrorerror..

Wrong Decsion Wrong Decsion -- Type Type IIII ErrorError

•• AA TypeType IIII errorerror isis thethe mistakemistake ofof failingfailing totorejectreject thethe nullnull hypothesishypothesis whenwhen itit isisfalsefalse..

•• TheThe symbolsymbol (beta)(beta) isis usedused toto representrepresentthethe probabilityprobability ofof aa typetype IIII errorerror..

Type I & II Errors Have an Inverse Relationship

If you reduce the probability of one error, the other one increases so that everything else is unchanged.

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Controlling Type Controlling Type II and and Type Type IIII ErrorsErrors

•• ForFor anyany fixedfixed ,, anan increaseincrease inin thethe samplesamplesizesize nn willwill causecause aa decreasedecrease inin

•• ForFor anyany fixedfixed samplesample sizesize nn ,, aa decreasedecrease inin willwill causecause anan increaseincrease inin .. Conversely,Conversely, ananincreaseincrease inin willwill causecause aa decreasedecrease inin ..

•• ToTo decreasedecrease bothboth andand ,, increaseincrease thethesamplesample sizesize..

Hypothesis Testing Flow Chart

State Null Hypothesis and alternate hypothesis for research problem

Obtain data & Compute value of test statistic

Determine decision rule

Specify test statistic and significance level α

Make decision based on obtained probability and significance level.

RESEARCH PROCESS


Review Concepts

And theories


Formulatehypothesis


CollectData

AnalyzeData

Interpretand

report

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Generalization and interpretations

• If a hypothesis is tested andupheld several times , it may bepossible for the researcher toarrive at generalizations, i.e. tobuild a theory.

Scientific Method

• Pursues a step-by-step, logical, organizedmethod to identify problems, gather andanalyze data and draw valid conclusions• Purposiveness and Rigor• Reliability• Validity• Objectivity• Generalizability• Accuracy and Precision• Parsimony

Preparation of Report or ThesisLayout

• The Preliminary Pages–Title–Acknowledgements–Forward–Table of contents

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• The Main Text–Introduction–Summary of Findings–Main Report–Conclusion


• The End Matter–Appendix–Bibliography–Index

Preparation of Report or Thesis

• Report should be written in a concise andobjective style avoiding vague expressions

• Charts and reports in the main report shouldbe used only if they present the informationmore clearly and forcibly

• Calculated confidence limits must bementioned and the various constraintsexperienced in conducting researchoperations may as well be stated

RESEARCH PROCESS


Review Concepts

And theories


Formulatehypothesis


CollectData

AnalyzeData

Interpretand

report

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Criteria Of Good Research

• Purpose should be clearly defined.• Research Process (source of data,

methodology etc.) should be described insufficient detail-except when secrecy isrequired-This will help verify, correct andextend knowledge, keeping the continuity ofwhat has already been achieved.


• Design (Sampling, questionnaire, observation etc)should be thoroughly planned so as to yield objectiveresults.

• High ethical standards –avoiding or misusinginformation , forcing respondents to answeringquestions, human rights violation and dignity.

• Limitations should be frankly revealed (eg., flaws indesign) so that the decision maker is made aware.

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• Analysis of data should be adequate and methods ofanalysis appropriate. Should check for reliability andvalidity, and probability of error

• Unambiguous presentation• Conclusions should be confined to those justified by

the data of the research.• specified steps taken in specified sequence in

accordance with well-defined rules


• Good research is logical: logical reasoning makesresearch more meaningful in the context of decisionmaking

• Good research is empirical: dealing with concretedata that provides the basis for external validity toresearch results.

• Good research is replicable : allows research resultsto be verified by replicating the study and therebybuilding a sound basis for decisions

When Should Research be Undertaken?

Is sufficient timeavailable?

Is information inadequate?

High importance of decision?

Research benefits greater than costs?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Undertake Research

NO Do notUndertake Research

94

Value and Costs of Undertaking Research

VALUE

Decreased Uncertainty

Higher Likelihood of Correct Decisions

Better operational performance

Higher returns

Better Reputation

COSTS

Research Costs

Delay in Making Technical Decisions

Disclosure of Information to Rivals

Possibility of Error

The Building Blocks of Research

Measurements of phenomena (e.g. feedbacks,sales statistics, experimental observations )

DATA

Determination of relationship amongst data with a view to facilitating understanding of the phenomena,

their relationships and decision-making(e.g. future trends, performance m/c under conditions)

INFORMATION

KNOWLEDGEBlend of information, experience and in-sights that

provides a framework that can be thoughtfully evaluated when assessing new information or evaluating

relevant situations

Problems encountered by researchers in India

• The lack of a scientific training in themethodology for research ––Efforts should be made to provide

short duration intensive courses formeeting this requirement

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• Insufficient interaction betweenuniversity research departments andindustry ––Efforts should be made to develop

satisfactory liaison among allconcerned for better and realisticresearches


• Reluctance by industry in supplyingneeded information for research –

There is need for generating theconfidence that the information/ dataobtained from industry will not bemisused.


• Research studies overlapping oneanother are undertaken quite often forwant of adequate information –

Needs a proper compilation andrevision, at regular intervals a list ofsubjects on which and the placeswhere the research is going on


• There does not exist a code of conductfor researchers and rivalries arecommon –

Need for developing a code of conductfor researchers, if adhered sincerelycan win over this problem.


• Difficulty and problem of adequate andtimely secretarial assistance includingcomputerial assistance –

Efforts to be made in this direction sothat efficient secretarial assistance ismade available to researchers.


• Library management and functioning isnot satisfactory at many places –

Libraries should be made efficient byensuring the availability of all types ofinformation in the soft or hard form.

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• Many libraries are unable to get olddocuments –

Efforts should be made for the speedysupply of all publications viaelectronic mode


• Difficulty in the getting of timely availabilityof published data –

Need to network information centresby communication networks withapplication of latest ICT (Informationcommunication technology)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Problem Definition• Review of Related Literature• Formulation of Hypothesis• Data Collection• Analyze the Data• Hypotheses Testing• Data Interpretation• Conclusion or Findings

Amount of knowledge

Advancement of Technology

Utility of Applications

Quality of Life

Basic ResearchApplied Research

ApplicationDevelopment

Curiosity

Research Never Stops – The Wheel of Research

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Documents

· PDF filescientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the objective of ... – To solve specific problem DEFINING RESEARCH ... Given the values