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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Execut ive Summary .................................................. 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n ....................................................... 4 D e s c r i p t i o n o f Vernon Creek ........................................ 5 Method ............................................................. 7 Reach Boundaries ................................................... 8 ....................................... Factors A f f e c t i n g Enhancement 10 .................................................. 6.1 Land Use 10 ........................................ 6.2 Water Flow and Use 11 ............................................ 6.3 Waste Problems 14 .............................................. 6.4 Enumerations 16 ........................................ Fishery Enhancement Opt ions 18
7.1 Format ion o f A Vernon Creek Committee ..................... 18 7.2 Clean-up and Creek Maintenance ............................ 20 7.3 Reach 1 D e s c r i p t i o n ....................................... 21 ....................................... 7.4 Reach 2 D e s c r i p t i o n 28 ....................................... 7.5 Reach 3 D e s c r i p t i o n 32 ....................................... 7.6 Reach 4 D e s c r i p t i o n 35 ....................................... 7.7 Reach 5 D e s c r i p t i o n 40
F ishery Enhancement Methods and Costs .............................. 47 ..................... 8.1 Reach 1 Enhancement Methods and Costs 47 8.2 Reach 2 Enhancement Methods and Costs ..................... 53 8.3 Reach 3 Enhancement Methods and Costs ..................... 54 ..................... 8.4 Reach 4 Enhancement Methods and Costs 55 ..................... 8.5 Reach 5 Enhancement Methods and Costs 57 ........................... Time Schedule f o r Enhancement Procedures 61 .......................................... 9.1 C u l v e r t (Reach 1 ) 62 .......................... 9.2 Concrete Weir Removal (Reach 2) 62 .................................. 9.3 Weir Placement (Reach 4 ) 63 ...................................... 9.4 C lay C l i f f (Reach 5 ) 63 ................................ 9.5 Gravel Placement (Reach 5 ) 64 ........................... 9.6 Creek Clean-up (Reaches 1 t o 5 ) 64 .................................................. References C i t e d 65 ................................................. References Unc i ted 67 ................................................... Acknowledgements 70
'Vernon Creek has lost much of its capability as a spawning stream for
game fish due to water extraction, flood control, channelization, sedimentation,
and pollution. Sisiutl Resources was retained by the Habitat Conservation
Foundation to plan the restoration and enhancement of fish habitat in this
system.
Two major factors affecting the fishery are minimum flows in Vernon
Creek and effluent from storm drains. These chronic problems will require a
unified effort from a number of agencies and we have recommended the reformation
of a Vernon Creek Committee. The Committee should involve the various Branches
of the Ministry of Environment, and representatives from the City of Vernon
and Regional District of North Okanagan. It should be formed as soon as
possible and will require a number of years to tackle these issues.
Many alterations are required to improve the stream channel for fish
passage and spawning. The channel shape and location need modification in
some areas, banks require stabilization in other areas, and spawning
substrate is lacking in some locations. In order to describe these
enhancement priorities more precisely we divided the Creek into the
following reaches:
REACH 1 Okanagan Lake - Okanagan Landing Road REACH 2 Okanagan Landing Road - 43rd Street REACH 3 43rd Street - Polson Park REACH 4 Bottom of Polson Park - Top of Pol son Park REACH 5 Pol son Park - Kalamalka Lake
Reach 1 has such a low gradient that siltation will continue to be a
problem regardless of enhancement procedures. Major improvements would
involve bank sloping and riprapping but costs would outweigh benefits unless
benefits other than fisheries (i .e. nutrient control) are considered. The
Vernon Creek Committee should establish policy in this regard. Fisheries
work in Reach 1 should include removal of debris jams and improved passage
through the culvert at Okanagan Landing Road.
Reach 2 has an ideal slope for kokanee spawning and is amply endowed
with good spawning gravel. Residents report sizeable numbers of fish, but
Ministry of Environment staff have avoided enumerating this reach in the past
due to private property and extremely tight bank cover. Detailed enumerations
in the future are highly recommended. The only enhancement required in this
reach is the removal of a concrete weir which presently hinders fish passage.
Reach 3 requires the removal of 2 debris jams.
each 4 requires extensive work to overcome high velocities and eroding .
banks. Channel widening and extensive riprapping are needed,,and rock weirs
need to be installed to form pools and dissipate energy. This section is all
within Polson Park and extensive negotiations with the City of Vernon will be
necessary.
Reach 5 contains a large clay and sand cliff which sloughs into the
creek causing siltation in downstream areas. The creek will need to be
diverted into a new channel to bypass this area. In addition, Reach 5 has
excellent potential as a spawning area but has insufficient gravel because
there are no upstream areas from which to recruit gravel. Sinch shifting
could result in downstream flooding, a test patch of new gravel should be
deposited and then observed prior to major gravel addition.
All the enhancement options for each reach have been discussed in detail.
Biological rationale, engineering methods, and costs have been provided.
INTRODUCTION
The kokanee and trout fisheries of Okanagan Lake are two of the most
important f isheries in the Okanagan Region. Despite the i r importance,
these f isheries have been reduced, largely due t o a continuing decrease
in the number of tributary streams which are suitable for spawning (Houston,
1984). Ninety percent of stream areas i n the Okanagan have been destroyed
w i t h the resul t t h a t Okanagan Lake i s down to 15% of i t s kokanee carrying
capacity (Canada - British Columbia Okanagan Basin Agreement, 1974).
Vernon Creek, which flows from Kalamalka Lake through the City of
Vernon t o the north arm of Okanagan Lake, i s a prime example of a severely
diminished spawning area. A once productive stream, i t s capabili t ies have
been drastical ly reduced due t o water extraction, flood control devices,
channelization, urbanization, pollution and erosion. Water i s clean and
clear as i t enters Vernon Creek a t the Kalamalka Lake outlet , b u t i s
extremely turbid and fu l l of sediment by the time i t reaches Okanagan Lake.
This report constitutes the in i t i a l planning phase of a Habitat
Conservation Foundation project to rejuvenate Vernon Creek. I t investigates
the reasons for habitat losses, suggests enhancement options, and provides
cost and benefits of b r i n g i n g Vernon Creek back t o i t s once pr0ductiv.e
s tate .
DESCRIPTION OF VERNON CREEK
Vernon Creek flows from Kalamalka Lake through the C i t y o f Vernon and
dra ins i n t o Okanagan Lake ( f i g . 1 ). It i s 10.5 km long and drops a t o t a l
of 50 metres i n e levat ion. This r e s u l t s i n an average g rad ien t o f 0.47%
and ranges between 0.1% and 1.1 % (Morley, 1976). Stream wid th va r ies from
3 metres i n t he steeper sect ions t o 10 metres i n f l a t t e r areas near
Okanagan Lake. BX Creek, which f lows o u t o f Swan Lake, i s t h e o n l y major
t r i b u t a r y t o Vernon Creek.
Vernon Creek has been channelized through Polson Park and through
r e s i d e n t i a l areas downstream t o Okanagan Landing Road. This has increased
stream ve loc i t y , and both res idents and t h e C i t y o f Vernon have r ip rapped
t h e banks t o reduce erosion. Farther down t h e creek, e ros ion has become a
ser ious problem, leav ing the banks denuded and 'cons tan t ly sloughing, and
t h e water s i l t laden and t u r b i d year round. Adding t o t h e s i l t a t i o n
problems i s t he existence o f storm sewers, drainage d i tches , and misuse o f
t h e creek by res idents and land owners. The volume o f f l o w i s c o n t r o l l e d
a t the o u t l e t o f Kalamalka Lake by t h e C i t y of Vernon.
1 I
LOWER VERNON CREEK STUDY AREA
(SEE FIGURE 1
!
OKANAGAN LAKE
CANADA
WASHINGTON U.S.A.
FIGURE I , LOCATION OF STUDY AREA
METHOD
Vernon Creek was visited by a biological survey team which walked the
entire creek from Kalamalka Lake to Okanagan Lake, recorded and photographed
specific problem sites, and made a general assessment of the creek.
Because the survey was undertaken in the months of July and August the
water level was higher than would be encountered in September and October
when kokanee spawning occurs- To compensate for this, Sisiutl Resources
arranged to have the creek lowered to its minimum allowed flow of 3 cfs for
one day (August 8, 1986). Water velocities were taken on this day and all
possible fish barriers were reinspected.
During the week of August 11th to August 15th our engineer visited
Vernon Creek with a biologist to finalize the procedures to be used and to
determine the cost for each enhancement option.
REACH BOUNDARIES
Vernon Creek can l o g i c a l l y be d iv ided i n t o 5 sect ions o r reaches based
upon physical cha rac te r i s t i cs and enhancement p o t e n t i a l ( f i g . 2 ).
REACH 1 extends from the i n l e t o f Okanagan Lake upstream t o t h e c u l v e r t a t
t h e Okanagan Landing Road crossing adjacent t o Vernon Hel icopters.
REACH 2 extends from Okanagan Landing Road t o t h e 43rd St reet crossing of
t h e creek ( j u s t above the sewage p lan t ) .
REACH 3 extends from t h e 43rd Street crossing t o t h e bottom o f Polson
Park.
REACH 4 i s t h a t po r t i on o f the Creek which f lows from the t o p end of
Polson Park t o the bottom o f Polson Park.
REACH 5 extends from t h e t o p o f Polson Park up t o t h e Kalamalka Lake
o u t l e t .
6.0 FACTORS AFFECTING ENHANCEMENT
6.1 LAND USE
Because Vernon Creek runs through an urban centre, almost all of the
land adjacent to it has been subdivided and is now privately owned or
leased.
The results of private ownership and its effect on the creek is quite
evident. In many portions of the creek, the channel has been relocated
or straightened, which has resulted in a faster flow. Higher velocities
have caused erosion in several sections of the creek resulting in an
increased sediment load and infilling downstream. To prevent further
erosion of their property, many land owners have riprapped banks with
broken concrete, tires, and other materials. Some pol lution has occurred
as a result of owners disposing of garbage into the creek.
WATER FLOW AND USE
The flow of Vernon Creek is controlled by a regulating device at the
Kalamalka Lake out let. The City of Vernon measures the flow daily and
adjusts it if necessary. When this device was installed, the Habitat
Protection Section of the Ministry of Environment set a sustained minimum
flow of 3 cfs to protect the fishery (Jones, 1986).
On August 8, 1986, the City of Vernon lowered the creek flow to this
minimum level so that our biophysical survey team could estimate its effect
on fish migration. After observing the creek at minimum flow, it was
strongly felt that a higher flow would make fish passage considerably easier
in several areas. In our opinion, a minimum flow of 4 - 5 cfs would be more suitable. However, formal procedures for determining exact flow requirements
are available (Neuman and Newcombe, 1977; Britton, 1974; Newco~iibe, 1980) and
a study should be undertaken to determine the optimum flow to support the
Vernon Creek fishery . Perhaps further studies to determine water
availability should also be undertaken as recommended by Letvak (1985).
There are currently 16 water licences on Lower Vernon Creek (Table I)
which draw a total of 942.6 acre feet of water during the irrigation season.
Because this is such a large volume of water, there may be a substantial
difference in flow between Kalamalka Lake and Okanagan Lake, even though
BX Creek adds to the flow partway down the creek. For this reason the
predetermined minimum flow should be sustained in the lower end of the creek.
Table I
WATER LICENCES ON LOWER VERNON CREEK
O f f i c i a l Licence Date L e t t e r Reach Lot Number Obtained User Flow Designation Number Number
City of Vernon
Thomas, Les l i e R. and T i l l y
Symington, George w . McLean, Gordon W.
Vernon Free Methodist Church
Brandt , Clayton and Marjorie M. Humphr i es
Normey,. Marion I .
Ci ty of Vernon
~ r o n s o n , W.U.C.
72.26 AF I r r .
4.75 AF I r r .
4.5 AF I r r .
4.5 AF I r r .
4.75 AF I r r .
0.75 AF I r r .
0.29 AF I r r .
24.37 AF I r r .
192.00 AF I r r .
Plan 1707 Lot 6
Plan 9738 Lot 1
Plan 9738 Lot 2
Plan 9738 Lot 3
Plan 85356
Plan 11091 Lot 1
- Plan 23913 Lot 4
Plan 23913 Lot 1
Plan 509 Lot 4
Table I (continued)
Licence Date Number Obtained User
Official Letter Reach
Flow Designation Number Lot Number
0131168 1938 06 14 Bennett, Russell J.
0241 997 1889 08 16 South Vernon Irrigation District
. 0346229 1872 03 04 Big Chief Mobile Home Park
020 130 1953 08.31 Tronson, W.U.C.
02581 36 1964 07 30 Rediversion from BX Creek
0285262 1969 03 07 Young, Cecil H.
0 1 98574 1953 02 16 South Vernon Irrigation District
25.00 AF Irr. Cc
5,000 GD Dom. Q 310.00 AF Irr.
48.00 AF Irr. P
7.50 AF Irr. Q
4.00 AF Irr. R
240.00 AF Irr. A A
2 Plan 14428 Lot 2
2 Plan 30297 Lot 2
2 Plan 1911 Lot 1
2 Plan 25828 Lot 1
2 Plan 0500
3 Plan R1482
WASTE PROBLEMS
The flow of wastes into Vernon Creek appears t o be one of the major
reasons for i t s decline in productiveness, since i t has, a t times, resulted
in complete f i sh k i l l s (Nickel, 1986; Jones, 1986; and Vest, 1986). In the
past, the sewage plant has released effluent s t raight into the creek.
Combined w i t h the many storm drains which empty into Vernon Creek ( f ig . 2 ) ,
i t may have had a drast ic effect on f i sh populations.
The City of Vernon has, in recent years, solved much of th i s sewage
problem by switching t o spray i rr igat ion on land. Now sewage no longer flows
through Vernon Creek. Unfortunately, t h i s form of disposal has n o t been
capable of handling a l l of Vernon City 's sewage. The Waste Management Branch
was forced t o allow sewage t o be released into the creek in the spring of
1984 and 1985 and will be forced to do so again in the spring of 1987. I t i s
unlikely tha t t h i s will occur again a f t e r 1987, and there i s assurance that
no harmful waste will be deposited by the 1987 release (Nickel, 1986). The
water quality of Vernon Creek in the lower reaches i s expected to improve
further over the next 8 - 10 years because septic f ie lds situated in the low
flood plain will be changed over to a sewage outfal l into Okanagan Lake.
A t present, the storm sewers which empty into Vernon Creek are the
greatest waste concerns. As of 1980, there were in excess of 75 storm
discharges into the Vernon Creek system (Peterson and Wright, 1980). These
are separate from the City sanitary sewer system which i s designed t o carry
domestic sewage and commercial waste t o the sewage treatment plant. Peterson
and Wright (1980) s t a t e that they found "o i l , gasoline, solvents, soap and
chlorinated water were frequently discharged into ei ther the storm system or
direct ly into the creek." During the biophysical survey, staff members noted
traces of gasoline or o i l entering the creek from a storm drain adjacent t o
a weir 100 metres below the sewage plant ( f ig . 9 , s i t e A ).
A large f i sh k i 11 occurred i n Vernon Creek and BX Creek on July 2, 1980
when water from a f i r e a t a local furniture store entered BX Creek. "The
water turned black and had a burnt odour" and entered the creek a t high
temperatures. Combined with the 22 service stations and 2 car washes i n
Vernon tha t Peterson and Wright stated were connected t o the storm drain
system, i t i s evident that the storm drains are potentially very hazardous
t o f i sh i n Vernon Creek.
Peterson and Wright recommended tha t i n the future the f i r e department
"pump any contaminated water t o the sanitary sewer when possible," and tha t
a1 1 service stations and other commercial businesses discharge t o the sanitary
sewer system. I t i s our opinion tha t t h i s recommendation i s sound, and should
- be followed despite the time and cost required for such a project. Because
BX Creek enters into Vernon Creek, i t too should be included in th i s project.
Due t o the scope of t h i s project, we are unable to provide a cost estimate.
ENUMERATIONS
In the past, Vernon Creek has not been 'completely enumerated by the
Fish and Wild1 ife Branch. Escapements in Vernon Creek have dropped drastically
from 1971 to 1984 (Table 11), which seems to indicate a decrease in the
productivity of the stream. Unfortunately, it is impossible to know if this
is accurate or not because only Reaches 1 and 5 (fig. 2) have been enumerated
(Matthews, 1986).
In the future, Vernon Creek should be enumerated completely to ensure
an accurate estimation of escapements in this tributary. Helicopter
enumeration would not be feasible because only 50% - 70% of the creek could. be enumerated due to overhanging vegetation (Biggs, 1986). It wi 11 therefore
be necessary to enumerate the creek on foot.
With an adequate enumeration, it will then be possible to decide if a
kokanee egg plant is desirable. Should an egg plant be necessary, it should
take place in Reaches 2 and 5.
TABLE I1 Best Estimates of annual escapements of Kokanee in selected Okanagan Lake tributary streams (from Houston, 1984)
I
A Stream u
I
Equesis
Mission
Peachland
Powers
Trepanier
Whiteman
Okanagan R. 36,800 * * * 81,000 , * 8,800 * 31,050 5,500
Trout * * * * * * * a * 50 3 50 20
Coldstream 61,410 * * 4 50 * * * * * * 9,271 17,000
Vernon 1,460 * * 7 0 * A * * * * 14 130
7 .O FISHERY ENHANCEMENT OPTIONS
7.1 FORMATION OF A VERNON CREEK COMMITTEE
In response to major resource management conflicts that were developing
along the Lower Vernon Creek system, a committee of Provincial Government
agencies involved was struck in 1976. The Departments of Recreation and
Conservation, Municipal Affairs, and Environment were all represented and
met several times "in an attempt to identify these conflicts and develop
solutions" (Anthony, 1976).
In the course of these meetings the change in the quantity and quality
of the creek's flow due'to damming, watershed clearing, sanitary and storm
sewer discharge, channel relocation, and flood plain infilling was discussed.
Erosion and infilling throughout the creek, weed growth at the mouth of
Vernon Creek.due to sediment build-up, fish spawning, and the installation
of bridges, culverts, and dykes were identified as the major resource use
problems.
Although the Vernon Creek Committee was able to identify the major
resource use problems, there was insufficient data at the time to provide
solutions. The majority of their recommendations were derived or obtained
from the 1974 Okanagan Basin Study and the 1974 Kalamalka - Wood Lake Basin Management Study. These were the recommendations made by the Vernon Creek
Committee :
1. Implement Recommendation 1 1 of the Okanagan Basin Study which involves monitoring the watershed; and further that top priority be given to monitoring the quantity and quality of the flow in Lower Vernon Creek.
2 . Request the Government of British Columbia to endorse and implement Recommendation 19 and Recommendation 10 of the Okanagan Basin Study which provides for multi-purpose
management of tributaries such as Vernon Creek; and further to prepare a multi-purpose management plan (Recommendation 22) for Lower Vernon Creek watershed as quickly as possible.
3. Request the Okanagan Basin Water Board to implement a development moratorium on a strip 300 feet wide along Vernon Creek from Kalamalka Lake to Okanagan Lake; to prohi bit infi lling, building construction, gravel removal and tree removal within this corridor; and further to maintain the moratorium until the multi-purpose management plan is prepared.
4. Request the Comptroller of Water Rights to not approve any channel relocations on Lower Vernon Creek until the multi- purpose management plan is prepared.
5. Request the British Columbia Government and the Okanasan Basin Water Board to endorse and implement ~ecommendation 270 (sewage outfall removal ) . -
Of the recommendations, only number 5 was acted upon completely. It
is our opinion that all 5 recommendations should have been followed, and
if possible, should be taken into consideration at present. It is also
our opinion that a similar committee should be formed in order to unite the
Provincial Government agencies involved with Vernon Creek. With the
additional information now available an agreement and solution to the
resource use problems on Vernon Creek is much more likely to be found.
CLEAN-UP A N D C R E E K MAINTENANCE
One of the most important and immediate needs of Vernon Creek is a
complete clean-up of the banks and streambed. There i s a great deal of wood
debris and garbage throughout the creek (especially Reaches 2 and 3) which
has already caused 3 blockages.
Such blockages make fish passage extremely diff icult . For this reason
the entire channel should be cleaned up, with a l l debris, garbage, and
blockages removed. Once this has been done, an annual clean-up and
maintenance schedule should be established. The best m o n t h for creek
clean-up would be August when the water level is low and there are no
kokanee or eggs present.
On August 18, 1986, a representative of Sisiutl Resources met with
Gary De Leenheer of the Vernon Rod and Gun Club. Mr. De Leenheer expressed
a great deal of interest in taking on the creek clean-up as a C l u b project
provided there would be funding assistance from the Habitat Conservation
Foundation. I t i s our recommendation t h a t the creek clean-up be undertaken
by the Vernon Rod and Gun Club in conjunction with supervision from the
Ministry of Environment.
REACH 1 DESCRIPTION
The f i r s t reach extends a t o t a l o f 1.5 k i lomet res from Okanagan Lake t o
t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f Vernon Creek and Okanagan Landing Road ( f i g . 3 ) A t
present, t h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h i s reach f o r f i s h spawning i s very low due t o
extreme s i l t a t i o n .
The water throughout t h i s reach, espec ia l l y i n t h e lower h a l f , i s very
t u r b i d due t o s i l t a t i o n ( f i g . 4 ). According t o an in terv iewed res ident , t h e
water has become inc reas ing l y d i r t y over t h e l a s t 12 years and now stays
d i r t y a l l year round. Much o f t h i s t u r b i d i t y appears t o be due t o carp and
o the r coarse f i s h d igg ing up t h e streambed and c a t t l e us ing t h e creek f o r
water ing purposes ( f i g . 6 ) . The water i n t h i s reach moves s lowly and was
measured a t 0.27 m/s on August 8, 1986 by means o f t h e " f l o a t i n g ch ip"
method. Because,the water v e l o c i t y i s so slow, t h i s s t r e t c h o f t he creek
ac ts as a catch basin f o r t h e e n t i r e system and s i l t and o the r f i n e s are
deposited cons tant ly . Such ac t i on has l e f t t he streambed heav i l y laden w i t h
s i l t and unuseable f o r spawning f i s h .
The banks are sloughing and denuded except f o r areas where land owners
have 1 ined t h e bank w i t h w i l l o w t rees . Unfor tunate ly , eros ion has
progressed so f a r t h a t p l a n t i n g o f t r e e s o r o the r vegetat ion would no t be a
s o l u t i o n f o r t h e r e s t o f t h i s reach ( t h e banks are extremely steep and up
t o 3 metres i n he igh t ) .
I n order t o enhance t h i s area f o r kokanee and t r o u t spawning it would
be necessary t o c u t back and slope t h e banks, and r i p r a p 70% o f t he reach.
The streambed i t s e l f i s s i l t laden t o such a depth t h a t s c a r i f i c a t i o n would
SCALE 1 : 10,000 I --r 1
0 K) 100 200 300 400 100 600 700 800 METRES
REACH I FIGURE 3
not reduce the fines to an acceptable level for spawning. It would therefore
be necessary to line the creek bed with new gravel, and possibly filter
cloth. To keep the cattle out of the creek, 1000 metres of fencing would
be necessary, and a watering channel would have to be constructed. Due to
the cost involved, such a project would not be worthwhile from a fisheries
point of view. However, if a committee of all the agencies interested in
Vernon Creek was struck, such a project might be feasible through group
funding. Such enhancement procedures should only be considered after work
is completed on the upper reaches of Vernon Creek to ensure that siltation
does not occur due to upstream erosion.
Several partial and complete blockages in Reach 1 could hinder fish
migration and should be removed. Approximately 0.8 kilometres upstream from
Okanagan Lake (fig, 3 ,site A), a tree obstruction spans the entire creek
and could hinder 'fish passage if it collects debris. It should be removed
or kept clean of debris. Seventy metres below the Okanagan Landing Road
culvert, there is a complete blockage of the creek due to a pile-up of trees,
wood, and assorted garbage which has reportedly been deposited by a resident
just upstream of the culvert (fig. 3 ,site B and fig. 7 ). This blockage
could be removed with 2 man days and a truck.
The culvert at the Okanagan Landing Road crossing (fig. 3 ,site C and
fig. 8 ) is thought to be nearly impassable to upstreaming kokanee
(Wightman and Taylor, 1978). Upon inspection, our biological survey crew
felt that this would be true under low flow conditions. The culvert is
flatbottomed and multiplated, and was installed at a grade of 3.5% - 4.0%. On August 8, 1986, the water depth was approximately 15 cm, and the stream
velocity was 1.8 m/s. I n order t o ensure fish passage a series of offset
ba
ffles should be installed t o reduce water velocity and/or the culvert
should be backflooded through the use of rock gabions or concrete to ensure
adequate water depth. Such backflooding would also produce a pool which fish
could rest i n before ascending the culvert.
REACH 1
Fig. 4 Outlet of Vernon Creek to Okanagan Lake *note turbidity of water
Fig. 5 Fence Obstruction Above Mobile Home Park
REACH 1
11
L..
Fig. 6 Vernon Creek Showing Cow Pasture and Watering Hole
Fig. 7 Debris Jam Approximately 70 Metres Below the Okanagan Landing Road Crossing
REACH 1
REACH 2 DESCRIPTION
The second reach extends from the Okanagan Landing Road to the 43rd
Street crossing of Vernon Creek just above the sewage plant (fig. 9 ) . Improved. substrate and velocity make this area much more viable as a spawning
ground for kokanee than Reach 1.
Throughout this stretch the creek is characterized by faster moving
water (0.48 m/s) which is almost all riffle and run. The banks at the very
downstream end are approximately 1.5 metres high, composed of silt and clay,
and currently sloughing (fig. 10 ). The banks throughout the rest of this
reach are low (less than 1 metre) and stable with little or no erosion
taking place. In many cases, property owners have riprapped the banks with
broken concrete.
Approximately 115 of the streambed in this area is composed of gravel
adequate for spawning purposes. On this assumption, this reach could support
8,600 spawning pairs. This estimate is based upon the fol lowing .standards :
spawning area per pair of 0.279 m2 ; length of reach is 3000 metres; average
width of creek is 4 metres. Although residents report this area is heavily
used by spawning fish it has been poorly enumerated in the past because of
its extreme inaccessibility (Matthews, 1986). In future enumerations, this
area should be of highest priority.
Collecti.ons of debris throughout the reach presently pose no difficulty
for fish passage but should be cleaned out to prevent formation of further
blockages.
. .
SCALE 1 a 10,000
-0-
OF VERNON
I
i 1
(CONCRETE WlERl
I
CllY LOT DD.8106
SEWAGE PLANT
REACH 2 I
j
r w- -
Approximately 100 metres below the sewage treatment plant an old concrete
weir appears to be completely impassable to migrating fish at low water levels
(fig. 11 ). The original owner of this weir is unknown, but it has been used
in the recent past by the Ministry of Environment, in conjunction with Water
Survey of Canada, to measure effluent levels released by the sewage plant
(Dobson, 1986). The weir wi 11 be used this year from November 1 st to
April 30th, but will not likely be used again. The stop log which is in
place at present should be removed forAkmanths_afAptemherand Qst&w05 - - - - - - - -
this year, and the entire structure should be removed in the following year.
REACH 2
Fig. 10 Collapsing Bank 100 Metres Above Okana an Landing Road Crossing (very typical bank structure for Reach 1 anflower Reach 2)
Fig. 1 1 Concrete Weir Below Sewage Plant
REACH 3 DESCRIPTION
Reach 3 covers the area between 43rd Street and the downstream end of
Pol son Park (fig . 12) . Throughout this reach, the creek runs through
residential and industrial areas. Much of the stream has been channelized
and runs straight and fairly swiftly (0.73 mls). The banks are stable in
Reach 3 due to vegetative growth and bank revetment by residents. The creek
bed is composed of larger gravel and cobbles with stretches of good spawning
gravel in slower running areas. Some silt is present in certain areas,
particularly in backwaters and inside corners, but does not pose a problem.
One hundred and fifty metres upstream of 43rd Street (behind the John
Howard Society) there is a complete blockage of trees and wood debris (fig. 12,
site A and fig. 13). There is a great deal of garbage, wood, and other
debris on the right bank, and another complete blockage exists just behind
the Vernon Transit System building (fig. 12, site B). All three accumulations
should be cleaned up. I
BX Creek, which flows out of Swan Lake, joins Vernon Creek 500 metres
below the intersection of erno on Creek and 32nd Street (fig. 1 4 ) . Like
Vernon Creek, its flow is also regulated. Because the creek is small, runs
through a fairly urbanized area, and has been heavily polluted in the past,
it offers no potential for enhancement.
SCALE 1 10,000
REACH 3
FIGURE 12
Fig. 13 Obstruction Behind John Howard Society
Fig. 14 Confluence of Vernon Creek (left) and BX Creek
REACH 4 DESCRIPTION
Reach 4 covers the portion of the creek within the confines of Polson
Park (fig. 15). Due to channelization, this stretch of the creek is straight,
narrow, and fairly fast (0.78 mls). At the time of inspection the water
throughout this stretch was clean and free of silt and other fines. The
banks in this area were riprapped with broken concrete to prevent sloughing
and erosion, but have now fallen into a state of disrepair (fig. 17).
In its present state, Reach 4 is not beneficial to the Vernon Creek
fishery. The water velocity is great enough that spawning gravel will not
hold, and because there are no pools for resting, even fish passage is
difficult. The greatest advantage to the fishery would be a reduction in
velocity which can be obtained by several methods. The City of Vernon is
planning on riprapping all of Polson Park (Vest, 1986). Before this
renovation takes place, a recommendation should be made that the creek should
not be less than 4 - 5 metres in width at any point through Polson Park. Once the City has completed the work, backf looding devices made of rock or
concrete should be installed every 20 - 30 metres. Such devices will result
in pools of deeper, slower water which migrating fish can rest in.
Producing a meandering creek through Polson Park to increase the length
of the stream, and thereby slow the velocity would not be possible. The
creek runs beside a steep bank on the left side through much of the Park.
On the right side there are decorative pools in the Park (f fg. 18) and then
a road. Because of its close proximity to these obstructions very little
curvature could be produced. Also, the Park has underground irrigation and
SCALE 1 10,000
HIGH SCHOOL /
REACH 4
FIGURE 15
to change the creek's path would involve major plumbing changes. A t the
upstream end of the Park there is a concrete barrier which may present
problems for fish passage (fig. 19). It wi'll no longer be a problem if
additional pooling devices are installed to increase the water depth below
the barrier.
REACH 4
Fig.16 Culvert and Storm Pipes at the Lower End of Polson Park
Fig. 17 Collapsing Riprap in PoIson Park
REACH 4
Fig. 18 Decorative Pools in Park
Fig. 19 Concrete and Rock Barriers
REACH 5 DESCRIPTION
Reach 5 extends from the upper boundary .of Polson Park to the
Kalamalka Lake outlet (fig. 20). Of all the reaches, Reach 5 has the most
potential for enhancement as a spawning ground for kokanee.
Reach 5 is characterized by fairly fast moving water (0.64 m/s) made
up almost completely of riffle and run. The banks are stable, covered by - . : . , t -
vegetation, and have no need for riprap or other strengthening. There is
very little erosion taking place in this reach, leaving the water clean and
clear. The exception to this is a large clay cliff (fig. 20, site A and
fig. 21) which sloughs at various times and deposits fines into the creek. . . .
The creek bed is composed of large cobble and small rocks with little or no
silt. Because this is the upper end of the creek and Kalamalka Lake is a
large, buffering lake, the creek has had little opportunity' to replenish
lost gravel. Addition of gravel in certain areas would greatly enhance this
reach for spawning.
The eroding cliff mentioned earlier is approximately 500 - 700 metres upstream from Polson Park. The creek flows immediately begide this cliff
for 20 - 50 metres and when the bank sloughs it deposits large amounts of silt and other fines into the creek. This must be repaired by diversion of
the creek. A retaining wall is not a solution because of the height and
steepness of the cliff.
There are three culverts at the Browne Road crossing (fig. 20, site B).
They do not appear to pose any problems because they have been installed
at different levels. This means that there is always at least one culvert
which is easily accessible to fish.
There are several part i a1 blockages of. debris throughout this reach.
None of them pose a problem yet, but two should be removed. These include a
pile of willow debris and a private bridge near the Kal Nursery at the end
of Browne Road (fig. 20 ,site c and fig. 22), and a collapsed fence in the
water at the upper end of Dutch's Campground (fig. 20 ,site E and fig. 24 ).
Below the campsite, the bridge forming a driveway for Alpine Distributors
has three culvert$ and a concrete weir which the City uses to measure water
flow (fig. 23). The .weir acts as a backf looding device, and has a notch in
it for fish passage. It does not appear to present any problems. The area
immediately below the weir has excellent potential as a spawning bed and is
easily accessible.
The portion' of the creek which extends from Alpine Distributors to the
Railway bridge also has considerable potential as a spawning area. There
are already a few pools suit,able for trout rearing in this stretch and patches
of good spawning gravel (fig.25 and fig. 26). There are occasional boulders
scattered throughout this reach which slow the water and provide excellent
habitat for rainbow fry to rear and for migrating adult kokanee and rainbow
to rest. The addition of several more boulders in certain places is.
recommended. Because this is the upper end of the creek, there would be no
danger of debris piling up on the boulders.
REACH 5
.
Fig. 21 Sloughing Embankment Above Polson Park *note storm drains
Debris Caught on Private Bridge (End of Browne Road)
REACH 5
Fig. 23 Weir Used by City to Calculate Flow
Fig. 24 Collapsed Fence in Campground
REACH 5
Fig. 25 Spawning Gravel on Upper End of Reach
REACH 5
- .
Fig. 27 Railway Bridge at Upper End of Reach - - - - - - - - - -
Fig. 28 Flow Regulating Dam at Kalamalka Lake Outlet
- 46
8.0 FISHERY ENHANCEMENT METHODS AND COSTS
8.1 REACH 1 ENHANCEMENT METHODS AND COSTS
BANK STABILIZATION AND EROSION CONTROL
Since the cost of this project outweighs the benefits, we do not
recommend that it be undertaken by the Habitat Conservation Foundation.
If a Vernon Creek Committee is formed, this project should be reviewed, and
the feasibility of making it a group project should be discussed. In the
event that this occurs, the following method and approximate costs would
be appropriate.
A Caterpillar 225 backhoe or equivalent would be necessary to cut back
the banks and form a 2:1 slope. If the land owners will not allow the over-
burden material to be deposited and spread over their land by bulldozer,
said material will have to be trucked away. Once a 2: 1 slope is obtained,
the banks should be riprapped with 12" minus rock to a thickness of .30
metres. It would not be worthwhile to lay new gravel on the stream bed
because low water velocities make this area unsuitable for spawning.
In 1976, an extensive study of the erosion problems in Vernon Creek
and the cost of repair was undertaken by the British Columbia Water
Investigations Branch. The cost estimate given for this reach was $164,000.
Our engineering consultant felt this estimate was still fairly valid.
SITE SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS
Site A (Obstruction)
Because this obstruction has only caused a partial blockage it does not
need to be removed. Removal of the collected debris around it when the annual
creek cleanup occurs will be sufficient.
Site B (Debris Obstruction)
Removal of this obstruction will involve 2 man days of work. Permission
for access should be obtained from Vernon Helicopters. A power saw, truck,
and winch will be needed. A screen device should be placed downstream of
the obstruction in order to catch material which floats free during the
removal process. The material from the obstruction should be hauled away.
Cost Estimate : $ 400 .OO
Site C (Culvert)
The Okanagan Landing Road culvert appears to be a major hindrance to
fish passage. To ensure fish passage, the velocity in a culvert less than
24.4 metres in length should not exceed 1.2 mls, and the depth of water
should not be less than 0.23 metres (Dane, 1978). At present, this culvert
does not meet either of these criteria. In order to meet both these
requirements, the installation of baffles and backflooding devices will be
necessary.
Through experimentation, it has been found that an offset baffle design
is the most successful (Dane, 1978). This "consists of 'paired' baffles
attached to the sides and bottom of the culvert and extending out into the
flow of water".
"One of the baffles extends out from one side of the culvert and is positioned perpendicular (90') to the flow of water. The opposing baffle extends out from the other culvert wall at an oblique (30') angle to the flow of water and also terminates before the center of the culvert at a position slightly upstream from its pair member. The baffles are usually between 0.31 - 0.61 metres in height and produce a flow pattern compatible with fish migration while minimizing interference with debris or bedload movement through the structure. "
By using Dane's design (fig. 29) for offset baffles, it can be seen
that the culvert, which is approximately 20 metres in length and 4 metres
in width, would require 3 pairs of offset baffles. Concrete baffles should
be used because they conform to the bottom of the culvert ensuring that no
water passes between the baffle and culvert. In addition, they are longer
lasting than wooden ones. The baffles should be attached to the culvert by
welding reinforcing steel or bolts to the culvert. The concrete baffles can
then be formed and poured directly in the culvert. We recommend a baffle
height of 30 cm.
Backflooding of the culvert will be necessary to ensure sufficient
water depth for fish passage. This should be done by forming a weir with
rock gabions or large boulders (0.60 metres - 1.0 metres in diameter). The
crest elevation of this weir should be sufficient to provide a minimum
water depth of 0.23 metres above the lowest point of the baffle structure
(Dane, 1978). Because this will result in a fairly high structure, a second
and lower weir should be installed 6 metres below the first as shown in
figure 30 (Government of Canada, and Province of British Columbia, 1980).
A low flow channel or notch 60 cm wide and 30 cm deep should be
incorporated into both weirs for fish passage. It will not be necessary
to riprap the banks because it has been done previously. However, we would
Lost Rock Invert Control f Level wlth Streom Bed
PROFILE ON # OF CULVERT ROCK CONSrRUCNON- (ONE STEP)
7- Culvert Rmove Top Gabion a t & to
15- 30 cm, / form ~ o t c h e s for Fish ~ossoge
30 cm f m a x ~ Ck Fil led Gobions ( t y d . . . - -
Noturol Stable Streom t rod , \
-,- - 1 -
PROFILE ON 4 OF CUf VERr GABION CONSTRUCTION - (TWO STEP)
FIGURE 30. CULVERT BACKFLOODING
- 51 -
advise adding a small amount of riprap to the streambed immediately
downstream of the culvert and two weirs to prevent scouring.
Rather than remove the small concrete weir presently in place, we
would recommend instal 1 ing the first backflooding device immediately
upstream of it. The concrete weir will then prevent scouring and under-
mining of the device.
Cost Estimate:
Concrete Baffle Instal lation =
Caterpillar 225 Backhoe - 10 hours @ $100.00 =
Supply and Delivery of Riprap or Boulders - 9 cu. metres @ $20.00 =
Total Estimated Cost:
REACH 2 ENHANCEMENT METHODS AND COSTS
Site A (Concrete Weir)
Because the weir is sti 11 being used by the Water Management Section
of the Ministry of Environment, removal of the structure will have to be
negotiated and approved. It is unlikely that the weir will be used after
the spring of 1987 (Dobson, 1986), so it should be removed in the fall of
1987.
The weir is presently in a weakened state due to scouring and undermining
and could be easily removed by a backhoe equipped with a hoe ram. Access to
the weir can be obtained from the right (north) bank. It will be necessary
for the backhoe operator to make some very minor changes to the bank to gain
access to the weir.
Once the weir has been broken up, the backhoe can load a 12 yard dump
truck and the pieces can then be hauled away.
Cost Estimate :
Caterpi 1 lar 225 Backhoe equipped with hoe ram - 4 hours @ $100.00 =
12 yard Dump Truck - 1 hour @ $50.00 =
Total Estimated Cost :
REACH 3 ENHANCEMENT METHODS AND COSTS
Site ÿÿ and B (Blockages)
Both of these blockages should be removed using the same methods and
materials prescribed for Reach 1, site B. Access to the A blockage can be
obtained from either the right or left bank. Permission should be obtained
from the John Howard Society. Access to B blockage is available from the
left bank. Once again, permission should be obtained from the land owner.
Both blockages will require 2 man days of work each.
Cost Estimate :
2 Blockages @ $400.00 =
Total Estimated Cost:
REACH 4 ENHANCEMENT METHODS AND COSTS
Poo 1 ing Dev ices
In order to produce holding pools and reduce the water velocity in the
park a series of backflooding devices made of concrete or rock should be used.
We recommend rock because it is aesthetically more pleasing and can be easily
removed or modified if necessary. The boulders used should be between 0.60 m
and 1.0 m to ensure that they do not move during spring freshet.
A small excavator should be used to place and partially bury the
boulders. The boulders should be no more than 0.45 m above the natural
stream bed. A low flow channel or notch 0.60 m wide and 0.30 m in depth
must be provided in each device. To ensure that these rock weirs are effec-
tive, any other gaps between the boulders should be plugged by placing
smaller rock in the upstream side of the gap.
Weir separation should be approximately 20 - 30 metres. However, a
closer study should be made to match spacing between each weir with changes
in the stream gradient. It is imperative that each successive'weir backflood
the previous one, or the weirs will become a hindrance rather than a benefit
to fish migration. Backf looding wi 11 also prevent scouring at the downstream
edge of each weir.
Permission for this project must be obtained from the Parks Board and
the Engineeriqg Department of the City of Vernon. The project should be
undertaken during or immediately after the City renovates the riprap on the
banks and during the time window specified by the Habitat Protection Section.
The City is tentatively planning on doing this in August of 1987 (Vest, 1986).
Cost Estimate:
Caterpillar 225 Backhoe or Excavator -
30 hours @ $100.00 =
Boulders Supplied and Delivered - 60 cu. metres @ $30.00 =
Total Estimated Cost:
REACH 5 ENHANCEMENT METHODS AND COSTS
Site 'A (Clay Cliff)
At present, Vernon Creek flows immediately adjacent to the base of this
cliff for approximately 20 - 30 metres. To stop sedimentation, the stream
will have to be diverted away from the cliff. This will involve approximately
65 metres of channelization. The new channel should be 1.3 metres deep and
5 metres wide. The banks should be cut back to form a 2:1 slope and then
riprapped with 12 inch minus rock. The new channel should be started 6 metres
upstream of the confluence of the cliff and creek and carried straight for
65 metres where it will rejoin the creek (fig. 31).
In order to complete the job, a Caterpillar 225 backhoe or equivalent
and a D6 bulldozer will be needed. The land is owned by the City of Vernon
(Vest, 1986), and permission in writing will have to be obtained from them.
Permission should also be obtained to spread the overburden material on the
land. If permission to do so cannot be obtained, the material will have to
be trucked away.
To gain access to this area, the Canadian National Railway must permit
access across their tracks.
Cost Estimate:
Caterpi 1 lar 225 Backhoe -
25 hours @ $100.00 =
D6 Bulldozer - 10 hours @ $100.00 =
RAN
LOT 24
SCALE 1 :500 '-
0 5 10 20 30
\ \
b
STEEP PROPERTY CLAY
CUFF PROPOSED CHANNEL IA '- DEEP
PLAN 550
PROPOSED CREEK RELOCATION
FIGURE 31
12 inch Riprap - 130' linear metres @ $15.00 =
Total Estimated Cost :
Sites C and E (Obstructions)
Both of these obstructions are only partial blockages of the stream
caused by debris piling up against the bridge and fence. Removal of the
debris during the creek cleanup project will be sufficient. 'The owners of
the fence at Site B (Dutch's Campground and. a private resident) should be
contacted to rebuild the portion which has fallen into the creek.
Gravel Replacement
Because Reach 3 is the upper portion of the creek it has had little
opportunity for gravel recruitment. Although there are several patches of
excellent spawning gravel, many areas have lost gravel over time and are now
composed of cobbles and small rocks. Restoration of gravel in these areas
would benefit the fishery. Unfortunately, it is difficult to tell if the
gravel was lost over a great deal of time, or whether it has occurred in a
short amount of time due to high velocity freshet flows.
For this reason we recommend placing a test patch of new gravel in this
reach to determine if the gravel will remain during high flows. We recommend
a patch 0.15 metres deep and 12 metres long, from bank to bank (5 metres).
This equals 9 metres3 which is equivalent to one 12 yard truckload. Bank
run gravel (uncrushed) should be used rather than crushed gravel because it
does not compact as tightly, leaving a larger number of intersitial spaces.
The interstitial spaces provide a greater water flow resulting in higher egg
survival.
Sieve analysis before and after the gravel is placed, and then annually
for two years will determine whether the gravel is staying in place. If a
sufficient amount has remained, further gravel should be added, and boulders
could be added to enhance stream habitat.
We recommend placing the gravel in the area upstream of the railway
bridge (fig. 20). A bobcat will be needed to spread the gravel.
Cost Estimate :
Supply and Delivery of Gravel - 9 cu. metres @ $35.00 =
Bobcat - 4 hours @ $50.00 =
Total Estimated Cost:
9.0 TIME SCHEDULE
A time schedule for the work to be done has been provided on the following
pages. Enumerations, the debris blockages, and the Vernon Creek Committee were
not i nc 1 uded .
Enumerations of Vernon Creek should be undertaken annually in September
and October throughout the course of the project. Such enumerations will
indicate if egg plants are necessary and whether increased spawning ground
should be provided.
Funding for the debris blockages has already been applied for, and it is
hoped that their removal will be completed this fall.
The Vernon Creek Committee should be organized as soon as possible. Topics
of discussion should include erosion control in Reach 1, storm drains and
minimum flow.
CULVERT ( R E A C H 1 )
October, 1986 - Obtain permission from North Okanagan Regional District
November, 1986 - Apply for Habitat Conservation Foundat ion funds
December, 1986 t o April, 1987 - Write contract
- Obtain approval from Water Management and Habitat Protection
June, 1987 - Advertise contract
July, 1987 - Select Contractor
August, 1987 - Complete project
September t o October, 1987 - Assess project
CONCRETE WEIR REMOVAL (REACH 2 )
September, 1986 - Removal of stoplog
November, 1986 - Replacement of stoplog
December t o April, 1987 - Negotiate removal of entire structure
- Obta in written consent from Water and Waste Management
November, 1987 - Apply for funds from Hab i t a t ~onservat ion Foundation
December, 1987 - Write up contract - Obtain approval from Water Management and Habitat Protection
June, 1988 - Advertise contract
July, 1988 - Select contractor
August, 1988 - Complete project
September t o October, 1988 - Assess project
WEIR PLACEMENT ( R E A C H 4 )
October, 1986 - Obtain permission of City of Vernon - Review and modify recommended engineering with City of
Vernon
November, 1986 - Apply for Habitat Conservation Foundat ion funding
December t o April, 1987 - Obtain approval of Water Management and Habitat Protection
- Prepare contract
June, 1987 - Advertise contract
July, 1987 - Select contractor
August, 1987 - Complete project
September t o October, 1987 - Assess project
CLAY CLIFF ( R E A C H 5)
December t o April, 1987 - Obta in permission from Canadian National Railway and City
of Vernon
November, 1987 - Apply for funds from Habitat Conservation Foundation
December t o April, 1988 - Write contract
- Obtain approval from Water Management and ~ a b i t a t Protection
June, 1988 - Advertise Contract
July, 1988 - Select contractor
August, 1988 - Complete project
September t o October, 1988 - Assess project
9.5 GRAVEL PLACEMENT [REACH 5 )
vember, 1987 - Obtain Water Management permiss ion - In fo rm C i t y o f Vernon and North Okanagan Regional D i s t r i c t - Apply f o r funds f rom H a b i t a t Conservat ion Foundat ion
December t o Ap r i 1, 1988 - Prepare con t rac t
June, 1988 - Adver t i se con t rac t
Ju ly , 1988 - Se lec t con t rac to r
August, 1988 - Complete g rave l placement - Complete s ieve analyses
September, 1989 - Repeat s ieve analyses
September, 1990 - Complete s ieve analyses
October, 1980 - Determine whether f u r t h e r g r a v e l placement i s necessary
CREEK CLEAN-UP (REACHES 1 t o 5 )
November, 1986 - Rod and Gun Club .should apply f o r P u b l i c Conservat ion Assistance Fund monies ($1,000.00)
June, 1987 - Organize clean-up
August, 1987 - Complete clean-up
These procedures should be repeated annual ly .
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Canada British Columbia Okanagan Basin Agreement. 1974. Fisheries and Wildlife Potentials of the Okanagan Basin. Technical Supplement. 249 pp.
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Dobson, D. 1986. Personal Communication. Engineer, Water Management Branch. Ministry of Environment. Penticton, B.C.
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Jones, D. 1986. Personal Communication. Head, Habitat Protection Section Region 8. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Ministry of Environment. Penticton, B.C.
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Peterson, R., and Wright, P. 1980. Discharges to Storm Drains in Vernon Area. Unpublished. 44 pp.
Vest, R.A. 1986. Personal Communication. Engineer, City of Vernon. Vernon, B.C.
Wightman, J.C., and Taylor, G. 1978. Overview and Rating of Production Capabilities and Enhancement Opportunities for Rainbow Trout and Kokanee in Tributaries to Upper Okanagan Basin Lakes. Technical Report. Fish Habitat Improvement Section. British Columbia Fish and Wildlife Branch. 183 pp.
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Alexander, D.G. August 1979. Nutrient Loadings from Urban Storni Sewer Runoff t o Okanagan and Skaha Lakes. P rogress Report of t h e Okanagan Basin Implementat ion Agreement.
Alexander, D. G. J u l y 1982. Summary of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loadings t o t h e Okanagan Main Valley Lakes from C u l t u r a l and Natura l Sources : Working Report . Okanagan Bas i n Imp1 ementa t i on Agreement.
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Chamberlin, T.W. ( e d i t o r ) 1980. Aquatic Survey Terminology: APD Technical Paper 2.
Cor r igan , D . , and E . R . Haughton. Apr i l 1973. Task Report on P r e s e n t Loadings of Phosphorus and Nitrogen t o t h e Okanagan Lake System. Task #105. P o l l u t i o n Cont ro l Branch. Dept. of Lands, F o r e s t s and Waters.
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Lindsay, R.A. 1982. Physical and Biological Criteria Used in the Design of the Hi 11 Creek Spawning Channel.
Mih, Walter C. 1976. Restoration of Stream Gravel.
Narver, D.W. 1973. Are Hatcheries and Spawning Channels Alternatives to Stream Protection?
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Narver, D.W. March 1974. Technical Supplement IV - Water Quality and Waste Loadings in the Okanagan Basin.
Narver, D.W. March 1974. Technical Supplement VI - Review and Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment in the Okanagan Basin.
Narver, D.W. March 1974. Technical Supplement VII - Value and Demand for Consumptive Use of Water in the Okanagan Valley.
Narver, D.W. March 1974. Technical Supplement IX - Fisheries and Wildlife in the Okanagan Basin.
Oldham, W.K., and G.F. Kennedy. December 1972. Task Report on In f luence o f Sept ic Tank E f f 1 uent on Receiving Water Nu t r i en t Gain from Groundwater. Task 139 ( p a r t t h e r e o f ) Facu l ty o f Appl ied Science. U.B.C. f o r P o l l u t i o n Control Branch. Dept. o f Lands, Forests and Water Resources.
Oldham, W.K. January 1973. Task Report on t h e Spray I r r i g a t i o n o f Sewage Treatment P lan t E f f luent a t Vernon B.C. Task 147 ( p a r t t h e r e o f ) Facu l ty o f Applied Science. U.B.C. P o l l u t i o n Cont ro l Branch. Dept. o f Lands, Forests and Water Resources.
Oldham, W.K. December 1971. P re l iminary Estimates o f Present Water Demands i n t h e Okanagan Basin. Task #15a. Dept. o f F i she r ies and Forestry. Water Planning and Operations. Vancouver.
Oldham, W.K. December 1971. Pre l im inary Estimates o f Future Water Demands on t h e Okanagan Basin. Task #15b. Dept. o f F isher ies and Forestry. Water Planning and Operations. Vancouver.
Parchomchuk, W., and K. Cooper. August 1977. A Summary o f Proposed Waste Treatment and C o l l e c t i on Fac i 1 it i e s Okanagan Basin. Okanagan Basin Water Board and Environment Canada.
Parchomchuk, W., and K. Cooper. August 1972. Pre l im inary Task Report on Flows i n T r i b u t a r i e s t o Okanagan Lake (Supply and Demand a t Present and Future Development). Task #35. Water I n v e s t i g a t i o n Branch. Dept. o f Lands, Forests and Waters. F i l e 0281792-c-1.
Parchomchuk, W., and K. Cooper. September 1972. Addendum #1 t o Pre l im inary Task Report on Flows i n T r i b u t a r i e s t o Okanagan Lake (Supply and Demand a t Present and Future Development). Task #35. Water I n v e s t i g a t i o n Branch. Dept. o f Lands, Forests and Water Resources.
Parchomchuk, W., and K. Cooper. October 1972. Task Report on 1980 Pro jec t ions f o r Flows i n Selected T r i b u t a r i e s t o Okanagan Lake. Task #35. Water I nves t i ga t i on Branch. Dept. o f Lands, Forests and Waters. F i l e 0281792-c-1.
Parchomchuk, W., and K. Cooper. June 1972. N u t r i e n t Loadings and Lake Manage- ment A l te rna t ives . F i she r ies Research Board o f Canada. West Vancouver.
Talbot, R.J. 1965. Proposed Channel Reconstruct ion o f Vernon Creek. Water Resources Inves t i ga t i on .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Sis iut l Resources would like t o thank Mr. David Smith for supervision 1
I and assistance t h r o u g h o u t the project. We are also indebted to Mr. Robert
- I Moody for g u i d i n g the project through the necessary pol ic ies and procedures.
We would also l ike t o acknowledge the kind cooperation and advice of
3 Neil Banera, Dick Biggs, Gary De Leenheer, Don Dobson, David Jones, Steven
1 Matthews, Richard Nickel, Peter Tassie, and especial l y Richard Vest.
