Ingles Basico I 2014

8/20/2019 Ingles Basico I 2014

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INGLES BÁSICO I

DOCENTES

Dr Fernando Cornejo Sánchez

Lic Carmen Castañeda Chau

Lic Doris López Astocondor

2014 - II


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Medical English 1 Page 1

Do you have fever?

Warm –ups

Look at the following pictures and answer the following questionswhat do they feel?

What do think they are their symptoms ?

Reading

Read the following dialogue and answer the following questions

Booking a Doctor's Appointment

Receptionist: Doctor's office. Jane speaking. How can I help you?Caller: I need to make an appointment with Dr. Harris.Receptionist: Do you know your chart number?Caller: No, sorry. It's at home and I'm at work right now.Receptionist: No problem. What's your name, please?Caller: George Mason.Receptionist: Okay Mr. Mason. Hold one moment while I grab your chart, please.Caller: Sure.Receptionist: Thanks for waiting. Now, what do you need to see the doctor about?

Caller: Well, I Have a cold , and I think I have a chest infection or something. Mycough is getting worse each day.Receptionist: Hmm. Doctor Harris is off tomorrow. Do you think it can wait untilWednesday?Caller: Oh, it is urgent. I feel badReceptionist: No problem, I will help you.

Check your understanding1. Why does the caller phone the doctor's office?

UNIT

11

2


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a) He's running late for hisappointment.

b) He's booking an appointment with Dr.Harris.

c) He can't remember his chartnumber.d) His medication ran out.

2. Which is true about George

Mason?a) He has a bad cold. b) hesneezesc) he has a stomachache d) hebruises .

Grammar

In this unit you are going to learn about the simple present tense . Look at thefollowing chart and do the following activitiesSIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

TO HAVEAffirmative statements

SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENTI YouWeThey

havehavehavehave

fevera cold stiff necka sunburn

HeSheIt

hashashas

fevera colda stiff neck

3


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1. Have a headache2. Have an earache3. Have a toothache4. Have a stomachache5. Have a backache6. Have a sore throat7. Have fever

8. Have a cold9. Have a cough10. Have a virus11. Have an infection12. Have a rash13. Have an insect bite

14. Have a sunburn


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15. Have a stiff neck16. Have a runny nose17. Have a bloody nose18. Have a cavity19. Have a wart20. Have (the) hiccups

21. Have (the) chills22. Have cramps23. Have diarrhea24. Have chest pain25. Have shortness of breath26. Have laryngitis

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENTI YouWeThey

do not / don’t havehavehavehave

fevera colda stiff necka sunburn

HeSheIt

does not /doesn’t

havehavehave


INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTSAUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT QUESTION

MARKDo Iyouwethey

havehavehavehave


?

Does hesheit

havehavehave


?

“WH”QUESTION

WORDS

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT QUESTIONMARK

How often do Iyouwethey

havehavehavehave


?

WhenWhy

doesdoes

hesheit

havehavehave


?

TO BE


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27. Be faint/weak28. Be dizzy29. Feel nauseous

30. Be bloated31. Be congested32. Be exhausted

TYPE OFSENTENCE SUBJECT AUXILIARYVERB NEGATIVEFORM COMPLEMENT

+ I am a patient.

+ You are a physician.

- She is not insane.

- We are not swollen.

? Is he weak.? Are they vitamins?


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OTHER VERBS

33. Cough34. Sneeze35. Wheeze36. Burp37. Vomit/throw up38. Bleed39. Twist40. Sprain41. Dislocate42. Scratch43. Scrape44. Bruise45. Burn46. Break47. Hurt48. Cut

49. Swell50. Itch


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ACTIVITIESA. CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE APPROPRIATE FORM.

affirmative sentences

negative sentences

interrogative sentences

1) She has a cold or allergies (?) __________________________________________________________________

2) They sneeze every minute (-) __________________________________________________________________

3) My sister doesn’t cough (+)

_________________________________________________________________

4) My husband is dizzy (?) __________________________________________________________________

5) Does he feel nauseous? (+) __________________________________________________________________

6) His brother is exhausted (-) __________________________________________________________________

7) You aren’t a good dentist (?) __________________________________________________________________

8) I don’t wait for anybody (+) __________________________________________________________________

9) It itches badly (-) __________________________________________________________________

10) They aren’t here (+)

__________________________________________________________________

B. PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.1. in / friends / I / have / don’t / class/ this / many. __________________________________________________________________

2. hospital / to / go / to / They / the / want. __________________________________________________________________

?

-

-


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3. aren’t / These / your / patients. _________________________________________________________________

4. need / I / a / don’t / psychologist __________________________________________________________________

5. burp / he / vomit /?/ Does / and/ often __________________________________________________________________

C. FIND THE MISTAKES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND REWRITETHEM.

1. He don’t have measles __________________________________________________________________

2. The patients is dizzies

__________________________________________________________________

3. Pediatrist ckeck children __________________________________________________________________

4. We has a sunburn and you feel nauseous __________________________________________________________________

5. Do she work in those medical facility? __________________________________________________________________

wr ite and speak

Write down a dialogue using the simple present tense and the vocabulary fromthis unit . then act it out .Help Appendix A Communicating with patients .

our l inks

Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unit.http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_statements2.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/questions/simple_pr esent.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation_long.htm

4

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http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_statements2.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/questions/simple_present.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation_long.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation_long.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation_long.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation_long.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation_long.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/questions/simple_present.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_statements2.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_statements2.htm


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HOSPITAL FACILITIES

Warm –ups

Look at the following pictures and answer the following questionswhat can you see on the picture 1?

What can you see on the picture 2 ?What can you see on the picture 3 ?

Reading


UNIT

2

1

2


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ESSENTIAL FACILITIES

A NURSING HOME

Choosing a maternity hospital or nursing home for the birth of your baby can betime consuming. There are so many factors to consider such as distance from yourhome, how much it costs, what facilities they offer, the quality of medical staff andso on.

You naturally want the best for you and your baby, but finding something suitablewithin your budget is not always easy. To help you make your choice, we havelisted out five facilities that mus t be present so that you and your newborn can be

properly cared for. When you take a tour of the maternity hospitals or nursinghomes on your list, ask yourself the following five questions:

1. Is there a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)?If your baby is premature, or unwell after she is born, she might need specialmedical care. To handle such situations, the hospital or nursing home of yourchoice should have a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) . As well as havingspecial medical equipment like incubators, feeding tubes, phototherapy lights,respiratory monitors, and cardiac monitors, the NICU should have staff trained tocare for very small or ill babies.

2. Do they have access to a blood bank?Having access to a blood bank is vital. If you bleed excessively after the birth, youwill need to be given a blood transfusion. Do make sure well in advance that thehospital or nursing home you choose to deliver at has access to your blood typeand the quantity available is sufficient. If the hospital has its own blood bank, youcan enquire about its cleanliness, power arrangements and accessibility.

You should also check that medical equipment such as needles are opened in frontof you and then destroyed after use. Some hospitals only release blood from their

http://www.babycenter.in/a555461/early-challengeshttp://www.babycenter.in/a555453/the-neonatal-unithttp://www.babycenter.in/a553465/lochia-postnatal-bleedinghttp://www.babycenter.in/a555453/the-neonatal-unithttp://www.babycenter.in/a555461/early-challenges


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bank if some is donated. The person donating blood does not necessarily need tobe of the same blood type as you. It is best to agree with a family member or friendbeforehand on who will donate blood if required.

3. What is the hygiene standard?

A good indication of the quality of a hospital or nursing home is the level of hygieneof the equipment, staff, rooms and bathrooms. While taking a tour of a nursinghome or hospital try and check what the level of hygiene is. Is the linen changed regularly? Is the food prepared hygienically? Are the rooms cleaned daily? Is the medical equipment sterilized?

1 which factors do you need to choose a nursing home?…………………………………………………………………

2.What kind of Nicu do premature babies need?……………………………………………………………….

3. Which conditions do you need in a blood bank?……………………………………………………….

4. do you need to take a tour before choosing a nursing home ? why……………………………………………………………………………..

Grammar

In this unit you are going to learn about there is – there are and preposition oflocation. Look at the following chart and do the following activities

THERE IS/ THERE AREBoth expressions are used to state the something exists or to point out somethingin the distance.There is/There are can be used as the sentences subject.1. "There is" - is used with the following subjects: Singular nouns

Uncountable nouns

3rd person singular (he, she, my physician, his outpatient, etc.).

Examples:

There is my specialist on the corner.There is a lot of blood on the highway. There must have been an accident.There is a fracture here.2. "There are" - is used with the following subjects: 3rd person plural (they, my doctors, the nurses, the practitioners, etc.)Examples:

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There are many nurses in this nursing station.There are practitioners there.There are three sites on the internet that are really good to study Medical English.

PREPOSITIONS

ACTIVITIES

A. THERE IS/THERE ARE. Choose the appropriate expression from the

parentheses.

1. ___________ a fly in that doctor's soup.(There is, There are)2. ______________many health centers in Huaycan.(There isn't, There aren't)3. ________________ any viruses in this area.(There isn't, There aren't)4. _____________________ lots of clinics in big cities.(There is, There are)5. ______________ a blood bank here?(Is there, Are there)6. _________________ survivors in the mine?(Is there, Are there)7. _____________________ a blood donor I can call?(Is there, Are there)8. _______________ an important surgery tomorrow.(There is, There are)9. _____________________ 8 students in my Medical English class.(There is, There are)10._________________________ many inpatients in this hospital.

(There isn't, There aren't)


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Medical Specialists

Medical specialists are experts in certain fields of medicine. They treat specificparts of the body, such as the stomach or the heart, or they specialize in certaindiseases, such as AIDS. Family doctors keep a list of local specialists and can help

patients choose the right specialist for each medical issue. In many cases,specialists require a referral from a family doctor before they will see a patient.Here is a list of the most common types of specialists. Study the list and thencheck your understanding by taking the quiz.

Allergist: specializes in determining food and environmental allergiesAnesthesiologist: specializes in pain prevention during surgeryCardiologist: heart specialistChiropractor: back specialistDentist: tooth specialistDermatologist: skin specialist

Fertility specialist: helps people who have difficulty getting pregnantGynecologist: specializes in women's needsMassage therapist: specializes in muscle relaxationMidwife: helps women deliver babies in a natural wayNaturopath: specializes in natural cures and remediesNeurologist: brain specialistObstetrician: specialist for pregnant womenOccupational therapist: specializes in workplace healthOncologist: tumor specialist, including cancerOphthalmologist: specializes in eye diseasesPediatrician: specialist for babies and childrenPhysical therapist: specializes in the body's movementPodiatrist: foot specialistPsychiatrist: specialist in mental healthRadiologist: specializes in imaging tests

ACTIVITIESA. Read the patient complaints and say which specialist each patientneeds.

1. I have a terrible rash on my arms and legs. I think I'm allergic to dairy food, but italso might be grass.

a) chiropractorb) ophthalmologist c) allergistd) psychiatrist2. My husband and I just took a home pregnancy test, and it came out positive. We

want to know when we are due and we want to make sure the fetus is healthy.a) podiatristb) pediatrician

c) obstetriciand) pharmacist

3. I still can't walk and it's been three months since my accident. I hate being stuck ina wheelchair.a) anesthesiologistb) physical therapist

c) radiologistd) dentist


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4. The test results show that I have an advanced form of blood cancer.a) oncologistb) neurologist

c) midwifed) allergist

5. My left eye has an infection that won't go away and my vision has been blurry fortwo weeks now.

a) podiatristb) massage therapist

c) ophthalmologistd) radiologist

6. I don't want to take any drugs that will cause me to become addicted to them, but Ido need some sort of pain relief.a) naturopathb) dentist

c) cardiologistd) dermatologist

7. I've been having major chest pains this week. I'm also having trouble breathing.a) gynecologistb) cardiologist

c) oncologistd) dermatologist

8. I get terrible acne and I have tried all of the products in the pharmacy. I don't

know what to do now.a) massage therapistb) podiatrist

c) occupational therapistd) dermatologist

9. My baby is not developing properly. She hasn't put on any weight in two monthsand she keeps getting ear infections.a) anesthesiologistb) pediatrician

c) midwifed) massage therapist

10. My husband and I have been trying to get pregnant for three years. We have triedeverything that the books suggest.a) fertility specialist c) psychiatristb) oncologist d) dentist

B. Which are they specialties? Choose the right word for each number.wr ite and speak

Write down a dialogue using the simple present tense ,there is / there are and thevocabulary from this unit . then act it out .Help Appendix A Communicating withpatients

Our l inks

4X-ray technician; gynecologist; psychiatrist; emergency medical technician; surgeon; pediatrician;

cardiologist; optometrist, obstetrician; dentist; doctor; nurse; lab technician.


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Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unit

http://www.adelescorner.org/grammar/there_is/thereis.html http://www.english-room.com/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=34

5

http://www.english-room.com/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=34http://www.english-room.com/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=34http://www.english-room.com/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=34http://www.adelescorner.org/grammar/there_is/thereis.html


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THE HEAD

Warm –

ups

Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions1 is the frontal bone underneath the skull?2 Is the mandible at the bottom of the person´s head ?3 Are temporals at the sides of the head?

Reading


BONES OF THE HEAD AND NECKThe bones of the head and neck play the vital role of supporting the brain, sensoryorgans, nerves, and blood vessels of the head and protecting these structures frommechanical damage. Movements of these bones by the attached muscles of thehead provide for facial expressions, eating, speech, and head movement.The skull consists of 22 cranial and facial bones, which, with the exception of themandible, are tightly fused together. The skull encases and protects the brain aswell as the special sense organs of vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell.... Attachment points for the muscles of the head and neck are located on theexterior surfaces of the skull and allow for important movement like chewing,speech, and facial expressions. Teeth are rooted into deep sockets in the mandibleand maxillary bones. The upper portions of the digestive and respiratory tracts arealso housed within the hollow oral and nasal cavities of the skull. Another important bone of the head and neck is the hyoid bone. The hyoid isclosely associated with the skull but is a “floating bone” that does not form a jointwith any other bone. It anchors muscles of the tongue and throat and holds openthe larynx of the respiratory tract. The auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and

UNIT

31

2


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stapes) of each ear are also bones in the head separate from the skull. They forma bridge connecting the eardrum to the inner ear and function to transmit vibrationsbetween these parts.The 7 cervical vertebrae form the bones of the neck that support the skull andorgans of the head. The first cervical vertebra (atlas) supports and balances the

head. The second vertebra (axis) allows the head to rotate laterally to the left andthe right. Hollow spaces within the cervical vertebrae protect and conduct thespinal cord and vertebral arteries through the neck. Muscle attachment sites on thecervical vertebrae provide movement and posture to the head and neck.

1. How many cranial bones are there in the skull?……………………………………………………..

2. What is the function of the skull?………………………………………………………

3. Where are the teeth located ?………………………………………………………

4. What is the function of the hyoid bone?………………………………………………………

5. What is the function of atlas and axis ?………………………………………………………….

Grammar

In this unit you are going to learn about the present progressive . Look at thefollowing chart and do the following activities

Present ProgressiveWe use the present continuous tense to talk about: action happening now action in the future

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB MAIN VERB COMPLEMENT

+ I am examining a patient.

+ You are prescribing the medicine

- She is not sleeping in the hospital.

- We are not coughing

? Is he vaccinating the children?

? Are they taking vitamins?

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ACTIVITIESA. Complete the following sentences with the present continuous.1. The doctors _______________ (vaccinate) the children right now.2. The gynecologist ________________________ (examine) Lucia these days.3. The doctor __________________ (prescribe) medicines right now.

4. Listen! Michael_____________________ (cough) a lot.5. I ______________________ (drink) cough syrup at this moment.6. Jake _________________________ (suffer) a terrible disease.7. Doctor, ______________________ you ________________ (cure) Mr. Baker?8. Look! A biologist _____________________ (analyze) a microbe.9. My children __________________________ (catch) a cold.

10. _______________ you _______________(arrange ) an appointment?

Write and speak

Write down a dialogue using the present progressive and the vocabulary from thisunit . then act it out .Help Appendix A Communicating with patients

Our l inks

Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unit

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-progressive/form/exercises?form02 http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_progressive_statements_long.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_progressive_statements_long.htm

4

5

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-progressive/form/exercises?form02http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_progressive_statements_long.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_progressive_statements_long.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_progressive_statements_long.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_progressive_statements_long.htmhttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-progressive/form/exercises?form02http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-progressive/form/exercises?form02


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Digestive System

Warm –

ups

Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions Which organ isit?

Reading


Main Structures of the Digestive SystemThe digestive tract is a long continuous tube that starts with the mouth and endswith the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,and large intestine. The tongue and teeth located in the mouth are accessorystructures. The salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas are the otheraccessory organs of the digestive system that secretes digestive enzymes into thedigestive tract that are involved in the process of digestion.Mouth: The mouth contains tongue and teeth. With the help of these the food ischewed (broken into tiny pieces) and mixes with saliva (secreted by salivaryglands)Pharynx: Is a funnel shaped opening through which the food from mouth passesto esophagus.

Esophagus: Is a long tubular structure that with the help of peristalsis movementpasses food to the stomach.Stomach: A large sac-like structure that holds the food for a while where it getsmixed with the hydrochloric acid and gastric juice.Small intestine: It is a long muscular tube that is divisible into the duodenum, the jejunum, and ileum. Secretions of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are passed intothe small intestine, where the major part of the digestion occurs.Large intestine: Minor part of the digestion occurs in large intestine and isdivisible into cecum, colon, and rectum. Reabsorption of water and absorption offood material takes place in large intestine.

UNIT

4

1

2


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Anus: The indigested food is excreted out through anus.Liver: Liver is the largest organ of the human body and it is involved in synthesisand secretion of bile that plays a role in emulsification of fats. Liver secreted fromlive is stored in gallbladder, from which it flows into small intestine.Pancreas: Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice.

Answer the questions

What is the function of the esophagus ?…………………………………………………………………………. What is the function of stomach?…………………………………………………………………………. What is the function of the liver ?………………………………………………………………………….

Grammar

In this unit you are going to learn about the plural form of nouns . Look at thefollowing chart and do the following activities

PLURAL FORM OF NOUNSCASE DESCRIPTION

OF THE RULESTRUCTURE EXAMPLE

General rule The plural formof most nouns iscreated simply by

adding the letter“s” to the end ofthe word.

NOUN + “-S” minute - minutes

When nouns end in-ch, -x, -s, -sh, -z ors-like sounds

The plural isformed by adding“es”

NOUN + “-ES” church - churchesbox -boxesindex -= indexes ( alsoind ices )gas - gasesbush - bushesass -assesquiz – quizzes

Nouns ending in “o” When they arepreceded by aconsonant.

Except: newlycreated words orwords withSpanish or Italianorigin.

NOUN + “-ES”

NOUN + “-S”

potato - potatoestomato – tomatoesvolcano - volcanoes

photo - photospiano - pianosportico - porticos

3


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Noun ending in “y” When they arepreceded by aconsonant, theydrop the “y” andadd “ies”

When they arepreceded by aVOWEL, add a“s”

NOUN – “Y” +”IES”

NOUN + “-S”

party - partieslady - ladies

Boy - boysToy - toysRay – rays

Noun ending in “f”or “fe”

Drop the “f” or“fe” and add“ves”

NOUN – “F” +VES

NOUN – “FE” +

VES

calf – calveshalf - halveswolf - wolves

wife – wives

Nouns ending in“is”

Drop the “-is”and add “-es”

NOUN – IS + ES crisis - criseshypothesis - hypotheseoasis - oases

Irregular plural Some nounschange theirstructure to formtheir plural form.

ODD PLURALFORM

child - childrenox - oxenman – menwoman - womenperson - peoplefoot - feet

tooth - teethmouse - micelouse - lice

Identical singularand plural form

Some nounshave identicalplural andsingular forms,although they arestill consideredto have a pluralform.

NO CHANGE aircraft - aircraftfish - fishsheep - sheepdeer - deerspecies - speciesheadquarters -headquarters

Collective words ornouns associatedwith two parts.

These nounsexist only in theplural form andtake a pluralverb.

ONLY PLURALFORM cattlescissorstrouserstweezerscongratulationspajamas

Compound nouns In compoundnouns the pluralending is usually

MAIN NOUN + -S court martial - courtsmartialson-in-law - sons-in-law


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added to themain noun.

passer-by - passers-by

Uncountable noun Uncountablenouns on theother hand have

no plural formand take asingular verb (is /was ...).

NO PLURALFORM

adviceinformationluggage

headquarters -headquartersnews - news

NOTES:Third person of singular in simple present tense conjugation uses the same rulesthat plural forms.

1 GRAMMAR

A. Write the s plural form of the following words.

1. thesis ____________ 11. watch ______________

2. stimulus ____________ 12. mountain ______________

3. alumnus ____________ 13. louse ______________

4. loaf ____________ 14. family ______________

5. medium ____________ 15. shelf ______________

6. crisis ____________ 16. cloud ______________

7. veto ____________ 17. area ______________

8. fireman ____________ 18. photo ______________

9. diagnosis ____________ 19. home ______________

10. ox ____________ 20. logo ______________

B. Next to each word in the list, write correctly the plural for that word. If thatword cannot be pluralized because it's a non-count noun, write the letter X.

1. man ________________

2. furniture ________________

3. experience ________________

4. Kennedy ________________

5. ski ________________

6. gas ________________


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7. box ________________

8. peace ________________

9. cactus ________________

10. criterion ________________

11. baby ________________

12. memo ________________

13. work ________________

14. self ________________

15. applause ________________

16. dancing ________________

17. 1990 ________________

18. aluminum ________________

19. fax ________________

20. roof ________________

21. fish ________________

22. child ________________

23. difficulty ________________

24. knowledge ________________

25. goose ________________

26. video ________________

27. curriculum ________________

28. biology ________________

29. URL ________________

30. dish ________________


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C. Write the plural form of the following medical nouns.

1. mouth ______________

2. pharynx ______________

3. anus ______________

4. trachea ______________

5. pancreas ______________

6. enzyme ______________

7. duodenum ______________

8. cecum ______________

9. rectum ______________

10. bronchus ______________

Write and speak

Write down a dialogue using the vocabulary from this unit . then act it out .Help Appendix A Communicating with patients

Our l inks

Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unithttp://babelnet.sbg.ac.at/themepark/castle/pluralform.htm

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-plural.php#.UzhLFKh5N6k

4

5

http://babelnet.sbg.ac.at/themepark/castle/pluralform.htmhttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-plural.php#.UzhLFKh5N6khttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-plural.php#.UzhLFKh5N6khttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-plural.php#.UzhLFKh5N6khttp://babelnet.sbg.ac.at/themepark/castle/pluralform.htm


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Medical English 1 Page1

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Warm –ups

Look at the following picture and answer the following questions:What is the picture about?Do you know these parts of the body?

UNIT

5


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Reading

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

When you breathe in and out, your respiratory system is working. The respiratory

system if made up of various organs that allow you to take in oxygen and expel carbondioxide. If you don’t have oxygen, and you can’t get rid of carbon dioxide, your bodycan’t live for longer than a few minutes. Which organs make up the respiratorysystem? What are the functions of the respiratory system?

What Are the Components of the Respiratory System?

The respiratory system is made up of several organs that work in tandem to help youbreathe. If something goes wrong with one of these organs, then the rest of them don’twork as well. The list below includes the various components of your respiratorysystem.

2


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Major Organs Nose, mouth, larynx, pharynx, trachea, lungs,bronchi

Upper RespiratoryTract

The nose, nasal cavity, sinuses (ethmoid, frontal,maxillary, and sphenoid). Larnyx and trachea.

Lower RespiratoryTract

The lungs, airways (bronchi and bronchioles), andair sacs, or alveoli.

What Is the Function of the Respiratory System?

Each part of your body works together seamlessly to create the breathing that youneed to survive. Here are the functions of the respiratory system and how each organworks in tandem with the rest to create seamless, effortless breathing.1. Breathing-Inhalation and ExhalationThe Act of Breathing:When you inhale air through your nose or mouth, it goes straight to the trachea, or

windpipe. Just below that, the trachea divided into several tubes known as bronchialtubes. The air you breathe goes into these, then into bronchioles in the lungs, whichare even smaller tubes. The air then fills little sacs in the lungs, called alveoli. Thereare over 300 million of these in the typical human body.The alveoli are surrounded by tiny blood vessels. These blood vessels suck theoxygen out of the air you have just taken in and send it to the blood, where it goes tothe heart, where it is then pumped around your body to give your cells the oxygen theyneed. As this happens, carbon dioxide is formed. The blood carries that back to your lungs,where the process reverses. When you breathe out, you are exhaling the carbondioxide that was created inside your body. With each breath, the process continues.

Role of Diaphragm in Breathing:One of the most important components of your body is the diaphragm. This is a largemuscle shaped like a dome that sits right underneath your lungs. When you take abreath, the diaphragm pushes downward, creating a vacuum that then sucks the airinto your lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm pushes upward and outward, forcingthe carbon dioxide from your body. An injury to the diaphragm can make it difficult tobreathe, even if there is nothing wrong with the rest of your respiratory system.2. Clearing the AirThe respiratory system also plays defense for you. The nose is filled with tiny hairsthat filter out large particles. These hairs are also found among the air passages,

where they move back and forth to “sweep” the air clean. The mucus produced in yourrespiratory system works to trap foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and prevent it fromgoing deeper into your body. Finally, the things that do get past these defensesystems can be coughed up from the lungs and expelled.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSWhy Do I Yawn?When you are sleepy or drowsy the lungs do not take enough oxygen from the air.This causes a shortage of oxygen in our bodies. The brain senses this shortage of


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oxygen and sends a message that causes you to take a deep long breath - a YAWN.

Why Do I Sneeze?Sneezing is like a cough in the upper breathing passages. It is the body's way ofremoving an irritant from the sensitive mucous membranes of the nose. Many things

can irritate the mucous membranes. Dust, pollen, pepper or even a cold blast of air are just some of the many things that may cause you to sneeze. What Causes Hiccups?Hiccups are the sudden movements of the diaphragm. It is involuntary. You have nocontrol over hiccups, as you well know. There are many causes of hiccups. Thediaphragm may get irritated, you may have eaten to fast, or maybe some substance inthe blood could even have brought on the hiccups.

Grammar

In this unit you are going to learn about the imperative. Look at the following chart anddo the following activities

THE IMPERATIVE(imperat ivo )

Es usado para expresar órdenes, avisos y recomendaciones.Imperativo en afirmativo:

Go! = !vaya!

Come here! = ¡ven aquí!

Speak up! = ¡Habla más fuerte!

Shut up! = ¡Cállate!

Sit down! = ¡Siéntate!

Stand up! = ¡Levántate!

Wake up! = ¡Despierta!

Imperativo en negativo:

Don't + verbo en infinitivo sin sujeto y sin "to".

Don't shout! = ¡No grites! Don't worry = ¡No te preocupes! Don’t move! = ¡No te muevas! Don't open the window! = ¡No abras la ventana! Don't eat the orange! = ¡No comas la naranja! Don’t smoke! = ¡No fumas!

Verbo en infinitivo sin sujeto y sin "to".

3

http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/repiratorysys.html#Diaphragm


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El imperativo de primera persona del pluralSe utiliza cuando te quieres incluir tú mismo en la orden

Let's + verbo en infinitivo y sin "to".

Let's play. = Juguemos.

Let's study = Estudiemos. Let’s sing = Cantemos. Let's find a solution = encontremos una solución Let's revise the lesson = revisemos la lección

Estructura negativa de let's:

Let's + not + verbo en infinitivo sin "to".

Let's not do it = No lo hagamos.

Let's not play = No juguemos. Let's not write = No escribamos.

SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE

1. ______ up! We'll be late for the party.a) Don't hurry b) Hurry you c) Hurry

2. _____ your books. We'll need them in class today.a) Forget not b) Don't forget c) Forget

3. _____ that music! I can't hear you.a) Turn down b) Turn up c) Don't turn down

4. _____. I'm trying to concentrate.a) Are you quiet b) Be quiet c) Be you quiet

5. Please _____ your seats. Class will begin soon.a) takes b) take c) you take

6. _____ time before the exam.a) Don't you waste b) Don't waste c) Waste not

7. _____ to the end of this street and turn left.a) Drives b) Drive c) Drive you

8. _____ early for work tomorrow.a) Arrives b) Do you arrive c) Arrive

9. ______. I'll help you.a) Worry not b) Don't you worry c) Don't worry


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10. _____ your exam in 15 minutes.a) Finish b) Finishes c) You Finish

PUT IN ORDER TO MAKE SENTENCES

1. to / supermarket / go / don't / the.……………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. first / street / take / the……………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. don't / road / cross / this……………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. down / go / avenue / this……………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. right / turn / don't.……………………………………………………………………………………………….

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE IMPERATIVE FORM.

1. ________________ upstairs! (to go)2. ________________ during the lesson. (not/to talk)3. ________________ the instructions. (to read)4. ________________ soccer near the windows. (not to play)5. ________________ your teeth. (to brush)6. ________________ the animals in the zoo. (not / to feed)7. ________________ your mobiles. (swich off)

Write and speak

Write down a dialogue using the imperative form and the vocabulary from this unit.Then act it out.

Our l inks

Here you have some links to practice the grammar from this unit.

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/imperat1.htm http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-imperative.php http://www.newhealthguide.org/What-Is-The-Function-Of-The-Respiratory-System.html

4

5

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/imperat1.htmhttp://www.newhealthguide.org/What-Is-The-Function-Of-The-Respiratory-System.htmlhttp://www.newhealthguide.org/What-Is-The-Function-Of-The-Respiratory-System.htmlhttp://www.newhealthguide.org/What-Is-The-Function-Of-The-Respiratory-System.htmlhttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-imperative.phphttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/imperat1.htm


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READING COMPREHENSION

Read the following text and answer the questions below.

Human Digestive System

How does food get digested?Digestion involves mechanical as well as chemical changes in the food taken.Mechanical alteration is brought about by teeth, grinding organs and muscularcontraction of stomach and intestinal walls. Breaking food into small pieces increasesthe surface area exposed to the enzymes of digestive juices.

INTRODUCTION OF FOOD DIGESTION PROCESSChemical changes, whether in protozoans or in animals from sponges to man, involvecleaving of complex, insoluble macro molecules into simpler, soluble sub units, andare brought about by the action of enzyme.Food Digestion ProcessFood Intake: Different organisms obtain food in different ways but carry out similarreactions. To take food, protozoans use pseudopodia, flagella or cilia; sponges andmuscles use a current of water; hydra uses tentacles beset with stinging cells;planarians and earthworms use a muscular pharynx; flukes and leeches use oralsuccer.

UNIT

6


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Digestive System and process: Parts of the body concerned with the uptake anddigestion of food and elimination of indigestible remains from the digestive system,also called elementary system. The digestive system consists of two sets of organs:Alimentary canal: It is a tube comprising many specialized organs. It provides and

helps in the process of:

(i)An inlet, the mouth, to ingest food(ii)A cavity, the lumen, where food is digested(iii)A surface for the absorption of digested food(iv)A space where indigestible remains are changed in to faeces (v)An outlet the anus for elimination of faeces.Digestive glands and their function in the process: These are the structures

associated with the different regions of the alimentary canal. They sent into thedigestive track their secretions which contains enzyme and other materials to help inthe digestion of food. Most of the alimentary canal and certain digestive glands aresupported and held in place by mesenteries, the double sheets of peritoneum with alayer of connective tissues in between.

Summary for Food Digestion ProcessThe digestive system serves three major functions are:

1. Nutrition: The digestive track primarily serves to provide food to the tissues to thebody.2. Breathing: The interior part of the alimentary canal also plays a role in respiration inthe chordates.3. Excretion: The digestive system brings about sum excretion too. Excretion is theelimination of unwanted materials from the body.

QUESTIONS1. Does digestion only involve mechanical changes?

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

2. Why are enzymes important during the digestion process? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

3. Which is the final step of the digestion process? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

4. How is the alimentary canal supported? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________


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2. MatchingMatch the numbers with the letters

1. Cleave a) excrement2. Intake b) the cavity of a tubular organ or part

3. Lumen c) tube4. Faeces d) the amount taken in5. Canal e) divide

ON-LINE EXERCISESThe following links could provide you further information and resources on plural form.Find mistakes

http://www.englishteststore.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=707:Find-Mistakes-Basic-Level-Test-001&catid=117:find-mistakes&Itemid=365Plural forms

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.html

http://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htm http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htm

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.htmlhttp://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htmhttp://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htmhttp://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htmhttp://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.html


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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Warm –ups

Look at the following picture and answer the following questionDo you know this organ?Do you know that our blood circulate through it?

UNIT

7

1


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Reading

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and

control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. Themain parts of the system are the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into theaorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full ofoxygen. This is important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. Theoxygen rich blood travels throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallestarterioles.On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reachesthe lungs, the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replacewith fresh oxygen that we have inhaled through the lungs.

Arteries Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the arteriesmove away from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest arteries areabout as thick as a thumb. The smallest arteries are thinner than hair. These thinner

2


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arteries are called arterioles. Arteries carry bright red blood! The color comes from theoxygen that it carries.VeinsVeins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules, are very

thin. They join larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark red blood that

doesn't have much oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don't need to be as strong asthe arteries because as blood is returned to the heart, it is under less pressureHeartDid you know that your heart is the strongest muscle? Your heart is divided into twosides. The right side pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left sidepumps oxygen-soaked blood out to your body. They do not work on their own, buttogether as a team. The body's blood is circulated through the heart more than 1,000times per day. Between five and six thousand quarts of blood are pumped each day.Your heart is about the same size as your fist.Blood is thicker than water and has a little bit salty taste. In an adult body there is 10.6pints of blood circulating around. In their blood there is billions of living blood cells

floating in a liquid called plasma. If you took a small sample of this blood and poured itinto a test tube and then put it in a machine called a centrifuge, you would be able tosee the layers of this blood. This machine spins the blood around so fast that itseparates the red blood cells, from the white blood cells, from the platelets. The redblood cells sink to the bottom because they are the heavier, more solid parts, but theplasma remains at the top because it is lighter. The plasma is 95% water and the other5% is made up of dissolved substances including salts.

Grammar

In this unit you are going to learn about the object pronouns, demonstrative adjectivesand demonstrative pronouns, possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns. Look atthe following charts and do the following activities.

PRONOUNS A pronoun is a word that can be used instead of another word.Examples:The X-ray machine is automatic, so it does not need to be programmed.Helen was diagnosed as hypertensive, so the doctor gave her some beta-blockers.If you did not pass one or more laboratories, you must take them this semester.

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SUBJECTPRONOUNS

OBJECTPRONOUNS

I Me

You You

He HimShe Her

It It

We Us

You You

They Them

When pronouns are used as subjects of clauses they are called SUBJECTPRONOUNS (SP). Their position is before verbs.They have discovered the cure.SPWe are wasting time.SPOBJECT PRONOUNS (OP) are located after verbs or prepositions.

They fight cancer They fight it.I gave one scalpel and three tweezers to the surgeon I gave them to him

NOTE: A pronoun acts as a subject or an object in a clause, so it is an error to repeat the

noun it refers to in the same clause.ExampleThe administrators they are willing to discuss your queries.Bottle-feeding them young children is as nutritious for them as breast feeding.Demonstrative adjectives vs. demonstrative pronouns

DISTANCE SINGULAR PLURALNEAR This TheseFAR That Those

This, that, these, those are words used to refer to nouns that are near or further awayin time or space.

They work as adjectives when they modify a noun (the noun is written or pronouncedin the same clause). If they replace a noun these words work as pronouns.Example:

This chocolate tastes delicious. (ADJECTIVE)

This tastes delicious. (PRONOUN)

I don't like this prognosis. (ADJECTIVE)

I don't like this. (PRONOUN)

That athlete will run for an hour. (ADJECTIVE)

OP

OP


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That will run for an hour (PRONOUN)

Jim wrote that prescription. (ADJECTIVE)

Jim wrote that. (PRONOUN)

These patients look good. (ADJECTIVE)

These look good. (PRONOUN)

Possessive adjective vs. possessive pronounsPossessive adjectives modify a noun (that is written or pronounced in the clause) andshow that there is a possession relation.Possessive pronouns are used when we want to substitute a group of words that areindicating a possession relation.

POSSESSIVEADJECTIVE

POSSESSIVEPRONOUN

My MineYour Yours

His His

Her Hers

Its Its

Our Ours

Your Yours

Their Theirs

For example:

This is my book. (ADJECTIVE) This is mine. (PRONOUN)

Their patients are in the intensive care unit (ADJECTIVE). Theirs are in the intensive care unit. (PRONOUN)

This is your disk and that's mine. (ADJECTIVE – PRONOUN) The smallest stethoscope is hers. (PRONOUN)

NOTERead the following sentence

When you drive to Manitoba, will you take your car or theirs? The possessive adjective "your " depends on the noun "car." The possessive pronoun, "theirs," stands in the place of the noun phrase, "their

car."


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ACTIVITIESA. Underline the object in each sentence and replace it using an object pronoun.

a) Please help doctor Takashi. _______________________________________________________________

b) Peter loves chemistry _______________________________________________________________

c) Read page 104. _______________________________________________________________

d) Ask doctor Huapaya and doctor Carhuancho. _______________________________________________________________

e) Buy five syringes for Miss La Rosa. _______________________________________________________________

B. Unscramble the words groups to write sentences. Use the correct punctuation

and capitalization.

a) lend / him / money / some / always / I ________________________________________________________________

b) the / showing / the / something / women / is / man / to. ________________________________________________________________

c) them / she / help / some / gives / rarely. ________________________________________________________________

d) you / tell / the / him / do / ? / answers ________________________________________________________________

e) this / us / does / explain / kind / exercises / of / she / not / to.

C. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate possessive adjective, then use possessivepronouns to replace the group of words expressing possession relation.

1. What’s the boy’s name? ________ _____ name is Ben Scott. __________________________________________________________________

2. Debbie has a dog. ____________ dog is very lively. __________________________________________________________________

3. The dog is very lively. _____________ name is Ben. __________________________________________________________________

4. We are at school. _______________ school is very nice.

__________________________________________________________________5. I have a new laptop. _____________ laptop is white. __________________________________________________________________

6. I'm from Chester. Most of ______________ friends are from Chester, too. __________________________________________________________________

7. The Guptas have a restaurant. _____________ restaurant is great. __________________________________________________________________

8. The rabbit is white. ______________ cage is in the garden. __________________________________________________________________

9. You are not English. ______________ name is not an English name.


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__________________________________________________________________10. Sandra and Jenny are friends. ________________school is in Chester.

__________________________________________________________________11. The Scotts have a new car. _________________ car is blue.

__________________________________________________________________

12. Emma Peel has a brother. ________________ name is Paul. __________________________________________________________________

13. Nick Baker has a sister._______________ name is Debbie. __________________________________________________________________

14. Yes, we have a dog. _____________ dog is very old. __________________________________________________________________

15. The Snows have a tortoise. ____________ name isTrundle.______________________________________________________________

Write and speak

Write down a dialogue using the object pronouns, demonstrative adjectives anddemonstrative pronouns, possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns and thevocabulary from this unit. Then act it out.

Our l inks


http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/personal_pronouns3.htm http://www.language-worksheets.com/demonstrative-pronouns-elementary.html http://rojo5th.net/flash/ciencia/chapter3/eReview_P5_C3_L4.swf

4

5

http://www.language-worksheets.com/demonstrative-pronouns-elementary.htmlhttp://rojo5th.net/flash/ciencia/chapter3/eReview_P5_C3_L4.swfhttp://rojo5th.net/flash/ciencia/chapter3/eReview_P5_C3_L4.swfhttp://www.language-worksheets.com/demonstrative-pronouns-elementary.htmlhttp://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/personal_pronouns3.htm


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THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Warm –ups

Look at the following words and answer the following questions:Have you ever heard about these words?What are they part of?

1

UNIT

8


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Reading

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Excretion - Excretion is the removal of the metabolic wastes of an organism. Wastes

that are removed include carbon dioxide, water, salt, urea and uric acid. All excretedwastes travel at some time in the blood.Organs of the Excretory SystemLungs - removal of excess carbon dioxideLiver - produces urea and uric acid as a by-product of the breakdown of proteinsSkin - removal of excess water, salt, urea and uric acidUrinary System - kidneys filter the blood to form urine, which is excess water, salt,urea and uric acidTHE SKINLayers of the skinEpidermis - outer protective layer without blood vesselsDermis - inner layer containing blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, sweat and oilglands, hairs, and fat cellsFunctions of the skinExcretion - Wastes such as excess water, salt, urea and uric acid are removed fromthe body in sweat.Waterproofing - The skin with its oil glands prevents the entry of water into, and lossof water out of the body.Protection from disease - The intact skin prevents invasion of micro-organisms anddust into the body.Protection from ultraviolet rays - Pigments reduce the intake of UV rays.

Regulation of body temperature - The thin layer of fat cells in the dermis insulatesthe body. Contraction of small muscles attached to hairs forms 'goosebumps' andcreates an insulating blanket of warm air. Also, sweat produced by sweat glands usesexcess body heat to evaporate, providing a cooling effect.Sensory Detection - The nerve endings or receptors in the dermis detect heat, cold,touch, pressure and pain.

Grammar

In this unit you are going to learn about the quantifiers with countable and uncountablenouns. Look at the following charts and do the following activities

SOME / ANYSTATEMENT SOME ANY

Affirmativestatement

I have some health nuisances.They will need some calories

_

Negativestatements

_I do not need any blootransfusion.

2

3


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Interrogativestatements

_ Do you need any help?Does she have any classmates?

Exception:Offer: Would you like some help?Request: Can you lend me some

money?

QUANTIFIERS WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSSome adjectives and adjectival phrases describe quantity. Some can only go withcountable nouns (nurses, inpatients, outpatients), and some can only go withuncountable nouns (sugar, fat, blood, advice). However, there are quantifiers that canbe used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

ONLY WITHUNCOUNTABLE

NOUNS

WITH UNCOUNTABLEAND COUNTABLE

NOUNS

ONLY WITH

COUNTABLE NOUNS

How much? How much? orHow many?

How many?

a little no/none a few

a bit (of) not any a number (of)

- some (any) several

a great deal of a lot of a large number of

a large amount of plenty of a great number of

- lots of -

Notes:1. Much and many are used in negative and question forms.

Example:How much sugar do you consume?How many cigarettes do you smoke?There's not much blood in the blood bank.There weren't many physicians at the meeting.

2. They are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as :

ExamplesThere were too many physicians at the meeting.It's a problem when there are so many patients.There's not so much work to do this week.

3. In positive statements, we use a lot of:Examples:I have a lot of work this week.There were a lot of physicians at the meeting.


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4. A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantityin a positive way:

Examples:I have a few patients (= maybe not many, but enough)

I have a little money (= I have enough to live on)5. Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way:

Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors)He had little money (= almost no money)

ACTIVITIESA. QUANTIFIERS. In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the

following quantifiers:

1. It seems to me that we haven't had ____________ assignments in English this term.2. How _______________ material can we be expected to read in one week?3. I've unfortunately had _________________ headaches already because of stress.4. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too _____________ weeds.5. I didn't use _____________ fertilizer last spring, and that has made a difference.6. Also, I've paid very_________________ attention to how rain we've had.7. I'm afraid it's rained ________________ times this summer, and that is why the grass

is turning brown and dying. Farmers are very upset.8. How _______________ good would it do if we watered the plants ourselves?9. ________________ advice I have ever received from so-called "experts" has been

useless.10. They said that just _________________ help could make a big difference.11. ________________________ people know as much about computers as Tomas

does.12. It does us _________________________ good when the banking system collapses.

Write and speak

Write down a dialogue using quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns and

the vocabulary from this unit. Then act it out.

Our l inks


http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/confusing_words/some_any.htm http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/some-any/exercises http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/some-any/exercises?02

much, many, a lot of, most, a little, little, a few, few

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5

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/confusing_words/some_any.htmhttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/some-any/exercises?02http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/some-any/exercises?02http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/some-any/exerciseshttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/confusing_words/some_any.htm


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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Warm –ups

Look at the following pictures and answer the following questionsHow do they feel?

What are their physical appearances?

Reading

Read the following and answer the questions

Introduction The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones.These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical andchemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function. Thehormones are released into the bloodstream and may affect one or several organsthroughout the body. Hormones are chemical messengers created by the body.They transfer information from one set of cells to another to coordinate thefunctions of different parts of the body. The major glands of the endocrine systemare the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal body, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thepáncreas and the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes).

UNIT

9

1

2

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4359http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=21320http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=102119http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8974http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8974http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=102119http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=21320http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4359


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ENDOCRINE GLADS1. Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is located in the lower central part of the brain. This part of thebrain is important in regulation of satiety, metabolism, and body temperature. Inaddition, it secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormonesin the pituitary gland. Many of these hormones are releasing hormones, which aresecreted into an artery (the hypophyseal portal system) that carries them directly tothe pituitary gland. In the pituitary gland, these releasing hormones signal secretionof stimulating hormones. The hypothalamus also secretes a hormone calledsomatostatin, which causes the pituitary gland to stop the release of growthhormone.

2. Pituitary GlandThe pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain beneath the hypothalamusand is no larger than a pea. It is often considered the most important part of the

endocrine system because it produces hormones that control many functions ofother endocrine glands. When the pituitary gland does not produce one or more ofits hormones or not enough of them, it is called hypopituitarism.The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posteriorlobe. The anterior lobe produces the following hormones, which are regulated bythe hypothalamus:

Growth hormone - Stimulates growth of bone and tissue (growth hormonedeficiency in children results in growth failure. Growth hormone deficiency in adults

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results in problems in maintaining proper amounts of body fat and muscle andbone mass. It is also involved in emotional well-being.)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Stimulates the thyroid gland to producethyroid hormones (A lack of thyroid hormones either because of a defect in thepituitary or the thyroid itself is called hypothyroidism.)

Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) - Stimulates the adrenal gland to produceseveral related steroid hormones

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Hormonesthat control sexual function and production of the sex steroids, estrogen andprogester one in females or testosterone in males

Prolactin - Hormone that stimulates milk production in females

The posterior lobe produces the following hormones, which are not regulated bythe hypothalamus:

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) - Controls water loss by the kidneys Oxytocin - Contracts the uter us during childbirth and stimulates milk production

The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are actually produced in the brainand carried to the pituitary gland through nerves. They are stored in the pituitarygland.

3. Pineal BodyThe pineal body, or pineal gland, is located in the middle of the brain. It secretes ahormone called melatonin, which may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle of thebody.

4. Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is located in the lower front part of the neck. It produces thyroidhormones that regulate the body's metabolism. It also plays a role in bone growthand development of the brain and nervous system in children. The pituitary glandcontrols the release of thyroid hor mones. Thyroid hormones also help maintainnormal blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, muscle tone, and reproductivefunctions.

5. Parathyroid GlandsThe parathyroid glands are two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface ofthe thyroid gland, one pair on each side. They release parathyroid hormone,which plays a role in regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism.

6. Adrenal GlandsThe adrenal glands are triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney.The adrenal glands are made up of two parts. The outer part is called the adrenalcortex, and the inner part is called the adrenal medulla. The outer part produceshormones called corticosteroids, which regulate the body's metabolism, thebalance of salt and water in the body, the immune system, and sexual function.The inner part, or adrenal medulla, produces hormones called catecholamines

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(for example, adrenaline). These hor mones help the body cope with physical andemotional stress by increasing the heart rate and blood pressure.

7. PancreasIs an elongated organ located toward the back of the abdomen behind the

stomach. The pancreas has digestive and hormonal functions. One part of thepancreas, the exocrine pancreas, secretes digestive enzymes. The other part ofthe pancr eas, the endocrine pancreas, secr etes hor mones called insulin andglucagon. These hormones regulate the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

8. TestisIn males, the testes, located in the scrotum, secrete hormones called androgens;the most important of which is testosterone. These hormones affect many malecharacteristics (for example, sexual development, growth of facial hair and pubichair) as well as sperm production.

9. OvaryIn females, the ovaries, located on both sides of the uterus, produce estrogen andprogesterone as well as eggs. These hormones control the development offemale characteristics (for example, breast growth), and they are also involved inreproductive functions (for example, menstruation, pregnancy).

Check your understanding1. Are the hormones important? Why? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

2. What is the function of the hormone somatostatin? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

3. Where is located the pituitary gland ? __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

4. How many parts are divided the pituitary gland? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

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5. What the Luteinizing and follicle hormones control? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

6. What is the role of the Oxytocin ? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

7. What secretes the pineal body? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

8. Why are important the insulin and glucagon in our body? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

Grammar

In this unit you are going to learn about indefinite Pronouns Look at the followingchart and do the following activities

1. Rewrite the sentences using anything, anybody, anyone.

a) There was nobody at the hospital when I phoned. ____________________________________________

b) There was nothing in the emergency room.. ____________________________________________

c) The doctor listens to no one. ____________________________________________

d) I have got nothing in my bag. ____________________________________________

e) He likes nobody. ____________________________________________

2. Rewrite the sentences using nothing, nobody, no one.

some every no any

somethingsomebodysomeonesomewhere

everythingeverybodyeveryoneeverywhere

nothingnobodyno onenowhere

anythinganybodyanyoneanywhere

3

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E.g.: There isn´t anything in the cupboard.There is nothing in the cupboard.

There isn´t anyone at the clinic. ___________________________1. I don´t have anything to operate. ___________________________2. I don´t know anybody in neighbourhood. ___________________________

3. I don´t have anything in the fridge. ___________________________

Choose the correct answer:a) Who did you meet at the party? I met _______ ( something/ no one)b) The fridge is empty. There´s ________ in it. ( nothing / anything)c) I´m going to tell you a secret. Don´t tell ______ ( anybody / someone)d) I left my keys _____________. But where? (everywhere/ somewhere)e) People look at him _____________ he goes. He’s a celebrity. (everywhere/

anything)

Write and sp eak

Write down a dialogue using the indefinite Pronouns and the vocabulary from thisunit. Then act it out.

Our l inks

Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unit.http://www.grammar.cl/Basic/ indefinite Pronouns .htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/ indefinite Pronouns .htm

4

5


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THE URINARY SYSTEM

Warm –ups

Look at the following pictures and answer the following questionsHow do they feel?

What are their symptoms?

Reading

Read the following and answer the questionsUrineThe first nitrogenous waste to be formed from the breakdown of protein isammonia, a highly toxic chemical that is quickly converted by the liver to urea anduric acid. These are less toxic than ammonia and are transported in the blood tothe kidneys for excretion in urine. Urine consists of excess water, excess salt, urea

and uric acid.

Parts of the Urinary System

2

1

UNIT

10


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Renal ArteriesTwo renal arteries constantly transport blood to the kidneys.Renal Veins Two renal veins return useful nutrients back into the bloodstream.

UretersTwo ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.Urinary BladderThe urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until it is released from the body.

UrethraThe urethra is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside ofthe body. The outer end of the urethra is controlled by a circular muscle called asphincter.KidneysThe human kidneys are the major organs of bodily excretion .They are bean-

shaped organs located on either side of the backbone at about the level of thestomach and liver. Blood always enters the kidneys through renal arteries andleaves through renal veins. Tubes called ureters carry waste products from thekidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or for release.The product of the kidneys is urine, a watery solution of waste products, salts,organic compounds, and two important nitrogen compounds: uric acid and urea.Uric acid results from nucleic acid decomposition, and urea results from amino acidbreakdown in the liver. Both of these nitrogen products can be poisonous to thebody and must be removed in the urine.NephronThe nephron is the basic functional and structural unit of the kidney. Its mainfunction is to regulate the amount of water and soluble substances by filtering theblood and reabsorbing what is needed.

Check your understanding1. What does urine contain? ________________________________________________________________2. What are the parts of the urinary system? ________________________________________________________________3. What are the functions of the renal veins? ________________________________________________________________

4. What is the main function of the nephron? ______________________________________________________________


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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Warm –ups

Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions

How do they feel?What are their symptoms?

Reading

Read the following and answer the questions

Introduction Sexual reproduction is the process of producing offspring for the survival of thespecies, and passing on hereditary traits from one generation to the next. The maleand female reproductive systems contribute to the events leading to fertilization.

Then, the female organs assume responsibility for the developing human, birth,and nursing. The male and female gonads (testes and ovaries) produce sex cells(ova and sperm) and the hormones necessary for the proper development,maintenance, and functioning of the organs of reproduction and other organs andtissues.

1. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMThese external structures include the penis, scrotum, and testicles.

Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: theroot, which attaches to the wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and the glans,which is the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis. The glans, also called the

head of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin issometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision. The opening of theurethra, the tube that transports semen and urine, is at the tip of the penis. Thepenis also contains a number of sensitive nerve endings.

UNIT

111

2

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Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below thepenis. It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves andblood vessels. The scrotum acts as a "climate control system" for the testes. Fornormal sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly coolerthan body temperature. Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum allow it tocontract and relax, moving the testicles closer to the body for warmth or fartheraway from the body to cool the temperature.

Testicles (testes): These are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie inthe scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Mostmen have two testes. The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the

primary male sex hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are coiledmasses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubes are responsible forproducing sperm cells.

The internal organs of the male reproductive system, also called accessory organs,include the following:

Epididymis: The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside ofeach testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes. Italso is the job of the epididymis to bring the sperm to maturity, since the sperm thatemerge from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexualarousal, contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens.

Documents

Ingles Basico I 2014